Experiences of child sex trafficking identification among Ontario pediatric emergency department healthcare providers: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: More than 60 % of people exposed to sex trafficking access hospital emergency departments (ED), making the ED a critical setting for child sex trafficking identification. Children exposed to sex trafficking (CEST) do not always recognize that they are being exploited. With many ED leaders confirming that there are no formal processes or assessment tools to screen for human trafficking in EDs, it is especially challenging for healthcare providers to identify CEST. Accordingly, the following study sought to examine healthcare providers' child sex trafficking identification practices in Ontario pediatric EDs. METHODS: We conducted interviews with healthcare providers (N = 12) who work in an Ontario pediatric ED and have provided services to CEST. Thematic analysis and intersectionality theory guided our analytic approach. RESULTS: Participants underscored the key role of Registered Nurses for identifying presentations of child sex trafficking in Ontario pediatric EDs. Although white, feminine presenting youth are the predominantly identified demographic of CEST in Ontario pediatric EDs, healthcare providers also described key intersections between race, poverty, child welfare agency system involvement, and adverse childhood life experiences as factors that heightened vulnerability to child sex trafficking. Common presentations to the ED were for non-specific concerns, injuries, following a sexual assault, or for mental health concerns. Suggested methods for identification varied but were centred around the principles of trauma- and violence-informed care. CONCLUSION: Identifying child sex trafficking in Ontario pediatric EDs is a complex practice, requiring human trafficking training and education for healthcare providers. The interrelated indicators of child sex trafficking, including the sociodemographic and clinical profile of the patient, must be considered jointly, using a trauma- and violence-informed approach.

Acute Porphyria: An Unusual Case Of Quadriparesis, Hypertension, Recurrent Severe Cyclic Abdominal Pain, And Seizures.

Porphyria refers to a rare group of genetically inherited or acquired disorders that arise due to reduced metabolic activity of any of the enzymes in the haem biosynthetic pathway. Defect in any enzyme causes the presentation of symptoms of porphyria. The epidemiology of Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP) is complicated because of its rarity and delay in diagnosis. We present the case of a seven-year-old girl who presented with multisystem involvement; her symptoms were quadriparesis, hypertension, recurrent severe cyclic abdominal pain, and seizures. These symptoms together were not explained by the differentials taken into account. She presented before puberty with no family history of such conditions, while being born of consanguineous marriage. Her symptoms along with urinary porphobilinogen positivity test helped to reach the diagnosis of AIP in the absence of cutaneous manifestations. This case highlights the variable presentation of porphyria and emphasises the importance of appropriate and timely diagnosis and management in these patients.

Idiopathic Pulmonary Haemosiderosis: An Unusual Case Of Anaemia With Pulmonary Involvement.

Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis is a rare disorder, with recurrent life-threatening alveolar haemorrhages and chronic lung parenchymal changes. It is associated with a triad of haemoptysis, iron deficiency anaemia, and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. Although most cases are idiopathic, secondary haemosiderosis linked to known diseases has also been observed. Most of the cases remain undiagnosed because the disease is very low on the list of differentials. There is no specified age for the disease. The present study reports on an adolescent female patient who presented with microcytic anaemia and bilateral lung infiltrates to the National Institute of Child Health (NICH), Karachi, a tertiary care hospital. She was diagnosed with Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis after ruling out other possibilities.

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Acinetobacter spp. in a tertiary care hospital in Peshawar: a cross-sectional study.

Acinetobacter spp. have been a primary cause of nosocomial infections worldwide, causing significant morbidity and mortality, especially in Pakistan. The purpose of this study was to investigate the trend of antimicrobial resistance over a 5-year period in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study regarding the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter spp. recovered from clinical specimens that were referred to the Pathology Laboratory of Northwest General Hospital, Peshawar. The data from 2014 to 2019 was recorded and analyzed by the laboratory. Sociodemographic characteristics and laboratory record data was analyzed using SPSS, version 25. A chi-square test was applied to see the significance. Results: Of 59 483 clinical samples, Acinetobacter baumannii strains were detected in 114 of them. The majority of the clinical samples were from blood (89.5%) followed by sputum (7.9%), wound swab (1.8%), and bone marrow (0.9%). A. baumannii has been found in 52 men (67.53%) and 28 women (75.67%), with an overall risk of 0.669 times. In 76 men (98.70%), sensitivity for ertapenem (99.1), colistin (96.49), and tigecycline (78.9%) were also observed which indicated the potential viability of these drugs to treat multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter infections. The male-to-female risk ratio was 0.98 for colistin and 0.71 for amikacin. Conclusion: Increased frequency of MDR supports the need for continuous surveillance to determine the prevalence and evolution of MDR Acinetobacter spp. in Pakistan. Colistin, tigecyclines, and ertapenem remain the possible line of drugs to treat MDR Acinetobacter.

Effectiveness of family-centred sexual health education and HPV self-sampling in promoting cervical cancer screening among hard-to-reach indian women in rural and tribal areas: a community-based pilot study.

BACKGROUND: While cervical cancer deaths have declined steeply in high-income countries due to the widespread use of the Papanicolaou test (Pap test), the same trend has not emerged in low or middle-income countries (LMICs). Access to screening in LMICs like India is limited due to barriers such as limited healthcare infrastructures, lack of sexual health education, and stigma demarcating sexually transmitted infections (STIs). HPV self-sampling (HPV-SS), a woman-centered and at-home method for screening, can be utilized as a unique screening tool to overcome some of these barriers. Our study examined the effectiveness of HPV-SS, supported by family-centred arts-based sexual health literacy on the uptake of cervical cancer screening among hard-to-reach women in rural and remote areas in India. METHODS: Our community-based mixed methods pilot study recruited 240 participants (120 women and 120 male partners or family members) through female Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) across 3 Indian villages of Shirgoan, Khodala, and Jamsar in Palghar district. Inclusion criteria included women ages 30-69 who were under or never screened (UNS) and their male partners/family members aged 18 or over. Knowledge and attitudes about cervical cancer and screening and their perceived stigma surrounding STI were assessed using validated scales prior to and after attending a 2-hour arts-based sexual health education (SHE). In addition, participants' uptake of cervical cancer screening was assessed after attendance in SHE. FINDINGS: Results revealed significant improvement in knowledge and attitudes about cervical cancer and screening, and a reduction in the STI stigma after participation in SHE sessions (overall mean difference in Knowledge: z = 6.1 ± 2.4, P < 0.001; attitudes about Pap-test and VIA: z = 2.2 ± 8.4, P < 0.001 and z = 2.9 ± 8.2, P < 0.001; STI stigma: z = 2.8 ± 12.4, P < 0.001). 118 out of 120 female participants chose to be screened and 115 opted for HPV-SS. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of HPV-SS coupled with family-centered arts-based and culturally appropriate SHE is highly promising in promoting cervical cancer screening among hard-to-reach women. Evidence from our study can be used to advance public health policies and inform the scale-up of similar initiatives in other villages and states across rural India and other LMICs.

SeDeM expert system with I-optimal mixture design for oral multiparticulate drug delivery: An encapsulated floating minitablets of loxoprofen Na and its in silico physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.

Introduction: A SeDeM expert tool-driven I-optimal mixture design has been used to develop a directly compressible multiparticulate based extended release minitablets for gastro-retentive drug delivery systems using loxoprofen sodium as a model drug. Methods: Powder blends were subjected to stress drug-excipient compatibility studies using FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, and DSC. SeDeM diagram expert tool was utilized to assess the suitability of the drug and excipients for direct compression. The formulations were designed using an I-optimal mixture design with proportions of methocel K100M, ethocel 10P and NaHCO3 as variables. Powder was compressed into minitablets and encapsulated. After physicochemical evaluation lag-time, floating time, and drug release were studied. Heckel analysis for yield pressure and accelerated stability studies were performed as per ICH guidelines. The in silico PBPK Advanced Compartmental and Transit model of GastroPlus™ was used for predicting in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters. Results: Drug release follows first-order kinetics with fickian diffusion as the main mechanism for most of the formulations; however, a few formulations followed anomalous transport as the mechanism of drug release. The in-silico-based pharmacokinetic revealed relative bioavailability of 97.0%. Discussion: SeDeM expert system effectively used in QbD based development of encapsulated multiparticulates for once daily administration of loxoprofen sodium having predictable in-vivo bioavailability.

Barriers to and facilitators of accessing HIV services for street-involved youth in Canada and Kenya.

INTRODUCTION: UNICEF estimates that there are as many as 100 million street-involved youth (SIY) globally. Marginalized conditions put SIY at higher risk of HIV and adverse outcomes once HIV-positive. The objective of this analysis was to describe barriers and facilitators of accessing HIV prevention, testing, and treatment services as Phase I of an implementation study evaluating the use of peer navigators to increase access to HIV services. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions (FGD), and theatre testing were conducted with individuals who identify as SIY, health care providers, and community stakeholders living in Canada (Toronto, Montreal, London) and Kenya (Eldoret, Huruma, Kitale). Data were analyzed using a directed content approach, guided by the socio-ecological model (SEM). RESULTS: Across the six sites were 195 participants: 64 SIY, 42 healthcare providers, and 97 community-based stakeholders. Barriers were identified at the societal (e.g. intersectional stigma and discrimination), public policy (e.g., inadequate access to basic needs, legal documentation, lack of health insurance, and limited community-based funding), institutional (e.g. lack of inclusive education and training, inadequate HIV educational outreach, and restrictive service provision), interpersonal (e.g., ineffective communication from healthcare providers), and intrapersonal levels (e.g. lack of trust and associated fear, low perception for healthcare, and lack of self-esteem). These contributed to limited HIV services utilization among SIY. Conversely, numerous facilitators were also identified at the public policy (e.g. affordable HIV services and treatment), institutional (e.g. available and accessible HIV prevention tools, HIV education and awareness programs, and holistic models of care), interpersonal level (e.g., systems navigation support, peer support, and personal relationships), and intrapersonal levels (e.g. self-efficacy) as positively supporting SIY access to HIV services. CONCLUSION: Intersectional stigma was a critical barrier in all sites, and policies and programs that foster welcoming environments for youth from diverse backgrounds and living circumstances may be better able to respond to the HIV service needs of this high risk population. Social support and navigation services were reported to facilitate access to HIV services in all sites.

Twelve-year trend of Escherichia coli antibiotic resistance in the Islamabad population.

Objective: Increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance among E. coli is a growing concern worldwide. We aimed to assess the changing antibiotic sensitivity pattern in Uropathogenic E. coli over a period of 12 years with special emphasis on ESBL-producing E. coli. Methods: A retrospective study was done on the population of Islamabad from 1st Jan 2005 to Dec 2010 and then continued from 1st Jan 2016 to 31st May 2021. A total of 12000 samples were analyzed for isolation and identification of bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, from patients having uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Our primary was to find the antibiotics with the highest sensitivity against E. Coli in 2021, while our secondary outcome was to find the overall sensitivity pattern of E. Coli to antibiotics from 2005 to 2021. Results: There was a decrease in susceptibility rates of E. coli to Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid 47%, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) 27%, Fluoroquinolones 24% & Cephalosporins 38%. There was a significant increase in the use of Nitrofurantoin and Fosfomycin. High resistance rates to Fluoroquinolones (76%), TMP-SMX (73%), Cephalosporins (62%), and Amoxicillin (53%) were documented. However, significantly high degree of sensitivity rates to Fosfomycin (92%), Aminoglycosides (90%) & Nitrofurantoin (80%) were recorded. Conclusions: Uropathogenic E. coli shows the highest sensitivity to Fosfomycin and Aminoglycosides in the year 2021, followed by Nitrofurantoin and Sulbactam. Cephalosporins, Amoxicillin/Cluvalanic acid, TMP-SMX, and Fluoroquinolones show a declining sensitivity pattern. UTIs can be prevented well by lifestyle changes, taking vitamins, trace elements, and carbohydrates.

A Socio-Ecological Approach to Understanding the Perinatal Care Experiences of People with Intellectual and/or Developmental Disabilities in Ontario, Canada.

BACKGROUND: Accessible and quality care during the perinatal period is critical for optimal maternal and neonatal health. Using the socio-ecological model, the purpose of this study was to explore barriers and facilitators that shape the perinatal care experiences of people with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (IDD). METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 individuals with IDD in Ontario, Canada, who had given birth within the past 5 years. Interviews focused on care experiences before, during, and after pregnancy. Data were analyzed using a directed content analysis approach, and the socio-ecological model guided analysis. RESULTS: Barriers at the societal (e.g., cultural norms of motherhood), policy/institutional (e.g., child protection policies and practices), interpersonal (e.g., inadequate formal and informal support), and intrapersonal levels (e.g., internalized stigma) contributed to participants having negative perinatal care experiences. Conversely, we identified facilitators on the interpersonal level (e.g., positive interactions with perinatal care providers and familial and social service supports) as positively shaping participants' perinatal care experiences. CONCLUSIONS: Findings reveal that the perinatal care experiences of people with IDD are shaped by several interrelated factors that largely stem from societal-level barriers, such as dominant (stigmatizing) discourses of disability. To improve the perinatal care experiences of people with IDD, there is a need for interventions at multiple levels. These include the development of policies to support perinatal care for diverse populations and training care providers to enact policies at the institutional and interpersonal levels.

HPLC-UV method for simultaneous quantitation of artemether and lumefantrine in fixed dose combination orodispersible tablet formulation.

This paper describes the development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV) method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of artemether and lumefantrine in fixed dose combination tablets. Chromatographic quantitation was carried out on a C-18 column Mediterrania Sea 18 (250×4.6 mm i.d.; 5 µm particle size) using a mobile phase consisting of 80:20 v/v mixture of acetonitrile and 0.05 % trifluoroacetic acid with final pH adjusted to 2.35 at flow rate of 1 ml/minute. The eluents was detected using photo diode array detector at wavelength of 210nm for artemether and 286 nm for lumefantrine. The retention times were ~5.8 mins for artemether and ~7.3 mins for lumefantrine. The newly developed method was validated and was found linear (r2 >0.99), precise (R.S.D. <2.0%), accurate, specific and robust. The artemether contents in the tablet formulation varied from 99.026 % to 99.347%, while lumefantrine contents were 99.546-99.728 %.

Modulating cardiac conduction during metabolic ischemia with perfusate sodium and calcium in guinea pig hearts.

We previously demonstrated that altering extracellular sodium (Nao) and calcium (Cao) can modulate a form of electrical communication between cardiomyocytes termed "ephaptic coupling" (EpC), especially during loss of gap junction coupling. We hypothesized that altering Nao and Cao modulates conduction velocity (CV) and arrhythmic burden during ischemia. Electrophysiology was quantified by optically mapping Langendorff-perfused guinea pig ventricles with modified Nao (147 or 155 mM) and Cao (1.25 or 2.0 mM) during 30 min of simulated metabolic ischemia (pH 6.5, anoxia, aglycemia). Gap junction-adjacent perinexal width ( WP), a candidate cardiac ephapse, and connexin (Cx)43 protein expression and Cx43 phosphorylation at S368 were quantified by transmission electron microscopy and Western immunoblot analysis, respectively. Metabolic ischemia slowed CV in hearts perfused with 147 mM Nao and 2.0 mM Cao; however, theoretically increasing EpC with 155 mM Nao was arrhythmogenic, and CV could not be measured. Reducing Cao to 1.25 mM expanded WP, as expected during ischemia, consistent with reduced EpC, but attenuated CV slowing while delaying arrhythmia onset. These results were further supported by osmotically reducing WP with albumin, which exacerbated CV slowing and increased early arrhythmias during ischemia, whereas mannitol expanded WP, permitted conduction, and delayed the onset of arrhythmias. Cx43 expression patterns during the various interventions insufficiently correlated with observed CV changes and arrhythmic burden. In conclusion, decreasing perfusate calcium during metabolic ischemia enhances perinexal expansion, attenuates conduction slowing, and delays arrhythmias. Thus, perinexal expansion may be cardioprotective during metabolic ischemia. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates, for the first time, that modulating perfusate ion composition can alter cardiac electrophysiology during simulated metabolic ischemia.

Quantifying Intermembrane Distances with Serial Image Dilations.

A recently-described extracellular nanodomain, termed the perinexus, has been implicated in ephaptic coupling, which is an alternative mechanism for electrical conduction between cardiomyocytes. The current method for quantifying this space by manual segmentation is slow and has low spatial resolution.We developed an algorithm that uses serial image dilations of a binary outline to count the number of pixels between two opposing 2 dimensional edges.This algorithm requires fewer man hours and has a higher spatial resolution than the manual method while preserving the reproducibility of the manual process.In fact, experienced and novice investigators were able to recapitulate the results of a previous study with this new algorithm.The algorithm is limited by the human input needed to manually outline the perinexus and computational power mainly encumbered by a pre-existing pathfinding algorithm.However, the algorithm's high-throughput capabilities, high spatial resolution and reproducibility make it a versatile and robust measurement tool for use across a variety of applications requiring the measurement of the distance between any 2-dimensional (2D) edges.

Body temperature and mouse scoring systems as surrogate markers of death in cecal ligation and puncture sepsis.

BACKGROUND: Despite increasing ethical standards for conducting animal research, death is still often used as an endpoint in mouse sepsis studies. Recently, the Murine Sepsis Score (MSS), Mouse Clinical Assessment Score for Sepsis (M-CASS), and Mouse Grimace Scale (MGS) were developed as surrogate endpoint scoring systems for assessing pain and disease severity in mice. The objective of our study was to compare the effectiveness of these scoring systems and monitoring of body temperature for predicting disease progression and death in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis model, in order to better inform selection of surrogate endpoints for death in experimental sepsis. METHODS: C57Bl/6J mice were subjected to control sham surgery, or moderate or severe CLP sepsis. All mice were monitored every 4 h for surrogate markers of death using modified versions of the MSS, M-CASS, and MGS scoring systems until 24 h post-operatively, or until endpoint (inability to ambulate) and consequent euthanasia. RESULTS: Thirty percent of mice subjected to moderate severity CLP reached endpoint by 24 h post-CLP, whereas 100% undergoing severe CLP reached endpoint within 20 h. Modified MSS, M-CASS, and MGS scores all increased, while body temperature decreased, in a time-dependent and sepsis severity-dependent manner, although modified M-CASS scores showed substantial variability. Receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrate that the last recorded body temperature (AUC = 0.88; 95% CI 0.77-0.99), change in body temperature (AUC = 0.89; 95% CI 0.78-0.99), modified M-CASS (AUC = 0.93; 95% CI 0.85-1.00), and modified MSS (AUC = 0.95; 95% CI 0.88-1.01) scores are all robust for predicting death in CLP sepsis, whereas modified MGS (AUC = 0.78; 95% CI 0.63-0.92) is less robust. CONCLUSIONS: The modified MSS and body temperature are effective markers for assessing disease severity and predicting death in the CLP model, and should thus be considered as valid surrogate markers to replace death as an endpoint in mouse CLP sepsis studies.

Pheochromocytoma presenting as a mimic of acute coronary syndrome.

Chest pain with elevated serum troponin is a common clinical presentation and is normally managed as suspected myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We report a 49 year old man who presented with central chest pain sweating and breathlessness. He had a significantly elevated serum troponin I level and a subsequent angiogram showed near normal coronary arteries. He was subsequently investigated for fever and found to have a 3cm right sided adrenal mass consistent with a pheochromocytoma. After confirmation and appropriate blockade laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed. Pheochromocytoma may present as a mimic of acute coronary syndrome but this is often unrecognized and leaves the patient at risk of future pheo crisis events which may be fatal.

Differential Expression of PCSK9 Modulates Infection, Inflammation, and Coagulation in a Murine Model of Sepsis.

INTRODUCTION: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) targets lipoprotein receptors for degradation, thereby reducing hepatic lipid clearance. PCSK9 inhibition reduces mortality in septic mice, presumably through increased hepatic clearance of pathogen lipids due to increased lipoprotein receptor concentrations. However, PCSK9 overexpression in vivo has not been studied in sepsis. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of differential PCSK9 expression on systemic infection, inflammation, and coagulation in sepsis. METHODS: Wild-type, PCSK9 knockout (KO), and transgenic (Tg) mice that overexpress PCSK9 were subjected to sham surgery or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Bacterial loads were measured in lungs, peritoneal cavity fluid, and blood. Organ pathology was assessed in lungs, liver, and kidneys. Lung myeloperoxidase activity, and plasma concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, cell-free DNA (cfDNA), protein C, thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complexes, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 were also measured 6 h postoperatively. Morbidity was assessed for 16 h following CLP. RESULTS: Overexpression of PCSK9 in mice increased liver and kidney pathology, plasma IL-6, ALT, and TAT concentrations during sepsis, whereas PCSK9 KO mice exhibited reduced bacterial loads, lung and liver pathology, myeloperoxidase activity, plasma IL-10, and cfDNA during CLP-induced sepsis. All septic mice had reduced plasma levels of protein C, but the protein C ratio relative to normal was significantly decreased in PCSK9 Tg mice. Dyspnea, cyanosis, and overall grimace scores were greatest in septic mice overexpressing PCSK9, whereas PCSK9 KO mice retained core body temperature during sepsis. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that PCSK9 deficiency confers protection against systemic bacterial dissemination, organ pathology, and tissue inflammation, particularly in the lungs and liver, while PCSK9 overexpression exacerbates multi-organ pathology as well as the hypercoagulable and pro-inflammatory states in early sepsis.

Delayed but not Early Treatment with DNase Reduces Organ Damage and Improves Outcome in a Murine Model of Sepsis.

Sepsis is characterized by systemic activation of coagulation and inflammation in response to microbial infection. Although cell-free DNA (cfDNA) released from activated neutrophils has antimicrobial properties, it may also exert harmful effects by activating coagulation and inflammation. The authors aimed to determine whether deoxyribonuclease (DNase) administration reduces cfDNA levels, attenuates coagulation and inflammation, suppresses organ damage, and improves outcome in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of polymicrobial sepsis. Healthy C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to CLP, a surgical procedure involving two punctures of the ligated cecum, or sham surgery (no ligation/puncture). Mice were given DNase or saline by intraperitoneal injection 2, 4, or 6 h after surgery. Two hours after treatment, organs were harvested and plasma levels of cfDNA, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, thrombin-antithrombin complexes, lung myeloperoxidase, creatinine, alanine transaminase, and bacterial load were quantified. Survival studies were also performed. The CLP-operated mice had rapid time-dependent elevations in cfDNA that correlated with elevations in IL-6, IL-10, and thrombin-antithrombin complexes and had organ damage in the lungs and kidneys. Administration of DNase at 2 h after CLP resulted in increased IL-6 and IL-10 levels and organ damage in the lungs and kidneys. In contrast, DNase administration at 4 or 6 h after CLP resulted in reduced cfDNA and IL-6 levels, increased IL-10, and suppressed organ damage and bacterial dissemination. Deoxyribonuclease administration every 6 h after CLP also rescued mice from death. Our studies are the first to demonstrate that delayed but not early administration of DNase may be protective in experimental sepsis.

Development of a murine model of early sepsis in diet-induced obesity.

Sepsis, a global health issue, is the most common cause of mortality in the intensive care unit. The aim of this study was to develop a new model of sepsis that investigates the impact of prolonged western diet (WD) induced obesity on the response to early sepsis. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed either a high fat WD or normal chow diet (NCD) for 6, 15, or 27 weeks. Septic obese mice at 15 and 27 weeks had significantly lower levels of lung myeloperoxidase (26.3 ± 3.80 U/mg tissue) compared to age matched ad lib (44.1 ± 2.86 U/mg tissue) and diet restricted (63.2 ± 5.60 U/mg tissue) controls. Low levels of lung inflammation were not associated with changes in hepatic cytokines and oxidative stress levels. Obese mice had significantly (P < 0.0001) larger livers compared to controls. Histological examination of the livers demonstrated that WD fed mice had increased inflammation with pronounced fat infiltration, steatosis, and hepatocyte ballooning. Using this model of prolonged exposure to high fat diet we have data that agree with recent clinical observations suggesting obese individuals are protected from sepsis-induced lung injury. This model will allow us to investigate the links between damage to the hepatic microcirculation, immune response, and lung injury.