Synergistic effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination on the risk of venous thromboembolism.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported a greater risk of venous thromboembolism among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and those who received COVID-19 vaccination. Nevertheless, there is a lack of understanding regarding the interaction effect on the risk of venous thromboembolism occurrence between SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study including adult patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between October 2020 and September 2021. Patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were selected and matched 1:1 by age and sex with individuals who were not infected during the same period. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the venous thromboembolism risk. RESULTS: The study included 422546 individuals who were divided into four groups; the interaction group defined by having SARS-CoV-2 infection within 90 days following COVID-19 vaccination, the infection group defined by no vaccination before 90 days of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the vaccination group defined by COVID-19 vaccination without SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the reference group defined by neither COVID-19 vaccination nor SARS-CoV-2 infection. The results showed that the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of the interaction group was 29.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.95-38.47), while the aHRs of the infection group and the vaccination group were 6.66 (95% CI, 5.18-8.58) and 2.31 (95% CI, 1.78-3.00), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A synergistic effect on the risk of venous thromboembolism was suggested when individuals were infected with SARS-CoV-2 within 90 days following COVID-19 vaccination.

Association between E-Cigarette Smoking and Insulin Resistance Using the Triglyceride-Glucose Index in Korean Adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Background: Insulin resistance contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Smoking leads to an increase in triglyceride levels, which, in turn, increases insulin resistance. Although the number of e-cigarette users has increased in recent years, few studies have investigated the association between ecigarette use and insulin resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between e-cigarette use and insulin resistance using the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index in Korean adults. Methods: This study included 4,404 healthy adults aged ≥20 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2019 and 2020. Participants were categorized as never-smokers or ecigarette users, and the TyG index was categorized into low- and high-TyG index groups according to the median value (9.22). A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between e-cigarette smoking and insulin resistance. Results: E-cigarette users had a higher TyG index than never smokers (e-cigarette: mean=3.95; never: mean=9.18; P<0.001). The e-cigarette users had a higher risk of being in the high TyG index group than never-smokers (odds ratio [OR], 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.84). In the subgroup analysis stratified by sex, age, and body mass index, a higher OR for a high TyG index was observed in men (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.03-2.08) and individuals aged 60 years or older (OR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.14-12.30). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that e-cigarette use is significantly associated with insulin resistance.

Association between Breakfast Consumption Frequency and Chronic Inflammation in Korean Adult Males: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016-2018.

Background: Skipping breakfast is associated with an increased risk of chronic inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to examine the association between breakfast-eating habits and inflammation, using high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) as a marker. Methods: A total of 4,000 Korean adult males with no history of myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, or current smoking were included. Data from the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for analysis. The frequency of breakfast consumption was assessed through a questionnaire item in the dietary survey section asking participants about their weekly breakfast consumption routines over the past year. Participants were categorized into two groups, namely "0-2 breakfasts per week" and "3-7 breakfasts per week"; hs-CRP concentrations were measured through blood tests. Results: Comparing between the "infrequent breakfast consumption (0-2 breakfasts per week)" and "frequent breakfast consumption (3-7 breakfasts per week)" groups, the mean hs-CRP was found to be significantly higher in the "infrequent breakfast consumption" group, even after adjusting for age, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol consumption, systolic blood pressure, blood pressure medication, fasting blood glucose, and triglycerides (mean hs-CRP: frequent breakfast consumption, 1.36±0.09 mg/L; infrequent breakfast consumption, 1.17±0.05 mg/L; P-value=0.036). Conclusion: Less frequent breakfast consumption was associated with elevated hs-CRP levels. Further large-scale studies incorporating adjusted measures of daily eating patterns as well as food quality and quantity are required for a deeper understanding of the role of breakfast in the primary prevention of chronic inflammatory diseases.

Neuron-Specific Enolase as a Predictor of Neurologic Outcomes in Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Patients.

Background: Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) has traditionally been used as a biomarker to predict neurologic outcomes after cardiac arrest. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of NSE in predicting neurologic outcomes in patients undergoing extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR). Methods: This observational cohort study included 47 consecutive adult ECPR patients (median age, 59.0 years; 74.5% males) treated between January 2018 and December 2021 at a tertiary extracorporeal life support center. The primary outcome was a poor neurologic outcome, defined as a Cerebral Performance Category score of 3-5 at hospital discharge. Results: Twelve (25.5%) patients had abnormal findings on computed tomography of the brain. A poor neurologic outcome was demonstrated in 22 (46.8%) patients. The NSE level at 72 h after ECPR showed the best prediction power for a poor neurologic outcome compared with NSE at 24 and 48 h. A cutoff value exceeding 61.9 µg/L for NSE at 72 h yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.791 for predicting poor neurologic outcomes and exceeding 62.1 µg/L with an AUC of 0.838 for 30-day mortality. Conclusions: NSE levels at 72 h after ECPR appear to be a reliable biomarker for predicting poor neurologic outcomes and 30-day mortality in ECPR patients.

Prevalence and Associations Between Metabolic Syndrome Components and Hyperuricemia by Race: Findings From US Population, 2011-2020.

OBJECTIVE: We explored the trend in prevalence of hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome in US populations and investigated associations between components of metabolic syndrome and hyperuricemia by race. METHODS: We analyzed data from the four most recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles (2011 to March 2020), comprising 10,175 participants. Hyperuricemia is defined as serum urate >7.0 mg/dL (men) or >5.7 mg/dL (women), following the NHANES-III guideline. The definition of metabolic syndrome follows the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III guideline. We estimated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and hyperuricemia in each cycle and performed subgroup analyses with logistic regression to investigate the patterns of associated components of metabolic syndrome with hyperuricemia. RESULTS: In the most recent cycle (2017 to March 2020), the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 45.9% and that of hyperuricemia was 20.7%. Over the 2011 to 2020 period, a significant rise in metabolic syndrome prevalence was observed among Hispanic and Asian populations, and the prevalence of hyperuricemia has increased significantly only in the Hispanic population. After adjustment for confounding factors, patients with metabolic syndrome exhibited a higher hyperuricemia in women than in men. Elevated blood pressure was the strongest factor with hyperuricemia. The association was the weakest in the Asian population. Waist circumference was the only significant factor associated with hyperuricemia in the Asian population. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has an increasing pattern, but there was no specific decadal trend in prevalence of hyperuricemia. There is an ethnicity-specific association of metabolic syndrome and hyperuricemia, especially among Asians.

Pitfalls and biases in neuroepidemiological studies of COVID-19 and the nervous system: a critical appraisal of the current evidence and future directions.

BACKGROUND: Neurological manifestations frequently occur in individuals with COVID-19, manifesting during the acute phase, persisting beyond the resolution of acute symptoms, and appearing days or weeks after the initial onset of COVID-19 symptoms. However, predicting the incidence, course, and outcome of these neurological manifestations at the individual patient level remains challenging. Biases in study design and limitations in data collection may contribute to the inconsistency and limited validity of the reported findings. Herein, we focused on critically appraising pitfalls and biases of prior reports and provide guidance for improving the quality and standardization of future research. Patients with COVID-19 exhibit diverse demographic features, sociocultural backgrounds, lifestyle habits, and comorbidities, all of which can influence the severity and progression of the infection and its impact on other organ systems. Overlooked or undocumented comorbidities and related treatments may contribute to neurological sequelae, which may not solely be attributable to COVID-19. It is crucial to consider the potential side effects of vaccines in relation to neurological manifestations. CONCLUSION: To investigate neurological manifestations of COVID-19, it is essential to employ valid and reliable diagnostic criteria and standard definitions of the factors of interest. Although population-based studies are lacking, well-defined inception cohorts, including hospitalized individuals, outpatients, and community residents, can serve as valuable compromises. These cohorts should be evaluated for the presence of common comorbidities, alongside documenting the primary non-neurological manifestations of the infectious disease. Lastly, patients with COVID-19 should be followed beyond the acute phase to assess the persistence, duration, and severity of neurological symptoms, signs, or diseases.

Utilization of End-of-Life Care Rooms by Patients Who Died in a Single Hospice Unit at a National University Hospital in South Korea.

Purpose: For the dignity of patients nearing the end of their lives, it is essential to provide end-of-life (EoL) care in a separate, dedicated space. This study investigated the utilization of specialized rooms for dying patients within a hospice unit. Methods: This retrospective study examined patients who died in a single hospice unit between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2021. Utilizing medical records, we analyzed the circumstances surrounding death, the employment of specialized rooms for terminally ill patients, and the characteristics of those who received EoL care in a shared room. Results: During the 1,825-day survey period, deaths occurred on 632 days, and 799 patients died. Of these patients, 496 (62.1%) received EoL care in a dedicated room. The average duration of using this dedicated space was 1.08 days. Meanwhile, 188 patients (23.5%) died in a shared room. Logistic regression analysis revealed that a longer stay in the hospice unit was associated with a lower risk of receiving EoL care in a shared room (odds ratio [OR]=0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97~0.99; P=0.002). Furthermore, a higher number of deaths on the day a patient died was associated with a greater risk of receiving EoL care in a shared room (OR=1.66, 95% CI 1.33~2.08; P<0.001). Conclusion: To ensure that more patients receive EoL care for an adequate duration in a private setting, additional research is necessary to increase the number of dedicated rooms and incorporate them into the hospice unit at an early stage.

The PBL teaching method in neurology education in the traditional Chinese medicine undergraduate students: An observational study.

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the problem-based learning (PBL) method on Neurology education for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) undergraduate students. This observational study was conducted during the 2020/02 and 2020/04 intakes of the third year TCM undergraduate students at School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia. A total of 86 students were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to either conventional learning groups or PBL groups. Students who missed more than 1 session of the course or did not complete the questionnaires during the evaluation periods were excluded from the study (n = 0). An independent sample t test was used to compare the results between the 2 groups, with a significance level set as P < .05. The PBL group demonstrated significantly higher scores in theoretical and clinical practical examinations, satisfaction with the teaching level, students perspectives, and self-learning skills. Additionally, the PBL group had significantly higher scores on the dundee ready educational environment measure compared to students in the conventional group (P < .05). The implementation of the PBL teaching method in Neurology education for TCM undergraduate students proved to be an engaging and effective learning approach. It significantly improved students learning performance and their ability to analyze and solve problems related to neurology diseases and their management knowledge.

Rapid weight gain in early life is associated with central precocious puberty in girls, not in boys - a nationwide population-based study in Korea.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of rapid weight gain (RWG) on the incidence of central precocious puberty (CPP) using nationwide population-based data. Methods: A total of 253,967 children (101,841 boys and 152,126 girls) who underwent regular health consultations under the National Health Insurance Service from 2007 to 2010 were followed up until the age of 10 years for boys and 9 years for girls. We calculated differences in the weight Z-scores from 4-6 months to 9-12 months (infancy) and from 9-12 months to 18-24 months or 30-36 months (toddlerhood) using the lambda-mu-sigma method. The population was subdivided into four groups: RWGinf/tod (infancy > + 0.67 standard deviation score [SDS], toddlerhood > 0 SDS), RWGinf (infancy > + 0.67 SDS, toddlerhood < 0 SDS), RWGtod (toddlerhood > + 0.67 SDS), and control (no RWG). The diagnosis of CPP was based on the diagnostic codes of the International Classification of Diseases 10th revision and the prescription of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists. The cumulative risk of CPP based on age was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and the association between the RWG groups and CPP was assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: CPP was diagnosed in 268 boys and 9,225 girls. For the girls, the CPP-free probability was the highest in the control group, followed by the RWGtod, RWGinf, and RWGinf/tod groups (log-rank p < 0.001). However, the incidence of CPP did not vary significantly for the boys. Compared to the control group, the other groups had a higher risk of CPP in girls (RWGinf/tod: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.35, 95%, confidence interval [95% CI] 1.13-1.62; RWGinf: aOR 1.25, 95% CI 1.13-1.38; and RWGtod: aOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.09-1.28). Conclusions: This nationwide population-based study demonstrated that any RWG from birth to 3 years of age contributed to an increased risk of CPP in girls but not in boys. Girls who experienced RWG during both infancy and toddlerhood had the highest risk of developing CPP. These findings suggest that early detection and appropriate management of excessive weight gain in early life may be important for preventing CPP in girls.

Development of poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene succinate-co-ethylene adipate-co-ethylene succinate) (PBEAS) net twine as biodegradable fishing gear.

Nylon fishing nets have excellent strength and durability, but when lost at sea, their insufficient decomposition destroys habitats and spawning grounds, and pollutes the marine environment. This led to the development of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) resin for biodegradable fishing gear based on aliphatic fibers. Prompted by the low stiffness and elastic recovery of PBS, we introduced two additional components into the molecular structure of PBS: adipic acid and ethylene glycol. These two new components were combined with succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol, the existing components of PBS, to synthesize poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene succinate-co-ethylene adipate-co-ethylene succinate) (PBEAS) resin via esterification and polycondensation reactions of a quaternary aliphatic copolyester. Although the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of PBEAS are similar to those of PBS, it has excellent tensile strength, stiffness, elastic recovery, and biodegradability, with a low melting point for good production efficiency. These improvements are expected to allow PBEAS resin to be applied to gill nets for fish that require high stiffness, thereby expanding the use of biodegradable fishing gear.

Pregnancy Outcomes Associated With Biologic Agent Exposure in Patients With Several Rheumatic Diseases and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyze pregnancy outcomes based on biologic agents use in women using the nationwide population-based database. METHODS: The study used the claims database to identify women of childbearing age with several rheumatic (rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis) and inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) who had pregnancy-related codes between January 2010 and December 2019. We analyzed live births and adverse pregnancy outcomes based on the previous use of biologics. We also stratified the patients according to duration of biologic agent exposure before pregnancy and the use of biologics during pregnancy to analyze the pregnancy outcomes by subgroups. RESULTS: We identified 4,787 patients with pregnancy events. Among them, 1,034 (21.6%) used biologics before pregnancy. Live birth rate was not different between the biologics group and biologics naïve group (75.0% vs. 75.2%). Multivariate analyses showed that biologics use was associated with higher risk of intrauterine growth retardation (odds ratio [OR], 1.780) and lower risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (OR, 0.776) compared with biologics naïve. Biologics use during pregnancy was associated with higher risk of preterm delivery (OR, 1.859), preeclampsia/eclampsia (OR, 1.762), intrauterine growth retardation (OR, 3.487), and cesarean section (OR, 1.831), but lower risk of fetal loss (OR, 0.274) compared with biologics naïve. CONCLUSIONS: Although there was no difference in live birth rate between the biologics group and biologics naïve group, biologics use seems to be associated with several adverse pregnancy outcomes, especially in patients with biologics during pregnancy. Therefore, patients with biologics during pregnancy need to be carefully observed for adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Intolerance of uncertainty across stress, anxiety, and depression among university students in Pakistan: A descriptive cross-sectional study.

Background: The mental health issues due to COVID-19, such as intolerance of uncertainty (IOU), anxiety, stress, and depression, have attracted extensive attention from researchers. The challenges for Pakistani university students could be worse than developed countries due to the lack of online courses/programs and online mental health support provided by academic institutions. Therefore, the current study aims to assess the intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress of Pakistani university students after the second wave of COVID-19 and the relationship among these constructs. Methods: A convenience cross-sectional sampling method was used to collect data from university students in Pakistan between January 2021 and April 2022 via a structured online questionnaire. The Descriptive analysis focused on frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation (SD) were calculated on IOU-12 and DASS-21. Covariance for the research model and confirmatory factor analyses fit indices for the IOU-12 and DASS-21 were analyzed by AMOS statistical packages. Results: As expected, anxiety, depression, and stress persist among Pakistani university students. On average, they report mild to moderate mental health problems regarding anxiety, depression, stress, and intolerance of uncertainty. Our results indicate a strong positive relationship among the three emotional distress components - anxiety, depression, and stress. However, our results suggest no significant relationship between IOU and the three subcomponents of emotional distress (anxiety, depression, and stress). Limitations: First, the cross-sectional survey design means we cannot conclude on the causal relations. Second, the self-report questionnaire embeds subjectivity issues. Last, the generalizability of the sample to the whole student population in Pakistan is limited, considering the sampling method. Conclusion: This study expanded the current knowledge in the psychological health domain (intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety, depression, and stress) due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In practice, higher education institutions should further mitigate university students' mental health issues. For researchers, our findings inspire future studies to delve into the relationship between IOU and mental health issues due to COVID-19 since our findings display contrary evidence for various reasons.

Association between weekend catch-up sleep and hyperuricemia with insufficient sleep in postmenopausal Korean women: a nationwide cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: Hyperuricemia is associated with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and mortality. Efforts to lower the risk of hyperuricemia in various ways are needed as the prevalence of these diseases increases in postmenopausal women. Studies have shown that one of these methods is associated with adequate sleep duration, which is related to a low risk of hyperuricemia. Considering that it is difficult for people to get enough sleep in modern society, this study hypothesized that weekend catch-up sleep could be an alternative. To our knowledge, no past study has investigated the relation between weekend catch-up sleep and hyperuricemia in postmenopausal women. Hence, the aim of this research was to estimate the relation between weekend catch-up sleep and hyperuricemia with insufficient sleep in postmenopausal women during weekday or workday. METHODS: This study included 1,877 participants extracted from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VII. The study population was divided into weekend catch-up sleep and non-weekend catch-up sleep groups. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were derived using multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Weekend catch-up sleep had a significantly lower prevalence of hyperuricemia after adjusting for confounders (odds ratio, 0.758 [95% confidence interval, 0.576-0.997]). In a subgroup analysis, weekend catch-up sleep of 1 to 2 hours was significantly correlated with a lower prevalence of hyperuricemia after adjusting for confounders (odds ratio: 0.522 [95% confidence interval, 0.323-0.845]). CONCLUSIONS: Weekend catch-up sleep had a decreased prevalence of hyperuricemia in postmenopausal women with sleep deprivation.

Risk analysis of metformin use in prostate cancer: a national population-based study.

INTRODUCTION: Various approaches are required to prevent and treat heterogeneity-based prostate cancer. Here, we analyzed the anticancer effects of metformin, which has a good toxicity profile and is inexpensive. METHOD: From January 2010 to December 2019, analysis was conducted retrospectively in a cohort from the National Health Insurance Service database. The wash-out period was set for cancer diagnosis in 2010 and 2011, and subjects (105,279) diagnosed with prostate cancer (ICD C61) from 2012 to 2014 were excluded The final subjects (105,216) were defined as the metformin administration group when they took metformin for 180 days or more from January 2012 to December 2019. The non-metformin group was defined as those who took less than 180 days from January 2012 to December 2019. The prevalence of prostate cancer according to metformin administration and the risk according to the cumulative duration of metformin were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 105,216 people were included in this study, with 59,844 in the metformin group and 45,372 in the metformin non-administration group. When calculating HRs (Hazard Rate) according to the cumulative period of metformin administration, metformin administration period length was inversely associated with prostate cancer risk (Q2 HR = 0.791 95% CI: 0.773-0.81, Q3 HR = 0.634 95% CI: 0.62-0.649, Q4 HR = 0.571 95% CI: 0.558-0.585). HRs tended to decrease with the cumulative duration of metformin administration. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that prostate cancer risk decreased with increasing duration of metformin administration. Metformin should be considered as a new strategy in the treatment and prevention of prostate cancer characterized by heterogeneity.

Association between Sleep Duration and Presbycusis in Korean Adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

BACKGROUND: Sleep duration is associated with hearing loss, especially presbycusis, which is the most common type of hearing loss; however, there is limited evidence regarding this association among the Korean population. We aimed to determine the relationship between sleep duration and high-frequency hearing loss in Korean adults aged ≥40 years. METHODS: We examined 5,547 Korean adults aged ≥40 years who completed audiometric tests and questionnaires regarding sleep duration during the 2010-2012 cycle of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Mild presbycusis was defined as >25 decibels (dB) and <40 dB, whereas moderate-to-severe presbycusis was defined as >40 dB pure tone averages at high frequencies (3,000, 4,000, and 6,000 Hz) for both ears. Additionally, the sleep duration was divided into quartiles. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using multivariable logistic regression after adjusting for covariates. RESULTS: The prevalence of presbycusis in South Korean adults was 62.1%, of which 61.4% showed moderate to severe presbycusis. The incidence of moderate-to-severe, but not mild, presbycusis showed a significant positive correlation with sleep duration. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that sleep duration is associated with the prevalence of presbycusis.

A comparative analysis of the work environments for registered nurses, nurse aides, and caregivers using the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey.

BACKGROUND: Since the quality of work life of healthcare workers is affected by various factors, an improvement in their work environment can reduce the burden on them, increasing their performance. This study aimed to identify the current problems in working environments for registered nurses (RNs), nurse aides (NAs), and caregivers using the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS), presenting measures to improve working conditions by analyzing their predictors: 1) degree of exposure to work-related risk factors (musculoskeletal and mental), 2) working patterns, 3) work-family balance, 4) work situations, and 5) self-rated health. METHODS: The sampling frame was a list of apartment and general survey zones, excluding islands, dormitories, special social facilities, tourist hotels, and foreigner zones, among the total survey zones of the 2010 Population and Housing Census. The KWCS was given to 50,205 participants of various occupations, and responses from 494 RNs, 201 NAs, and 505 caregivers were extracted to compare their 1) degree of exposure to work-related risk factors (musculoskeletal and mental), 2) working pattern, 3) work-family balance, 4) work situations, and 5) self-rated health. RESULTS: The response rate was 0.449. There were significant differences in all the variables (exposure to musculoskeletal and mental work-related risk factors, working pattern, work-family balance, work situations, self-rated health, and satisfaction with working conditions) among RNs, NAs, and caregivers (p < 0.001). The degree of work-related musculoskeletal and mental risk exposure was higher among caregivers and RNs than among NAs; irregular working patterns, challenges with work-family balance, and work environment satisfaction were higher among caregivers than among NAs. In addition, work situations were poorer among caregivers and NAs than among RNs. Self-rated health was the highest among caregivers, followed by RNs and NAs. The most potent predictor of self-rated health was occupation, followed by work environment satisfaction and work-family balance; the most potent predictor of work environment satisfaction was self-rated health, followed by degree of exposure to work-related musculoskeletal and mental risk factors, occupation, work-family balance, work situation, and working patterns. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that a variety of factors influence work environment satisfaction. Thus, practical and realistic measures to improve work environments tailored to each healthcare occupation should be developed at the national and community levels. Further qualitative studies are needed to analyze the work environments of nurses and other care workers in depth.

Effects of Chronic Diseases on All-Cause Mortality in People with Mental Illness: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening.

The aim of this study was to compare mortality and the prevalence of chronic diseases between people with mental illness and the general population, and to explore which chronic diseases increase the risk of all-cause mortality, especially in people with mental illness. This study assessed data from the 2002-2019 Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening sample cohort. Results revealed that all-cause mortality was higher in people with mental illness compared to people without mental illness (11.40% vs. 10.28%, p = 0.0022). Several chronic diseases have a higher prevalence and risk of all-cause mortality in individuals with mental illness than the general population. Among people with the same chronic disease, those with mental disorders had a higher risk of all-cause mortality. Cancer (aHR 2.55, 95% CI 2.488-2.614), liver cirrhosis (aHR 2.198, 95% CI 2.086-2.316), and arrhythmia (aHR 1.427, 95% CI 1.383-1.472) were the top three chronic diseases that increased the risk of all-cause mortality in people with mental illness compared to people without mental illness. Our results suggest the need for more attention to chronic diseases for people with mental illness in clinical practice by explaining the effect of chronic disease on all-cause mortality in people with mental illness.

Association between Serum Folic Acid Levels and Asthma in the Korean Population: A Study Based on the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

BACKGROUND: Folic acid is involved in inflammatory reactions; however, the association between folic acid and allergic diseases, particularly asthma, remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the association between serum folic acid levels and asthma in Koreans. METHODS: This study analyzed the serum folic acid levels of 6,615 individuals included in the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The prevalence of asthma was determined using a questionnaire that identified cases of physician-diagnosed asthma. The relationship between serum folic acid levels and asthma was analyzed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that a 1 ng/mL increase in serum folic acid level significantly reduced the risk of asthma after adjusting for confounding factors including sex, age, household income, current smoking, current alcohol use, and body mass index (odds ratio [OR], 0.930; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.876- 0.987; P=0.017). The relationship between the adjusted odds of asthma and serum folic acid levels were consistently inverse (OR, 2.266; 95% CI, 1.126-4.420; P for trend=0.038). CONCLUSION: Serum folic acid levels are inversely associated with physician-diagnosed asthma in the Korean population.

Impact of Preterm Birth on Neurodevelopmental Disorders in South Korea: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.

Neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) in preterm infants has become of great interest. We aimed to investigate the impact of preterm birth on the proportion of NDD using nationwide data provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service. We included 4894 extremely preterm or extremely low-birth-weight (EP/ELBW; <28 weeks of gestation or birth weight < 1000 g) infants, 70,583 other preterm or low-birth-weight (OP/LBW; 28−36 weeks of gestation or birth weight < 2500 g) infants, and 264,057 full-term infants born between 2008 and 2015. We observed their neurodevelopment until 6 years of age or until the year 2019, whichever occurred first. Diagnoses of NDDs were based on the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases 10th revision. An association between preterm birth and NDD was assessed using a multivariable logistic regression model. There was a stepwise increase in the risk of overall NDD with increasing degree of prematurity, from OP/LBW (adjusted odds ratio 4.46; 95% confidence interval 4.34−4.58), to EP/ELBW (16.15; 15.21−17.15). The EP/ELBW group was strongly associated with developmental delay (21.47; 20.05−22.99), cerebral palsy (88.11; 79.89−97.19), and autism spectrum disorder (11.64; 10.37−13.06). Preterm birth considerably increased the risk of NDD by the degree of prematurity.

Age-stratified trends in the progression of spinal radiographic damage in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a longitudinal study.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate spinal radiographic progression in specific age ranges of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. Methods: Longitudinal data for 1125 AS patients at a single hospital from 2000 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Radiographic intervals were obtained from patients with consecutive spinal radiographs. The radiographic progression rate was defined as the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spinal Score (mSASSS) change per year within each interval. Using generalized estimating equations (GEEs), estimated marginal means were calculated for the mSASSS progression rate across age groups after adjusting for potential confounders. Results: We obtained 4016 radiographic intervals and stratified them into five groups based on patient age at the interval start: <20 (n = 122); 20-29 (n = 1124); 30-39 (n = 1690); 40-49 (n = 794); and ⩾50 years (n = 286). The mean (SD) mSASSS progression rate for all the intervals was 0.8 (1.9). The GEE-estimated mean mSASSS progression rate increased with age, peaking in the 30-39 age group with a value of 1.15 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 1.27], and decreased slightly thereafter. In the presence of risk factors, rapid progression occurred at earlier ages: the GEE-estimated mean mSASSS progression rate in those with elevated C-reactive protein levels and preexisting syndesmophytes was 2.82 (95% CI 1.93, 3.71) in the 20-29 age group. Conclusion: Spinal structural damage in AS seems to progress most rapidly when patients are age 30-39 years. An awareness of the trends in radiographic progression with advancing age could improve understanding of the natural course of AS.