Assessing the Relationship between proAKAP4 Level and Longevity of Sexed Sperm Quality after Thawing.

ProAKAP4 is a sperm structural protein that regulates motility through the PKA-dependent cAMP signaling pathway, which is synthesized as an X chromosome-linked member of the gene family. This study aims to determine the optimal level of proAKAP4 for evaluating sexed semen through investigating its relationship with the longevity of sperm quality in sexed Holstein bull sperm. A total of 30 sexed sperm samples (bearing X chromosomes) from 30 distinct Holstein bulls (n = 30) were analyzed. The frozen bull sperm samples were assessed for their proAKAP4 levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity (PMAI), and spermatozoa movement parameters at hours 0 and 3 after thawing. The proAKAP4 levels in the sexed sperm samples ranged from 16.35 to 72.10 ng/10 M spz, with an average of 37.18 ± 15.1 ng/10 M spz. A strong positive correlation was observed between proAKAP4 levels and total motility, progressive motility, PMAI, high mitochondrial membrane potential, VAP, and VCL values after 3 h of incubation, when compared to post-thaw analyses. The results also reveal that spermatozoa with proAKAP4 levels of ≥40 ng/10 M spz exhibit higher quality. In conclusion, the level of proAKAP4 in sexed sperm aligns with previous studies and shows potential as a biomarker for assessing the longevity of sexed sperm quality.

Expression patterns and distribution of aquaporin water channels in cervix as a possible mechanism for cervical patency in bitches affected by pyometra.

Pyometra is a life-threatening disease, the severity of which depends on cervical patency status. This study investigated cervical inflammation status as well as the expression patterns and localization of aquaporin (AQP1, AQP2, AQP3, AQP5, and AQP9), and hormone receptors in cervical tissue that influences canine pyometra. Of the 36 animals enrolled in the study, 24 were diagnosed with pyometra and separated into two groups: open cervix pyometra and close cervix pyometra, while 12 healthy animals presented for elective ovariohysterectomies were allocated into the control group. Surgical treatment was performed for treatment of pyometra. After each operation, cervix samples were collected and analyzed for AQP and hormone receptor expression patterns determined by qPCR and protein expression by means of immunohistochemistry. Blood samples were also collected to determine serum progesterone concentrations. AQP9 expression was downregulated approximately 3-fold while and PGR expression was downregulated more than 2 fold in both pyometra groups compared to the control group. AQP3 and AQP5 gene expression levels were upregulated more than 3 fold in the open-cervix pyometra group than the closed-cervix pyometra group (P < 0.05). This is the first study to describe the expression patterns and immunolocalization of AQPs in canine cervical tissue based on pyometra patency status and to report AQP3 and AQP5 expression in cervical tissue linked to cervical patency.

Expression patterns of inflammatory and oxidative stress-related genes in the uterine and ovarian tissues of dogs diagnosed with pyometra based on cervical patency status.

This study aimed to investigate the expression patterns of genes associated with inflammation and oxidative stress in ovarian and uterine tissues of dogs with pyometra, categorized by cervical status (open cervix or closed cervix), which influences disease severity. The control group comprised healthy animals undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Tissue inflammatory gene expression and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined while microbial and histopathological examinations were conducted, along with immunohistochemical evaluations. In the closed-cervix group, uterine TNF and IL6 were upregulated approximately 10-fold while IL10 was upregulated nearly 5-fold. TNF expression differed remarkably between the pyometra groups. In the closed-cervix group, PTGS2 and HMOX1 were upregulated approximately 5-fold whereas NFE2L2 expression was downregulated. The closed-cervix group also had the highest uterine MDA levels. Regarding ovarian tissue, MDA levels were higher in the closed-cervix group than in the open-cervix group while IL10 expression was lower in the closed-cervix group than the open-cervix group. In the closed-cervix group, NFE2L2 was downregulated whereas HMOX1 was upregulated. Uterine TNF levels were positively correlated with IL6, IL10, PTGS2, and HMOX1, but negatively correlated with NFE2L2. IL6 was positively correlated with IL10, PTGS2, and HMOX1. NFE2L2 was negatively correlated with IL6 and HMOX1. IL10 was positively correlated with PTGS2 and HMOX1. MDA was positively correlated with TNF, IL6, IL10, PTGS2, NFE2L2, and HMOX1. TNF levels were positively correlated with ovarian PTGS2, and with IL6 and NFE2L2. MDA was positively correlated with PTGS2 and HMOX1. MDA could be an important biomarker for understanding the severity of pyometra. Moreover, TNF expression and its relationships with various studied parameters such as IL10 may contribute to treatment and prognostic biomarker studies in closed-cervix pyometra pathology.

The effects of the feeding duration of propylene glycol on major meat quality parameters and substantial proteins in the muscle of Akkaraman lambs.

In this study, the effects of propylene glycol (PG) on meat quality and molecular pathways related to energy metabolism in longissimus lumborum muscle on lambs were evaluated. Seventy-two lambs were divided into three groups consisting of 60th, 90th, and 120th of slaughter days. The dosage of the PG and slaughter days were the variables used in the study. Eight animals were slaughtered from each group on each day. The meat quality parameters (e.g., pH, protein, fatty acid profile) and IGF-1, IGFBP4, and DGAT1 (i.e., mRNA and protein levels) were evaluated. The pH 45 min post-slaughter was higher in PG groups on 120th day. On the 4th day after slaughter, the b value was the lowest in the PG3, while 7th day after slaughter it was highest in Con and PG3 on 90th day. The total n3 and n6 were lowest and the NV was highest on 120th day. The IGFBP4 was upregulated in the PG groups on all of the slaughter days. The DGAT1 was upregulated in the PG3 on the 90th day. The IGF-1, DGAT1, IGFBP4 protein levels were found to have increased in the PG3 on 90th day. The IGFBP4 was found to have decreased in the PG3 on 120th day. According to the results of the study, the oral administration of the PG at the 3 mL/kg live weight0.75 for at least 120 days may have positive effects on meat quality in lambs through the IGF-1, DGAT1, and IGFBP4 genes and the proteins encoded by these genes.

Evaluation of the relationships between oxidative stress, inflammation, hormonal status and sperm parameters in rats: Canonical correlation analysis.

Many endocrine or non-endocrine factors are involved in sperm production. Although reproductive hormones are very important for the initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis, other factors, such as inflammation and oxidative stress, affect spermatogenesis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationships between sperm parameters and hormones, oxidative stress, and inflammation status. We conducted this study on 40 rats. Sperm parameters (motility, abnormal sperm rate, and dead sperm rate), oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase), inflammation (NF-κß, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-10), and hormone parameters (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, melatonin, and corticosterone) were determined. Relationships between mentioned parameters were investigated by canonical correlation analysis. Canonical correlation coefficients for these data sets (sperm-oxidative stress, sperm-inflammation, and sperm-hormone parameters) were found to be strongly significant (rc= 0.875, p<0.001; rc= 0.868, p<0.001; rc= 0.886, p<0.001, respectively). The rate of explanation of oxidative stress, inflammation parameters and hormones by sperm parameters was 61.80 %, 56.10 % and 63.90 %, respectively. Canonical correlation analysis results have revealed that dead sperm rate is mostly related to nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κß), catalase, and corticosterone. CCA, which has taken into account the multiple relationships, has revealed that multidimensional evaluation of data sets can provide important and innovative information to researchers for the assessment of relationships between sperm, oxidative stress, inflammation, and hormone parameters.

Association between metabolic parameters and embryo production in superovulated dairy cattle.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between metabolic parameters and the number of embryos produced in superovulated cows with high genetic characteristics in milk yield. Eighteen Holstein donors were treated with classic superovulation protocols, AI and flushing. During superovulation, decreasing doses of FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) were administered at 12-h intervals for 4 days. Plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF1), glucose (GLU), beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and total protein (TP) levels were determined by using an autoanalyzer. The mixed model analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. As a result, plasma IGF1, BHB and BUN had significant interactions with both groups and days (p < .05). Additionally, plasma TP-days interactions were significant (p < .05). Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between the number of embryos and plasma BHB levels (p < .05). In conclusion, under appropriate environmental conditions, metabolic profile control of donors can contribute to the embryo production process and to the studies on the metabolic infrastructure.

The presence of virulence factor genes downregulates uterine AQP3 and alters glutathione peroxidase activity and uterine histopathology in canine pyometra.

Present study was designed to evaluate the role of virulence factor genes (papG, cnf1 and hylA) in the pathogenesis of canine pyometra. Antimicrobial susceptibility test and detection of virulence genes were performed Escherichia coli (E. coli) detected in uterine swab samples. Animals were divided into two groups based on the presence (VF+, n:14) or absence (VF-, n:7) of the virulence factor genes papG, cnf1 and hylA. Blood and tissue glutathione peroxidase activity, uterine histopathologic analysis and AQP3, ESR1, PGR, OXTR gene expressions were determined in both groups. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 15.1. All E. coli isolates were susceptible to amikacin, whereas resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and lincomycin. None of the isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime. E. coli isolates had at least one virulence gene. The most prevalent gene was fimH (100%), followed by fyuA (95.8%), usp (83.3%), sfa (75%), cnf1 and hlyA (70.8%) genes. Blood GPx activity was greater in VF+ animals. On the other hand, uterine tissue GPx activity was lower in VF+ group compared to the control group. Expression levels of AQP3 were upregulated more than fivefold in VF-dogs compared to the control group. In addition, AQP3 expression levels were found approximately threefold higher in VF (-) than VF (+) group (p < .05). Varying degree of inflammation noted for all animals with pyometra, but the presence of bacteria noted only in VF+ animals. In conclusion, the presence of virulence factor genes does not play a role in the histopathological degree of inflammation, the presence of bacteria was found to vary. Serum GPx activity increased in VF+ animals. While the hormone receptor expressions were similar, AQP expression was upregulated in the absence of virulence factor genes.

Green Electrospun Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Gelatin-Based Nanofibrous Membrane by Incorporating 45S5 Bioglass Nanoparticles and Urea for Wound Dressing Applications: Characterization and In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations.

This study reports the fabrication and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and gelatin (Gel)-based nanofiber membranes cross-linked with citric acid (CA) by a green electrospinning method in which nano 45S5 bioglass (BG) and urea were incorporated. Various combinations of PVA, gelatin, and BG were prepared, and nanofiber membranes with average fiber diameters between 238 and 595 nm were fabricated. Morphological, chemical, and mechanical properties, porosity, swelling, water retention, and water vapor transmission rate of the fabricated membranes were evaluated. PVA:Gel (90:10), 15% CA, and 3% BG were determined as the optimum blend for nanofiber membrane fabrication via electrospinning. The membrane obtained using this blend was further functionalized with 10% w/w polymer urea coating by the electrospray method following the cross-linking. In vitro biocompatibility tests revealed that the fabricated membranes were all biocompatible except for the one that functionalized with urea. In vivo macroscopic and histopathological analysis results of PVA/Gel/BG and PVA/Gel/BG/Urea treated wounds indicated increased collagenization and vascularization and had an anti-inflammatory effect. Furthermore, careful examination of the in vivo macroscopic results of the PVA/Gel/BG/Urea membrane indicated its potential to decrease uneven scar formation. In conclusion, developed PVA/Gel/BG and PVA/Gel/BG/Urea electrospun membranes with multifunctional and biomimetic features may have the potential to be used as beneficial wound dressings.

Considering potential roles of selected MicroRNAs in evaluating subclinical mastitis and Milk quality in California mastitis test (+) and infected bovine milk.

This study investigates the relationships between subclinical mastitis and milk quality with selected microRNAs in cow milk. California Mastitis Test (CMT)-positive (n = 20) and negative (n = 20) samples were compared (Experiment I). Additionally, samples with CMT-positive but microbiological-negative, as well as positive for only Staphylococcus subspecies (Staph spp.) and only Streptococcus subspecies (Strep spp.) were examined (Experiment II). Four groups were formed in Experiment II: Group I (CMT and microbiological-negative) (n = 20), Group II (CMT-positive but microbiological-negative) (n = 10), Group III (Staph spp.) (n = 5), Group IV (Strep spp.) (n = 5). While electrical conductivity, somatic cell count (SCC), malondialdehyde (MDA) increased, miR-27a-3p and miR-223 upregulated and miR-125b downregulated in the CMT-positive group in Experiment I. SCC and MDA were higher in CMT-positive groups. miR-27a-3p and miR-223 upregulated in Groups III and IV. While miR-155 is upregulated, miR-125b downregulated in Group IV. Milk fat is positively correlated with miR-148a and miR-223. As miR-27a-3p positively correlated with SCC and MDA, miR-125b negatively correlated with electrical conductivity and SCC. miR-148a and MDA were positively correlated. miR-155 was correlated with fat-free dry matter, protein, lactose, and freezing point. miR-223 was positively correlated with SCC and miR-148a. Results particularly highlight miR-27a-3p and miR-223 as potential biomarkers in subclinical mastitis, especially those caused by Staph spp. and Strep spp., while miR-148a, miR-155, and miR-223 stand out in determining milk quality.

Determination of expression patterns of miR-26a, and preimplantation factor levels for early pregnancy detection in nulliparous and multiparous cows.

For maximum productivity in a dairy farm, the earliest and the most accurate detection of pregnancy is essential. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of expression patterns of miR-26a, and serum Preimplantation Factor (PIF) levels for pregnancy diagnosis during the early pregnancy in nulliparous and multiparous cows. A total of 60 cows (30 nulliparous and 30 multiparous Holstein cows) were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were collected for miR-26a on days 8 and 16 (D8 and D16), and for the PIF on days 10 and 20 (D10 and D20) following insemination (D0). Pregnancies were determined by ultrasonography on the 28th day after insemination. Expression levels of miR-26a determined by qPCR. PIF levels were assessed by using commercial ELISA kits. All data were analyzed by using the MIXED procedure of SPSS. The expression levels of miR-26a were 6.64 folds higher on D16 in pregnant compared to non-pregnant multiparous cows (p < .05). On D8 and D16, miR-26a expression levels were found higher 13 folds in pregnant compared to non-pregnant nulliparous cows (p < .05). Additionally, miR-26a expressions were higher 5.42 folds (p < .05) on D8, 7.19 folds higher (p < .01) on D16 in pregnant nulliparous and multiparous cows, and were 6.30 folds higher (p < .001) on D8 and D16 according to non-pregnant animals. PIF levels were greater in pregnant animals (p < .05). Analyzing miR-26a on D8 might be considered as sufficient in nulliparous cows. Pregnancy detection in multiparous cows can be made on the 16th day with this method. Furthermore, PIF evaluations may be sufficient on D10 in multiparous cows. Besides, PIF levels and miR-26a expression levels might be used safely in field conditions and clinical applications.

Serum pregnancy-associated glycoprotein profiles during early gestation in Karya and Konya Merino sheep.

BACKGROUND: Reported as being expressed by mono- and binucleate placental cells, pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) are released into the blood circulation from the ruminant placenta. Circulating gestational PAGs levels may differ between sheep breeds. OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed at the close monitoring of the serum PAGs profiles of Karya and Konya Merino sheep during early pregnancy. METHODS: Fifteen Karya and 15 Konya Merino ewes were synchronized by a 12-day treatment with progesterone-impregnated intravaginal sponges. After the sponges were withdrawn, the ewes were administered 400 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin. The ewes were allowed to mate naturally, and all animals were sampled for blood as of the day of mating (day 0) at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Pregnancy diagnoses were made by transabdominal ultrasonography at week 5. At weeks 6, 7, 8, 9 and 11, blood samples were collected only from the pregnant ewes. The blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 × g, and extracted sera were stored at -20°C until being used for laboratory analyses. Serum PAGs levels were determined with the aid of a commercial PAG-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test originally developed for pregnancy diagnosis in cattle. Differences in the between the PAGs levels throughout pregnancy and the group effect (Karya and Konya Merino) were determined with a two-way mixed analysis of variance. Pairwise comparisons were made using a Bonferroni adjustment. RESULTS: PAGs levels showed a linear increase with the advance of pregnancy in both Karya and Konya Merino sheep. No difference was detected between the breeds for serum PAGs levels. The serum PAGs levels of the pregnant and non-pregnant ewes differed as of the fourth week. CONCLUSION: The serum PAGs levels of the Karya and Konya Merino ewes were similar during the first 11 weeks of gestation, and pregnancy diagnosis could be made based on serum PAGs levels as of the 4th week in both breeds.

Ultrasonographic patterns of different regions of uterus according to pregnancy in cows and heifers.

This study aimed to detect pregnancy within the first 20 days after artificial insemination by evaluating the ultrasonographic patterns of the different regions of uterus in Holstein heifers and cows. Animals were divided into subgroups according to pregnancy on 28th day as pregnant (heifer, n: 15; cow, n: 15) and non-pregnant (heifer, n: 15; cow, n: 15). Images were taken from the ovulation-side cornu uteri (OSC), non-ovulation-side cornu uteri (NOSC), and the corpus uteri (CU) on alternate days from D0 to D20. The images were evaluated by ImageJ software in terms of mean gray value (MGV), homogeneity (HOM), and contrast (CON) and endometrium thickness (ET). The mean MGV and G*T and P*T interactions, the mean CON and G*T and G*P interactions, the mean HOM and G*P interactions, and the mean ET and G*P interactions were statistically significant (p < 0.05). In receiver operating characteristic analyses, D2-D6 for CON and D2, D6, D8, D16, and D20 for HOM of OSC in cows and D8 and D10 MGV and D18 and D20 ET of OSC in heifers had high relationship with positive pregnancy (p < 0.05). The use of echogenicity evaluations and endometrium thickness measurements in reproductive management seems to be suitable for the prediction of pregnancy in cows and heifers.

Effects of propylene glycol used at different doses in Akkaraman lambs rations on metabolism-related parameters and liver gene and protein expression during different feeding periods.

This study aimed to investigate the metabolic effects of propylene glycol (PG) over 60, 90, and 120 days in lambs. Seventy-two weaned male lambs were allocated into three groups: control (Con), PG1.5 (1.5 mL/kg live weight0.75 ), and PG3 (3 mL/kg live weight0.75 ). Blood samples were collected at the beginning and slaughter days. Biochemical parameters (glucose, triglycerides, ALT, AST, LDH, BUN, and insulin) and gene and protein levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), carbohydrate responsive element binding protein (ChREBP), and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1c (SREBP-1c) in the liver were determined. Glucose in PG1.5 was increased on Day 60, while significant differences were observed in biochemical parameters except for insulin on the 60, 90, and 120 days. Biochemical parameters such as ALT, AST, LDH, and BUN increased over time, while triglycerides decreased. DGAT1 gene and protein levels were lower, while SREBP-1c and PPARγ were higher in PG groups on Day 60. While SREBP-1c was lower in PG1.5, ChREBP was higher in PG3 on Day 90. PPARγ, DGAT1, and ChREBP were upregulated in PG3 on Day 120. Positive correlations were found between proteins. The long-term use of PG in lambs did not have detrimental effects on metabolism. The study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the metabolic effects of PG in lambs, shedding light on its potential applications in lamb production.

The thermographic monitoring in early pregnancy detection in Holstein cows and heifers.

This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive investigation to demonstrate early pregnancy detection using thermography in heifers and cows. A total of 60 heifers (n: 30) and cows (n: 30) were divided into two groups as pregnant (n: 15 heifers, n: 15 cows) and non-pregnant (n: 15 heifers, n: 15 cows) according to the day 28 of gestation. Thermographic images were taken from the vulvar and anal regions on alternate days from D0 to D20. Blood samples were collected to determine estrogen and progesterone concentrations. The mean temperature difference between the anal and vulvar regions (ΔT °C) was used in the statistical analyses. Based on the hormonal profiles, no abnormalities were observed for follicular waves or luteal profiles in heifers and cows. The ΔT °C values between heifers and cows and between days were statistically significant (P < 0.001). In thermographic analyses, the differences observed in other main effects and interactions of the group, sampling time, and pregnancy were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). In receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, it was concluded that the ΔT °C value of ≤ 2.9 °C (100% Se - 61.9% Sp) was highly correlated with pregnancy diagnosis in cows on day six after artificial insemination (AI) (P < 0.001). In conclusion, it was determined that the clinical application of thermography can be used for the detection of pregnancy on day six after AI in cows. However, further studies are needed to determine heifers' thermographic characteristics and profiles.

What Is Going on in Indoor Air Quality of a University Hospital in Northern Cyprus?

Background: There are two main purposes of microbial monitoring of the inanimate hospital environment. One of them is to monitor hygiene standards, and the second is to determine the presence of nosocomial pathogens. This study was aimed to investigate the indoor environment of the different departments of a university hospital. Methods: The prospective study was conducted in a university hospital, a teaching hospital with 143 beds and 30 ICU beds, and a hospital with 6 different wards in Northern Cyprus. Active air sampling was done by using an air IDEAL 3P device. Air samples were taken at 38 points defined before in different parts of the hospital. Results: Our results showed a low level of microorganisms' numbers in microbial airborne communities in a university hospital. Moreover, our results indicated that the temperature of the hospital's indoor environment is not significantly related to the airborne microbial community. On the other hand, our results indicate that the Aspergillus species were mostly isolated in the drug preparation room. Conclusion: The studies have shown that one of the causes of hospital infections is the microorganisms entering the airborne microbial communities. In this case, epidemiology and pathogenesis of airborne microbial communities should be understood.

The role of nutritional-immunological indices in estimating serum LPS and antioxidant enzyme activity and sepsis status in female dogs with pyometra caused by E. coli.

The aim of this study was to diagnose pyometra and related sepsis status using cost-effective nutritional-immunological indices, antioxidants, and toxin levels in dogs and to investigate the utility of the indices in predicting toxin and antioxidant status. A total of 29 dogs were enrolled into the present study. Among these, 9 female dogs in their diestrus stages, were allocated for elective ovariohysterectomy. The pyometra group was also separated into two subgroups as Sepsis (+) and Sepsis (-). Blood samples were collected into two tubes containing EDTA for hematological analysis; without anticoagulant for serum progesterone, LPS concentration, and antioxidant levels at the time of diagnosis. Bacteriological and tissue samples of the uterus were collected after the ovariohysterectomy. Antioxidant activity, progesterone, and toxin concentration were determined by using commercial ELISA kits. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 16.1 and MedCalc 16 statistical software. Receiver operating characteristics curves were used for the threshold for evaluating pyometra and sepsis status. Pairwise comparisons were carried out of the area under the curve (AUC) for thresholds of nutritional immunologic indices (hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, platelet (HALP) score; prognostic nutritional index (PNI); Albumin hemoglobin index (AHI)), serum LPS and antioxidant activity. Linear regression model was used for the estimation of serum LPS and antioxidant activity by using indices. Mean serum progesterone, LPS concentrations, and Nitric Oxide (NO) production were greater, while serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), tissue SOD, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were lower in dogs with pyometra. All nutritional-immunologic indices were lower in pyometra cases. Nutritional-immunologic indices (AUC of HALP:0.759; PNI:0.981; AHI 0.994), NO (AUC: 0.787) and SOD (AUC: 0.784) levels were useful for pyometra diagnosis. AHI and LPS were useful for the determination of sepsis status with the AUC values of 0.850 and 0.740, respectively. While AHI was useful for the estimation of serum LPS and NO concentration (p < 0.001), PNI was useful for serum SOD concentration (p = 0.003). In conclusion, PNI, HALP and AHI can be used in the diagnosis of pyometra, however, only AHI and LPS levels can be used in the diagnosis of sepsis. SOD and NO can be used to determine pyometra but have no effect on determining sepsis status. Additionally, the estimation of the levels of serum LPS, NO, and SOD activities can be done using the AHI and PNI values.

Reaction time as a libido indicator and its relation to pre-freeze and post-thaw sperm quality in bulls.

Libido and sperm quality output relationship is already not clear in farm animals. The present study compared reaction time (RT) as a libido indicator and the pre-freeze and post-thaw sperm quality of AI bulls. Before the collection of ejaculates (n = 53, from 22 AI bulls [4.2 ± 1 years of age]), RTs were collected using a chronometer as the interval between the bull's arrival at the semen collection area and his first false mount (FM) on another male. The ejaculates were examined for their volume, concentration and motility. Subsequently, all aliquots were diluted with a commercial semen extender and equilibrated for 3 h before freezing. Frozen semen samples were thawed and examined for sperm kinematics using CASA, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity of sperm (PMAI) by flow cytometry. Additionally, the temperature humidity index (THI) values were assessed during the study. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyse the data. The results indicated that THI had a significant effect on libido (p < .001). However, libido had no effect on either pre- or post-thaw sperm quality parameters except for the velocity of the average pathway (VAP) (p < .05). Therefore, relying solely on RT -libido- as an indicator of bull sperm quality at AI stations may not be reliable, as it is a complex behavioural assessment.

Changes in serum total protein and immunoglobulin G concentrations and Brix percentages in neonatal Arabian foals from birth up to 21 days of age.

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and serum total protein (STP) concentrations and serum Brix percentages of neonatal Arabian foals during first 3 weeks of life. Blood samples were collected from 12 apparently healthy foals by jugular venipuncture at birth and at 12-hours, 24-hours, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 and 21 days of age. Serum IgG and STP concentrations and Brix percentages were measured by the radial immunodiffusion assay, and digital STP and Brix refractometers, respectively. Based on the serum IgG concentrations measured at 24 h, two foals were diagnosed with failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI). While IgG concentrations were determined using the data of foals with adequate transfer of passive immunity, other calculations were made using the data of all foals. The mean IgG concentration of the foals increased from birth (<200 mg/dl) to 12 (2068.5 mg/dl) and 24 h (2184.7 mg/dl), and progressively decreased up to 21 days of age (1318.5 mg/dl). The serum IgG concentrations at 12 h were highly correlated with each of the IgG concentrations measured over the 21-day period. The serum IgG and STP concentrations and Brix percentages of the foals diagnosed with FTPI at 12 h did not reach the adequate strata over time. These results suggest that foals can be reliably tested for passive immunity status at 12 h after birth.

Investigation of the prophylactic and therapeutic effectiveness of oral thyme extract in rats experimentally infected with cryptosporidium parvum.

In this study, the prophylactic and therapeutic activities of thyme extract at different concentrations against experimental Cryptosporidium parvum infection in immunosuppressed rats were investigated. Thyme extract was prepared at four different concentrations (10%, 30%, 50%, and 100%) and administered as a single oral dose of 1 mL for evaluation of its prophylactic efficacy. Five consecutive days after infection was detected in all rats, therapeutic evaluations were also performed. According to the results obtained by daily counting of oocysts in stools, the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of thyme extract administration were significant in comparison to the control group (P˂0.01). Oocyst shedding continued in the control group at high numbers from the beginning to the end of the study, while oocyst counts in the prophylaxis groups remained low throughout the study. On the other hand, oocyst excretion rates were high in the therapeutic groups and decreased rapidly after thyme extract administration. At the end of the study, oocyst excretion had completely stopped for some rats administered thyme extract. There was no group in which oocyst shedding ceased for all rats. No significant differences were observed in the therapeutic or prophylaxis groups regarding the doses administered (P > 0.01). Renal and hepatic functions were monitored by measuring urea, creatinine, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase levels ​​before and after thyme extract administration. As a result, it was concluded that oral thyme extract administration at the doses applied in this study is effective and safe in the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of experimental cryptosporidiosis in rats.

Post-quarantine anxiety and depression levels of COVID-19 positive patients, Northern Cyprus.

Background: The COVID-19 Pandemic, which started to be seen in Northern Cyprus (NC) as of March 2020, has affected the psychological mood of many people in our country as well as all over the world. Objectives: It was aimed to evaluate the post-illness anxiety and depression levels of people who were diagnosed with COVID-19 positive, completed the quarantine period and then received a negative PCR report. Methods: Through the questionnaire used in the study carried out between 1-30 April 2021, the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants and their personal experiences about COVID-19 were questioned and they were asked to answer the questions about the hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale. Results: The average score of the participants (n=120) in the HAD scale was determined as 11.66±5.90. According to the average scores of the scale, the anxiety and depression levels of the patients fall into the category of '11 and above abnormal'. The patients' general average scores of anxieties were 6.20±3.48 (normal) and depression was 5.46±3.55 (normal). Conclusion: Although it was determined that the HAD scores of the individuals from NC infected with COVID-19 were not high, most of them needed psychological support as they stated in their own statements.