Humoral immune response of Galleria mellonella after mono- and co-injection with Hypericum perforatum extract and Candida albicans.

Galleria mellonella is used as a model organism to study the innate immune response of insects. In this study, the humoral immune response was assessed by examining phenoloxidase activity, fungal burden, and the expression of phenoloxidase and antimicrobial peptide genes at different time point following separate and combined injections of Hypericum perforatum extract and a nonlethal dose of Candida albicans. The administration of a plant extract at low doses increased phenoloxidase activity, while higher doses had no effect. Similarly, co-injection of a low dose of the extract with the pathogen allowed half of the yeast cells to survive after 24 h. Co-injection of plant extract with the pathogen decreased the phenoloxidase activity at the end of 4 h compared to C. albicans mono-injection. The phenoloxidase gene expressions was reduced in all experimental conditions with respect to the control. When plant extracts and the pathogen were administered together, gallerimycin and hemolin gene expressions were considerably higher compared to mono-injections of plant extracts and the pathogen. The results of this study reveal that gene activation and regulatory mechanisms may change for each immune gene, and that recognition and signaling pathways may differ depending on the involved immunoregulator.

Immunosuppressive effect of Plantago major on the innate immunity of Galleria mellonella.

Greater plantain (Plantago major), a medicinal plant species, is used in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases in many countries of the world. Different studies have shown that the bioactive components contained in the plant have a dual effect. It was also reported that in vivo and in vitro studies showed different results. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of P. major extract on the hemocyte-mediated and humoral immune responses of the invertebrate model organism Galleria mellonella, which is widely used in immune studies. In the evaluation of these effects, total hemocyte count, encapsulation, melanization, phenoloxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde and total protein parameters were evaluated. The results of the study showed that the total hemocyte count did not change, that the encapsulation responses decreased, that the melanization responses and phenoloxidase activity increased and that the superoxide dismutase activity decreased. As a result, it was determined that high doses of P. major had negative effects on cell-mediated immunity and antioxidant defence and positive effects on melanization. High doses and continuous use of P. major may have negative effects on living things.

MediNet: transfer learning approach with MediNet medical visual database.

The rapid development of machine learning has increased interest in the use of deep learning methods in medical research. Deep learning in the medical field is used in disease detection and classification problems in the clinical decision-making process. Large amounts of labeled datasets are often required to train deep neural networks; however, in the medical field, the lack of a sufficient number of images in datasets and the difficulties encountered during data collection are among the main problems. In this study, we propose MediNet, a new 10-class visual dataset consisting of Rontgen (X-ray), Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Ultrasound, and Histopathological images such as calcaneal normal, calcaneal tumor, colon benign colon adenocarcinoma, brain normal, brain tumor, breast benign, breast malignant, chest normal, chest pneumonia. AlexNet, VGG19-BN, Inception V3, DenseNet 121, ResNet 101, EfficientNet B0, Nested-LSTM + CNN, and proposed RdiNet deep learning algorithms are used in the transfer learning for pre-training and classification application. Transfer learning aims to apply previously learned knowledge in a new task. Seven algorithms were trained with the MediNet dataset, and the models obtained from these algorithms, namely feature vectors, were recorded. Pre-training models were used for classification studies on chest X-ray images, diabetic retinopathy, and Covid-19 datasets with the transfer learning technique. In performance measurement, an accuracy of 94.84% was obtained in the traditional classification study for the InceptionV3 model in the classification study performed on the Chest X-Ray Images dataset, and the accuracy was increased 98.71% after the transfer learning technique was applied. In the Covid-19 dataset, the classification success of the DenseNet121 model before pre-trained was 88%, while the performance after the transfer application with MediNet was 92%. In the Diabetic retinopathy dataset, the classification success of the Nested-LSTM + CNN model before pre-trained was 79.35%, while the classification success was 81.52% after the transfer application with MediNet. The comparison of results obtained from experimental studies observed that the proposed method produced more successful results.

Magnetic resonance arthrographic demonstration of extension of labral defects in paraglenoid labral cysts.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the extension of labral tears associated with paraglenoid labral cysts by magnetic resonance arthrography. METHODS: The magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance arthrography images of patients with paraglenoid labral cysts who presented to our clinic between 2016 and 2018 were examined. In patients with paraglenoid labral cysts, the location of the cysts, the relation between the cyst and the labrum, the location and extent of glenoid labrum damage, and whether there was contrast medium passage into the cysts were investigated. The accuracy of magnetic resonance arthrographic information was evaluated in patients undergoing arthroscopy. RESULTS: In this prospective study, a paraglenoid labral cyst was detected in 20 patients. In 16 patients, there was a defect in the labrum adjacent to the cyst. Seven of these cysts were adjacent to the posterior superior labrum. In 13 patients, there were contrast solution leak into the cyst. For the remaining seven patients, no contrast-medium passage was observed in the cyst. Three patients had sublabral recess anomalies. Two patients had rotator cuff muscle denervation atrophy accompanying the cysts. The cysts of these patients were larger compared to those of the other patients. CONCLUSION: Paraglenoid labral cysts are frequently associated with the rupture of the adjacent labrum. In these patients, symptoms are generally accompanied by secondary labral pathologies. Magnetic resonance arthrography can be successfully used not only to demonstrate the association of the cyst with the joint capsule and labrum, but also to reliably demonstrate the presence and extension of labral defects.

Magnetic resonance arthrographic demonstration of extension of labral defects in paraglenoid labral cysts

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the extension of labral tears associated with paraglenoid labral cysts by magnetic resonance arthrography. METHODS: The magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance arthrography images of patients with paraglenoid labral cysts who presented to our clinic between 2016 and 2018 were examined. In patients with paraglenoid labral cysts, the location of the cysts, the relation between the cyst and the labrum, the location and extent of glenoid labrum damage, and whether there was contrast medium passage into the cysts were investigated. The accuracy of magnetic resonance arthrographic information was evaluated in patients undergoing arthroscopy. RESULTS: In this prospective study, a paraglenoid labral cyst was detected in 20 patients. In 16 patients, there was a defect in the labrum adjacent to the cyst. Seven of these cysts were adjacent to the posterior superior labrum. In 13 patients, there were contrast solution leak into the cyst. For the remaining seven patients, no contrast-medium passage was observed in the cyst. Three patients had sublabral recess anomalies. Two patients had rotator cuff muscle denervation atrophy accompanying the cysts. The cysts of these patients were larger compared to those of the other patients. CONCLUSION: Paraglenoid labral cysts are frequently associated with the rupture of the adjacent labrum. In these patients, symptoms are generally accompanied by secondary labral pathologies. Magnetic resonance arthrography can be successfully used not only to demonstrate the association of the cyst with the joint capsule and labrum, but also to reliably demonstrate the presence and extension of labral defects.

InSiNet: a deep convolutional approach to skin cancer detection and segmentation.

Cancer is among the common causes of death around the world. Skin cancer is one of the most lethal types of cancer. Early diagnosis and treatment are vital in skin cancer. In addition to traditional methods, method such as deep learning is frequently used to diagnose and classify the disease. Expert experience plays a major role in diagnosing skin cancer. Therefore, for more reliable results in the diagnosis of skin lesions, deep learning algorithms can help in the correct diagnosis. In this study, we propose InSiNet, a deep learning-based convolutional neural network to detect benign and malignant lesions. The performance of the method is tested on International Skin Imaging Collaboration HAM10000 images (ISIC 2018), ISIC 2019, and ISIC 2020, under the same conditions. The computation time and accuracy comparison analysis was performed between the proposed algorithm and other machine learning techniques (GoogleNet, DenseNet-201, ResNet152V2, EfficientNetB0, RBF-support vector machine, logistic regression, and random forest). The results show that the developed InSiNet architecture outperforms the other methods achieving an accuracy of 94.59%, 91.89%, and 90.54% in ISIC 2018, 2019, and 2020 datasets, respectively. Since the deep learning algorithms eliminate the human factor during diagnosis, they can give reliable results in addition to traditional methods.

Immunosuppressive influence of parasitoid wasp Pimpla turionellae calyx fluid on host Galleria mellonella cell-mediated immune response and hemocyte viability.

Endoparasitoid species devoid of symbiotic viruses inject secretions derived from their reproductive glands into their hosts during parasitism in order to avoid various immune responses of their hosts. Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is an endoparasitoid that lacks polydnaviruses, and its venom has previously been shown to paralyze the host Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and suppress its immune reactions to ensure the egg survival. The present study demonstrates that another female-injected factor calyx fluid extracted from the P. turionellae ovary is also responsible for the suppression of G. mellonella immunity. The total hemocyte counts of G. mellonella decrease after treatment with calyx fluid in a concentration-dependent manner. Significant reductions in cell viability are also observed at all calyx fluid doses both in vivo and in vitro. The analyses of the beads injected into the insects as encapsulation targets revealed that the number of encapsulated beads reduced significantly compared to controls post-calyx fluid injection. The injection of the highest calyx fluid dose (1 female equivalent calyx) is sufficient to completely inhibit the strong encapsulation and melanization reactions of the last instar larvae 24 h post-injection. These results demonstrate that P. turionellae calyx fluid is required to regulate host immunity for successful parasitization.

MR arthrographic evaluation of posterior paraglenoid labral cysts: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Paraglenoid labral cysts (PLCs) around the shoulder are uncommon. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the primary imaging modality for the description of PLCs. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate PLCs in the posterior part of the glenoid bone via MR arthrography as well as to describe associated labral abnormalities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 14 patients, diagnosed with 15 posterior PLCs at MR arthrography between 2007 and 2012. Conventional MRI and MR arthrography were used for all patients. RESULTS: A total of 15 PLCs were detected in 14 patients with eight located on the right shoulder and six on the left shoulder. One case had two PLCs. While two cysts were multiloculated, the remaining 13 were seen as unilocated simple cysts. Moreover, 14 of 15 posterior PLCs (60%) were associated with labral tears at MR arthrography. The cysts in proximity to the glenoid labrum were posterosuperior in 33.3% (n = 5), mid-posterior in 36.7% (n = 7), and postero-inferior in 20% (n = 3). The majority of patients with posterosuperior and mid-posterior cysts had an associated superior labral tear from anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesions. Four of six patients with mid-posterior cysts had minimal denervation atrophy in the infraspinatus muscle. CONCLUSION: Posterior PLCs are mostly associated with posterior labral defects. The majority of cysts localized in the posterosuperior and mid-posterior were also associated with SLAP lesions. Denervation atrophy in the infraspinatus muscle may frequently accompany mid-posterior PLCs.

An Ancillary Sign in the Diagnosis of Bankart and Bankart Variants in Patients With Glenohumeral Instability on Nonarthrographic Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Preglenoid Fat Thickness.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether preglenoid fat thickness can be used as an ancillary sign for preliminary diagnosis of Bankart and its variants on nonarthrographic magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-eight anterior dislocation patients were included in this retrospective study. Forty-eight patients with Bankart and its variants, as detected by arthroscopy and magnetic resonance arthrography, were included in the study group. The study group was divided into osseous Bankart, labral Bankart, Perthes, and anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion subgroups. Twenty patients with no detected labral pathologies by arthroscopy and magnetic resonance arthrography were included in the control group. In these patients, preglenoid fat tissue thickness at the anteroinferior portion was measured at the level of the glenoid tubercle. Thickness of preglenoid fat tissue was compared between groups with different labral pathologies and those with normal labrum. RESULTS: The preglenoid fat tissue thickness was 2.65 ± 1.05 mm in the control group and 0.90 ± 0.59 mm in the study group (P < 0.0001). Patients with preglenoid fat tissue thinner than 1.6 mm showed a significantly increased likelihood of having Bankart and its variants in receiver operating characteristic analysis (sensitivity of 95.8% and specificity of 85%). There was no significant difference in preglenoid fat tissue thickness between the subgroups of the study group (osseous Bankart, labral Bankart, Perthes, and anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion). CONCLUSION: Preglenoid fat tissue measurement can be used as an ancillary sign in the diagnosis of Bankart and Bankart variants in glenohumeral instability patients.

Efficacy of the Rotational Traction Method in the Assessment of Glenohumeral Cartilage Surface Area in Computed Tomography Arthrography.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the efficacy of the rotational traction method in expanding the joint space and enabling the assessment of an extended surface area. METHODS: Sixty patients who underwent computed tomography arthrography were evaluated in the study: 30 with and 30 without the help of rotational traction. The subgroups consisted of patients with adhesive capsulitis, habitual luxation, or labral tears. Areas of obscured joint surface by coalescent cartilages were calculated using computer software, and those belonging to the traction and nontraction groups along with subgroups were compared statistically. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the traction and nontraction group regarding the contact surface area (P < 0.001 for both observers). In patients with adhesive capsulitis, the contact surface area was larger compared with the other subgroups (P = 0.002 for observer 1 and P = 0.002 for observer 2). In patients with habitual luxation, the contact surface area was smaller compared with the other subgroups (P = 0.002 for observer 1 and P = 0.001 for observer 2). CONCLUSIONS: Expansion of joint distance is important for assessing the joint cartilage. The rotational traction method provides effective separation of the joint space. For this reason, rotational traction can be used effectively in patients in whom the joint cartilage is to be evaluated.

Transient Splenial Lesion of the Corpus Callosum After Cabergoline Treatment.

BACKGROUND: Transient splenial lesion of the corpus callosum is an oval-shaped lesion in the center of the splenium of the corpus callosum. The disease characteristically occurs with restricted diffusion-weighted images. CASE DESCRIPTION: In the present study, we describe the magnetic resonance imaging findings of a patient with transient diffusion restriction in the splenium of the corpus callosum after cabergoline therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Cabergoline may be an unusual cause of transient splenial lesion of corpus callosum.