Efectividad de las vacunas contra SARS-CoV-2 en hospitalizados con fallas vacunales en 10 hospitales de la CCINSHAE.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la efectividad de las vacunas contra SARS-CoV-2 para evitar muerte e intubación en pacientes hospitalizados con Covid-19. Material y métodos. Se presentó un análisis de 3 565 hospitalizaciones por SARS-CoV-2 de personas mayores de 20 años de edad, reportadas con fines de salud pública por 10 hospitales de especialidad. Se comparó a los egresados por mejoría (2 094) con los fallecidos (1 471) en modelos mixtos de regresión logística ajustados por edad, sexo, número de comorbilidades y el hospital como variable aleatoria. RESULTADOS: Un esquema completo de vacunación, con cinco tipos de vacunas disponi-bles, tuvo un efecto protector para muerte o intubación (RM: 0.67, IC95%: 0.54,0.83, 33% de protección); y para muerte (RM: 0.80, IC95%: 0.64,0.99, 20% de protección) estos datos se compararon con los que no habían sido vacunados. Todas las vacunas aplicadas mostraron un efecto protector con un RM<0.8, con intervalos de confianza variables. Conclusio-nes. El antecedente de vacunación reduce los riesgos de ser intubado y morir, aun en pacientes previamente vacunados y hospitalizados con Covid-19 grave.

Efectividad de las vacunas contra SARS-CoV-2 en hospitalizados con fallas vacunales en 10 hospitales de la CCINSHAE / Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in hospitalized patients with vaccine failures in 10 CCINSHAE hospitals

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de las vacunas contra SARS-CoV-2 para evitar muerte e intubación en pacientes hospitalizados con Covid-19. Material y métodos: Se presentó un análisis de 3 565 hospitalizaciones por SARS-CoV-2 de personas mayores de 20 años de edad, reportadas con fines de salud pública por 10 hospitales de especialidad. Se comparó a los egresados por mejoría (2 094) con los fallecidos (1 471) en modelos mixtos de regresión logística ajustados por edad, sexo, número de comorbilidades y el hospital como variable aleatoria. Resultados: Un esquema completo de vacunación, con cinco tipos de vacunas disponibles, tuvo un efecto protector para muerte o intubación (RM: 0.67, IC95%: 0.54,0.83, 33% de protección); y para muerte (RM: 0.80, IC95%: 0.64,0.99, 20% de protección) estos datos se compararon con los que no habían sido vacunados. Todas las vacunas aplicadas mostraron un efecto protector con un RM<0.8, con intervalos de confianza variables. Conclusiones: El antecedente de vacunación reduce los riesgos de ser intubado y morir, aun en pacientes previamente vacunados y hospitalizados con Covid-19 grave.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to avoid death and intubation in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. Materials and methods: We present an analysis of 3 565 hospitalizations for SARS-CoV-2 in people over 20 years of age, reported for public health purposes by 10 specialty hospitals, comparing those discharged for improvement (2 094) with those who died (1 471) in mixed models of logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, number of comorbidities and the reporting hospital as a random variable. Results: A complete vaccination schedule, with five types of vaccine available, had a protective effect for death or intubation (OR: 0.67, CI95%: 0.54,0.83, 33% protection) and for death (OR: 0.80, CI95%: 0.64,0.99, 20% protection) compared to those who had not been vaccinated. All the applied vaccines in the Mexican program showed a protective effect with an OR<0.8, with variable confidence intervals. Conclusions: Even in patients previously vaccinated and hospitalized with severe Covid-19, a history of vaccination reduces the risks of being intubated and dying.

[Implementation of quality of care indicators for third-level public hospitals in Mexico]. / Implementación de indicadores de calidad de la atención en hospitales públicos de tercer nivel en México.

OBJECTIVE:: To select, pilot test and implement a set of indicators for tertiary public hospitals. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: Quali-quantitative study in four stages: identification of indicators used internationally; selection and prioritization by utility, feasibility and reliability; exploration of the quality of sources of information in six hospitals; pilot feasibility and reliability, and follow-up measurement. RESULTS:: From 143 indicators, 64 were selected and eight were prioritized. The scan revealed sources of information deficient. In the pilot, three indicators were feasible with reliability limited. Has conducted workshops to improve records and sources of information; nine hospitals reported measurements of a quarter. CONCLUSIONS:: Eight priority indicators could not be measured immediately due to limitations in the data sources for its construction. It is necessary to improve mechanisms of registration and processing of data in this group of hospital.

Implementación de indicadores de calidad de la atención en hospitales públicos de tercer nivel en México / Implementation of quality of care indicators for third-level public hospitals in Mexico

Resumen: Objetivo: Seleccionar, pilotar e implementar un set de indicadores para hospitales públicos de tercer nivel. Material y métodos: Estudio cuali-cuantitativo en cuatro etapas: identificación de indicadores usados internacionalmente; selección y priorización por utilidad, factibilidad y confiabilidad; exploración de la calidad de fuentes de información en seis hospitales y piloto de factibilidad y fiabilidad, y medición de seguimiento. Resultados: De 143 indicadores, se seleccionaron 64 y priorizaron ocho. La exploración reveló fuentes de información deficientes. En el piloto, tres indicadores resultaron factibles con fiabilidad limitada. Se realizaron talleres para mejorar registros y fuentes de información; nueve hospitales reportaron mediciones de un trimestre. Conclusiones: No fue posible medir los ocho indicadores priorizados de forma inmediata debido a limitaciones en las fuentes de datos para su construcción. Es necesario mejorar mecanismos de registro y procesamiento de datos en este grupo de hospitales.

Abstract: Objective: To select, pilot test and implement a set of indicators for tertiary public hospitals. Materials and methods: Quali-quantitative study in four stages: identification of indicators used internationally; selection and prioritization by utility, feasibility and reliability; exploration of the quality of sources of information in six hospitals; pilot feasibility and reliability, and follow-up measurement. Results: From 143 indicators, 64 were selected and eight were prioritized. The scan revealed sources of information deficient. In the pilot, three indicators were feasible with reliability limited. Has conducted workshops to improve records and sources of information; nine hospitals reported measurements of a quarter. Conclusions: Eight priority indicators could not be measured immediately due to limitations in the data sources for its construction. It is necessary to improve mechanisms of registration and processing of data in this group of hospital.

Plasma cytokine levels and cytokine gene polymorphisms in Mexican patients during the influenza pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09.

BACKGROUND: In Mexico, the initial severe cases of the 2009 influenza pandemic virus A (H1N1) [A(H1N1)pdm09] were detected in early March. The immune mechanisms associated with the severe pneumonia caused by infection with this new virus have not been completely elucidated. Polymorphisms in interleukin genes have previously been associated with susceptibility to infectious diseases due to their influence on cytokine production. OBJECTIVES: The present case-control study was performed to compare several immunologic and genetic parameters of patients and controls during the initial phase of the pandemic. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty-five patients who were hospitalized due to infection with the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus and 46 healthy controls were studied. A hemagglutination inhibition assay (HIA) was performed to measure anti-influenza antibody titers in these subjects. Protein levels of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon gamma (IFNγ), transforming growth factor beta (TGFß)1 and TGFß2 were quantified in plasma. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in IL6, IL10 and TNFα were also assessed. RESULTS: Influenza patients had lower antibody titers and produced significantly higher levels of IL-6, IL-10 and TNFα than healthy controls. The frequencies of the TNFα -308G, IL-10 -592C and IL-10 -1082A alleles and the IL10 -1082(A/A) genotype were associated with susceptibility to severe disease, while the haplotypes TNFα AG and IL-10 GTA and GCA were associated with protection from severe disease [P=0.016, OR (CI)=0.11 (0.01-0.96); P=0.0187, OR (CI)=0.34 (0.13-0.85); P=0.013, OR (CI)=0.39 (0.18-0.83)]. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 patients and healthy controls have different profiles of immune parameters and that there is an association between IL-10 and TNFα polymorphisms and the outcome of this disease.

Difference between early clinical features of swine origin A H1N1 influenza confirmed and not confirmed infection in Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: The Swine Origin A H1N1 Influenza Virus (SOIV) pandemic emerged in April 2009 affecting people and health-care systems worldwide. This study examined the differences among the early clinical features presented in confirmed SOIV cases, those who tested negative for SOIV infection, fatalities, and hospitalized cases. METHODOLOGY: We reviewed 1,024 initial medical records of patients presenting with acute respiratory symptoms who attended the respiratory emergency room of a general hospital in Mexico and had a confirmatory test for influenza AH1N1 by RT-PCR from April to December 2009. RESULTS: Out of 1,024 cases, 457 (44%) were men with a mean age of 31±17 years; however, of these, SOIV confirmed cases were younger (26±8, p=0.000). SOIV infection was confirmed in 36% of the patients. Most (%?) cases presented mild infection, 20% of the patients required hospitalization, and 0.09% patients died. Asthma was more frequent in confirmed cases (p=0.028). Presence of COPD, systemic arterial hypertension, and diabetes mellitus was significant in confirmed hospitalized cases. Pulmonary rales, wheezing, and sudden symptom onset were more frequent and statistically significant in confirmed patients. Influenza-like illness was more frequent in confirmed cases (p=0.049).  CONCLUSIONS: This study presents one of the largest series of the new SOIV infection confirmed by RT-PCR reported. This infection is frequently mild and affects mainly young adults. Sudden symptoms onset, pulmonary rales, and wheezing are early features of this infection. Asthma, COPD, systemic arterial hypertension, and diabetes mellitus should be identified to identify potentially severe and fatal cases. ILI helps distinguish SOIV infection.

Chinchilla laniger can be used as an experimental model for Taenia solium taeniasis.

Chinchilla laniger has been reported as an experimental definitive host for Taenia solium; however no information about its suitability and yield of gravid tapeworm proglottids containing viable and infective eggs has been published. In total 55 outbred female chinchillas were infected with 4 cysticerci each; hosts were immunodeppressed with 6 or 8 mg of methyl-prednisolone acetate every 14 days starting the day of infection and their discomfort was followed. Kinetics of coproantigen ELISA or expelled proglottids was used to define the infection status. Efficiency of tapeworm establishment was 21% and of parasite gravidity was 8%; chinchillas showed some degree of suffering along the infection. Viability of eggs obtained from gravid proglottids was tested comparing methods previously published, our results showed 62% viability with propidium iodide, 54% with trypan blue, 34% with neutral red, 30% by oncosphere activation and 7% with bromide 3-(4,5-dimetil-tiazol-2-il)-2,5-difenil-tetrazolio (MTT) reduction; no statistical differences were obtained between most techniques, except activation. Four piglets were infected with 50,000 eggs each, necropsy was performed 3 months later and, after counting the number of cysticerci recovered, the percentage of infection was similar to data obtained with T. solium eggs recovered from humans. Our results demonstrate that the experimental model of T. solium taeniasis in C. laniger is a good alternative for providing eggs and adult tapeworms to be used in different types of experiments; optimization of the model probably depends on the use of inbred hosts and on the reduction of infected animals' suffering.

Comparison of hemodynamic, biochemical and hematological parameters of healthy pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy and the active labor phase.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is accompanied by several hemodynamic, biochemical and hematological changes which revert to normal values after labor. The mean values of these parameters have been reported for developed countries, but not for Mexican women. Furthermore, labor constitutes a stress situation, in which these factors may be altered. It is known that serologic increase of heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 is associated with abnormal pregnancies, presenting very low level in normal pregnant women. Nevertheless, there are no studies where these measurements are compared in healthy pregnant women at their third trimester of pregnancy (3TP) and the active labor phase (ActLP). METHODS: Seventy five healthy Mexican pregnant women were included. Hemodynamic, biochemical and hematological parameters were obtained in all cases, and serum Hsp70 levels were measured in a sample of 15 women at 3TP and at ActLP. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in most analysis performed and in Hsp70 concentration at 3TP as compared to ActLP, however all were within normal range in both conditions, supporting that only in pathological pregnancies Hsp70 is drastically increased. CONCLUSION: Results obtained indicate that 3TP and ActLP have clinical similarities in normal pregnancies, therefore if abnormalities are found during 3TP, precautions should be taken before ActLP.

Keloid skin scars: the influence of hyperbaric oxygenation on fibroblast growth and on the expression of messenger RNA for insulin like growth factor and for transforming growth factor.

Wound healing can result in the development of keloid scars that contain atypical fibroblasts and an overabundance of extracellular matrix components. Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) refers to exposure to pure oxygen under increased atmospheric pressure and is recognized as a valuable supplementary method of treatment for problematic wounds. The effect of HBO in the expression of insulin-like growth factor type 1 (ILGF-1) and transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) messenger RNAs was determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR in fibroblasts obtained from keloid scars and nonwound involved skin fibroblast from the same patient. ILGF-1 and TGF-ß are the principal mitogens during wound regeneration. We found a decrease in the growth of fibroblasts and in the expression of ILGF-1 and TGF-ß messengers in keloid and nonkeloid fibroblast after chronic exposition to hyperbaric oxygenation compared with normal oxygen partial pressure.

Parasites in Mexican patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a case-control study.

One hundred and fifteen patients with symptoms suggestive of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) according to Rome III criteria and 209 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms different from IBS (control) were identified through medical records from the Gastroenterology Clinic of the "Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez General Hospital" from January 2008 to March 2010. No statistical differences in IBS data as compared with control groups were observed except in bloating, that was more frequent in the IBS group (P = 0.043). Although the pathogenicity of specific intestinal protozoa could not be demonstrated due to lack of association with the development of gastrointestinal symptoms, Blastocystis spp, in the IBS group, exhibited a trend of association to diarrhoea (odds ratio = 2.73, 95% confidence interval = 0.84-8.80, P = 0.053), while having any parasite and diarrhoea was significant (odds ratio = 3.38, 95% confidence interval = 1.33-8.57, P = 0.008). The association between Blastocystis and diarrhoea in IBS patients although not conclusive is an interesting finding; nonetheless more extensive case-controlled studies are required to clearly define the role of some "non-pathogenic" parasites in intestinal disease and IBS.

What happened after the initial global spread of pandemic human influenza virus A (H1N1)? A population genetics approach.

Viral population evolution dynamics of influenza A is crucial for surveillance and control. In this paper we analyzed viral genetic features during the recent pandemic caused by the new influenza human virus A H1N1, using a conventional population genetics approach based on 4689 hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) sequences available in GenBank submitted between March and December of 2009. This analysis showed several relevant aspects: a) a scarce initial genetic variability within the viral isolates from some countries that increased along 2009 when influenza was dispersed around the world; b) a worldwide virus polarized behavior identified when comparing paired countries, low differentiation and high gene flow were found in some pairs and high differentiation and moderate or scarce gene flow in others, independently of their geographical closeness, c) lack of positive selection in HA and NA due to increase of the population size of virus variants, d) HA and NA variants spread in a few months all over the world being identified in the same countries in different months along 2009, and e) containment of viral variants in Mexico at the beginning of the outbreak, probably due to the control measures applied by the government.

Acceptance of a vaccine against novel influenza A (H1N1) virus among health care workers in two major cities in Mexico.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Further cases of novel influenza A (H1N1) outbreak are expected in the coming months. Vaccination has been proven to be essential to control a pandemic of influenza; therefore, considerable efforts and resources have been devoted to develop a vaccine against the influenza A (H1N1) virus. With the current availability of the vaccine, it will be important to immunize as many people as possible. However, previous data with seasonal influenza vaccines have shown that there are multiple barriers related to perceptions and attitudes of the population that influence vaccine use. The aim of the study was to evaluate the acceptance of a newly developed vaccine against pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza A among healthcare workers (HCW) in Mexico. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study among HCW in three hospitals in the two largest cities in Mexico-Mexico City and Guadalajara-between June and September 2009. RESULTS: A total of 1097 HCW participated in the survey. Overall, 80% (n = 880) intended to accept the H1N1 pandemic vaccine and 71.6% (n = 786) reported they would recommend the vaccine to their patients. Doctors were more likely to accept and recommend the vaccine than nurses. HCWs who intend to be immunized will be more likely to do so if they know that the vaccine is safe and effective. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the willingness to accept the vaccine can be used to plan strategies that will effectively respond to the needs of the population studied, reducing the health and economic impact of novel influenza A (H1N1) virus.