Natural light driven plastic leaching effects on carbon chemistry in the tropical coastal waters of eastern Arabian sea: An experimental study.

This study examined the effects of solar light driven plastic degradation on carbon chemistry in the coastal waters of eastern Arabian Sea along the west coast of India. The research was conducted through experimental incubations exposed to natural sunlight at multiple locations between December 2023-February 2024. Photodegradation induced a significant pH decrease (up to 0.38 ± 0.02) between controls and plastic incubations ranging from 8.17 ± 0.01 to 7.54 ± 0.02 with the highest variation in the Mumbai coast ranging from 8.13 ± 0.01 to 7.75 ± 0.03. pH variations are primarily caused by the leaching of organic acids and CO2 release during solar irradiated incubation. Plastic leaching due to natural light irradiation and subsequent changes in the water chemistry is of prime significance with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leaching of 0.002-0.03% of plastic weight into the coastal waters. Our estimations suggest 15-75 metric tonnes (MT) of DOC release per year by plastic pollution in the eastern Arabian Sea coastal waters. Further, the fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) fragmentation, a part of DOC, may act as an organic source of synthetic contaminants and would promote heterotrophic microbial action in the coastal waters. Photodegradation of plastic and the interaction of natural DOC and plastic-derived DOC resulted in longer wavelengths FDOM, which may affect the penetration of photosynthetically active radiation in the water column, thereby impacting primary production. Finally, future research work focussing on the role of plastic pollution in coastal ocean acidification and vice-versa is essential and will be increasingly intense in the upcoming decades.

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and labile organic compounds' spatial and temporal variations in coastal Indian groundwater: their bioavailability and transfer to neighboring coastal waters of India.

Submarine groundwater drainage (SGD) changes the elemental composition of the neighboring coastal ocean and impacts the biogeochemical cycles. To examine the seasonal and spatial variability in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and labile organic compound biochemical compounds like dissolved carbohydrates (TDCHO), dissolved proteins (TDPRO), and dissolved free amino acid (TDFAA) concentrations during the dry and wet periods, groundwater samples were taken at 90 locations (180 samples) along the Indian coast. The mean DOC contents in Indian coastal groundwaters were more significant than the global mean values. DOC, TDCHO, TDPRO, and TDFAA concentrations are higher during wet than dry periods. The DOC and labile organic compound showed a substantial positive association with soil organic carbon, and respective labile compounds in soil, population, and land usage and poor relation with woodland territories, implying that soil organic compounds leaching is a source of DOC and other labile organic compounds into the groundwater. DOC and other labile compounds concentrations were linearly associated with population density, land usage, and sewage production, demonstrating that anthropogenic activities tightly regulate the formation of DOC in groundwater. During the wet and dry periods, total labile organic compounds (TDCHO, TDFAA, and TDPRO) constituted 21% and 10.5% of DOC, respectively. Compared to the wet time, more aromatic compounds accumulated during the dry season but were less bioavailable. SGD DOC flux contributed 2-7% of riverine DOC flux to the coastal ocean. The SGD flux from the Indian subcontinent to the nearby northern Indian Ocean accounts for approximately 2% of the worldwide SGD flux. The effect of DOC flux via SGD on coastal bacterial activity, the plankton food web, and the oxygen minimum zone must be studied.

A site-specific phosphorylation in FSTL1 determines its promigratory role in wound healing.

Follistatin like-1 (FSTL-1) is a secreted glycoprotein of mesenchymal in origin. In human skin, FSTL1 is upregulated in the epidermal keratinocytes upon acute injury and is required for the migration of keratinocytes. Failure to upregulate FSTL1 leads to the lack of keratinocyte migration and the non-healing nature of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). FSTL1 undergoes extensive post-translational modification (PTM) at specific residues. Glycosylation at N144, N175 and N180, are the only experimentally demonstrated PTM in FSTL1, wherein, N180 and N144 glycosylations have been found to be critical for its function in cardiac tissue regeneration and pre-adipocyte differentiation, respectively. However, it is not known if PTMs other than glycosylation occurs in FSTL1 and how it impacts its pro-migratory function. Using in-silico analysis of mass spectrometric datasets, we found a novel PTM, namely, Serine 165 (S165) phosphorylation in FSTL1. To address the role of S165 phosphorylation in its pro-migratory function, a phosphorylation defective mutant of FSTL1 (S165A) was constructed by converting serine 165 to alanine and over expressed in 293T cells. S165A mutation did not affect the secretion of FSTL1 in vitro. However, S165A abolished the pro-migratory effect of FSTL1 in cultured keratinocytes likely via its inability to facilitate ERK signaling pathway. Interestingly, bacterially expressed recombinant FSTL1, trans-dominantly inhibited wound closure in keratinocytes highlighting the prime role of FSTL1 phosphorylation for its pro-migratory function. Further, under high glucose conditions, which inhibited scratchwound migration of keratinocytes, we noticed a significant decrease in S165 phosphorylation. Taken together, our results reveal a hitherto unreported role of FSTL1 phosphorylation PTM with profound implications in wound healing.

Anti-listerial peptides from a marine Bacillus velezensis FTL7: production optimization, characterizations and molecular docking studies.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with potent anti-listerial activity were characterized from a novel marine Bacillus velezensis FTL7. A Box-Behnken statistical experimental design was used to study the combined impact of culture conditions on the production of AMPs by B. velezensis FTL7. The conditions optimized by statistical experimental design were 34.5 °C incubation temperature, 23 h incubation time, and 7.6 initial pH of the medium. AMP purification was performed by ammonium sulphate fractionation and butanol extraction followed by reversed-phase C18 solid-phase extraction. Tricine-SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a peptide with a molecular mass of ~ 6.5 kDa in an active AMPs fraction, whereas the mass spectrometry (MS) analysis showed the presence of AMPs in the mass range of 1-1.6 kDa, along with a 6.5 kDa peptide. Both MS and MS/MS analysis confirmed the AMPs as lipopeptides including surfactin, fengycins and iturin A and a circular bacteriocin amylocyclicin. The minimum inhibitory concentration of these AMPs against L. monocytogenes Scott A was 2.5 µg/mL. Further, the in-silico docking studies showed that the AMPs from B. velezensis FTL7 have high binding energy and stable binding patterns towards L. monocytogenes target proteins. Thus, this new combination of AMPs can serve as an effective food bio-preservative. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-03944-5.

In vitro effects of uncarboxylated osteocalcin on buffalo Leydig cell steroidogenesis.

Uncarboxylated osteocalcin (UcOCN), a bone derived circulating protein, has been demonstrated to influence steroidogenesis in testicular Leydig cells of murine and human species. However, the role of UcOCN in testosterone biosynthesis remains unexplored in domestic animals. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of UcOCN on the expressions of steroidogenic genes (HSD3ß1, HSD3ß6, CYP17A1, CYP11A1), testosterone production and GPRC6A receptor localization in buffalo Leydig cells. Leydig cells from the testes of adult Murrah buffalo were isolated, with an average cell count and viability after digestion and Percoll enrichment of 1.43 × 106 cells/g of testes and 78.5%, respectively. Immunophenotyping of Percoll-enriched cell suspension by flow cytometry showed populations of Leydig cells ranging between 69 and 73.9%. Immunostaining confirmed the presence of GPRC6A receptors and CYP11A1 positive Leydig cells. When these cells were cultured and incubated with varying levels of UcOCN (6, 12, 24, and 48 ng/ml) and LH, there was a significant (P < 0.01) increase in testosterone production and up-regulation (P < 0.05) of CYP11A1, CYP17A1, HSD3ß1 and HSD3ß6 gene expression. In summary, the present study underscored the effects of UcOCN on testosterone biosynthesis, expression of crucial steroidogenic genes and interaction with GPRC6A receptors in buffalo Leydig cells, emphasizing its potential implications in andrology.

Implications of ocean acidification on micronutrient elements-iron, copper and zinc, and their primary biological impacts: A review.

This review has been undertaken to understand the effectiveness of ocean acidification on oceanic micronutrient metal cycles (iron, copper and zinc) and its potential impacts on marine biota. Ocean acidification will slow down the oxidation of Fe(II) thereby retarding Fe(III) formation and subsequent hydrolysis/precipitation leading to an increase in iron bioavailability. Further, the increased primary production sustains enzymatic bacteria assisted Fe(III) reduction and subsequently the binding of weaker ligands favours the dissociation of free Fe(II) ions, thus increasing the bioavailability. The increasing pCO2 condition increases the bioavailability of copper ions by decreasing the availability of free CO32- ligand concentration. The strong complexation by dissolved organic matter may decrease the bioavailable iron and zinc ion concentration. Since ocean acidification affects the bioavailability of essential metals, studies on the uptake rates of these elements by phytoplankton should be carried out to reveal the future scenario and its effect on natural environment.

A rare case of intra-parenchymal meningioma in a female patient who presented with seizures: A case report.

Key Clinical Message: Meningiomas are slow-growing tumors that develop from the arachnoid cap cells' meningothelial cells. Males are more likely to develop intra-parenchymal meningiomas, which also manifest earlier than ordinary meningiomas and are uncommon. Abstract: Meningiomas are slow-growing neoplasms which arise from the meningothelial cells of the arachnoid cap cells. Unlike other meningiomas, intra-parenchymal meningiomas do not originate from dura. Intra-parenchymal meningiomas are more common in males and develop earlier than regular meningiomas. Because of the rare occurrence the intra-parenchymal meningiomas, they are commonly misdiagnosed.

Characterization of free oligosaccharides from garden cress seed aqueous exudate using PGC LC-MS/MS and NMR spectroscopy.

Garden cress seeds produces mucilage that has found various food applications, however, there is little information on the free oligosaccharides (FOS) contents in these seeds. Herein, we explored the presence of FOS in cress seed aqueous exudate. PGC-LC MS/MS analysis indicated the presence of mainly hexose containing oligosaccharides such as raffinose, stachyose and verbascose belonging to raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs). In addition, minor fraction of planteose, isomeric tri- and tetrasaccharides were also observed. Further, the structural confirmation of the abundant tri- and tetrasaccharide were obtained through 1D and 2D NMR analysis. Thus, the RFOs presence in cress seeds would enhance its bio-functionalities.

Isolation of two new stereochemical variants of streptophenazine by cocultivation of Streptomyces NIIST-D31, Streptomyces NIIST-D47, and Streptomyces NIIST-D63 strains in 3C2 combinations.

Cocultivation of combinations of Streptomyces species isolated from the same soil was explored to isolate novel secondary metabolites. Recently, we reported the isolation of a novel vicinal diepoxide of alloaureothin along with three carboxamides, 4-aminobenzoic acid, and 1,6-dimethoxyphenazine from the individual culture of Streptomyces luteireticuli NIIST-D31. Herein, cocultivation of NIIST-D31 with Streptomyces luteoverticillatus NIIST-D47 afforded two new stereochemical variants of streptophenazine (S1 and S2), and 1-N-methylalbonoursin, where the individual culture of NIIST-D47 primarily produced carbazomycins A, D, and E. The new streptophenazines and 1-N-methylalbonoursin were also observed during cocultivation of NIIST-D31 with Streptomyces thioluteus NIIST-D63, where the individual culture of NIIST-D63 strain afforded for the first time 2,2'-bipyridines (caerulomycinamide and dipyrimicin B), picolinamide, 2,3-dimethoxybenzamide, 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzamide, and 6-amino-2-pyridone along with known natural products aureothin and 1,6-dimethoxyphenazine. Finally, cocultivation of NIIST-D47 and NIIST-D63 strains produced carbazomycins B and C, alloaureothin, cyclo-(Leu-Pro), investiamide, and 4-aminobenzoic acid. Some of the compounds observed in the individual cultures were also produced in cocultivations. Improvement in the yield of secondary metabolites during cocultivation compared to individual culturing is well-known, which is noted here for vicinal diepoxide of alloaureothin. The production of new streptophenazines by cocultivation combinations with NIIST-D31 suggests that NIIST-D47 and NIIST-D63 may function as inducers in activating cryptic secondary metabolite-biosynthetic gene clusters. Cytotoxicity of the new streptophenazines in cancerous (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231) or non-cancerous (WI-38) cells were tested, however, they exhibited no significant activity.

Discrimination of raffinose and planteose based on porous graphitic carbon chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry.

Raffinose and planteose are non-reducing, isomeric trisaccharides present in many higher plants. Structurally, they differ in the linkage of α-D-galactopyranosyl to either glucose C(6) or to C (6') of fructose, respectively and thus differentiating each other is very challenging. The negative ion mode mass spectrometric analysis is shown to distinguish planteose and raffinose. However, to facilitate the robust identification of planteose in complex mixtures, herein, we have demonstrated the use of porous graphitic carbon (PGC) chromatography combined with QTOF-MS2 analysis. The separation of planteose and raffinose was achieved on PGC, wherein both have recorded different retention time. Detection through MS2 analysis revealed the specific fragmentation patterns for planteose and raffinose that are distinctive to each other. The applicability of this method on oligosaccharides pool extracted from different seeds showed clear separation of planteose that allowed unambiguous identification from complex mixtures. Therefore, we propose PGC-LC-MS/MS can be employed for sensitive, throughput screening of planteose from wider plant sources.

Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an inactivated Newcastle disease virus vaccine encapsulated in poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles.

An immunization experiment was conducted in specific pathogen-free chickens with the inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine encapsulated in the poly-(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP) to evaluate its immunogenicity and protective efficacy. The NDV vaccine was prepared by inactivating one virulent Indian strain of NDV belonging to Genotype VII by using beta-propiolactone. PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating inactivated NDV were prepared by the solvent evaporation method. Scanning electron microscopy and zeta sizer analysis revealed that the (PLGA+NDV) NP were spherical, with an average size of 300 nm, having a zeta potential of -6 mV. The encapsulation efficiency and loading efficiency were 72% and 2.4%, respectively. On immunization trial in chicken, the (PLGA+NDV) NP induced significantly (P < 0.0001) higher levels of HI and IgY antibodies with the peak HI titer of 28 and higher expression of IL-4 mRNA. The consistency of higher antibody levels suggests slow and pulsatile release of the antigens from the (PLGA+NDV) NP. The nano-NDV vaccine also induced cell mediated immunity with higher expression of IFN-γ indicating strong Th1 mediated immune responses in contrast to the commercial oil adjuvanted inactivated NDV vaccine. Further, the (PLGA+NDV) NP afforded 100% protection against the virulent NDV challenge. Our results suggested that PLGA NP have adjuvant potential on induction of humoral as well as Th1 biased cell mediated immune responses and also enhanced protective efficacy of the inactivated NDV vaccine. This study provides an insight for development of PLGA NP based inactivated NDV vaccine using the same genotype circulating in the field as well as for other avian diseases at exigencies.

A novel aureothin diepoxide derivative from Streptomyces sp. NIIST-D31 strain.

A novel vicinal diepoxide of alloaureothin was isolated from Streptomyces sp. NIIST-D31 strain along with three carboxamides, p-aminobenzoic acid and 1,6-dimethoxyphenazine. Exhaustive 2D NMR analysis and analysis of experimental, theoretical CD spectra aided in establishing the structure of compound 1. Compound 1 inhibits adipogenesis and accumulation of lipid droplets during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells.

Low-glycemic foods with wheat, barley and herbs (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica and Emblica officinalis) inhibit α-amylase, α-glucosidase and DPP-IV activity in high fat and low dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat.

Wheat, barley or wheat + barley and herbs (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica and Emblica officinalis) based low-glycemic-index (low-GI) foods were developed and studied α-amylase, α-glucosidase and DPP-IV inhibition property in vitro and in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The GI of products ranged from 47 to 53 than control white bread (GI = 95). Total phenolic (20.1 ± 1 mg gallic acid/g dry wt.) and flavonoids (15.2 ± 1 mg quercetin/g dry wt.) were higher in wheat + barley than barley (17.2 ± 1; 13.6 ± 2) and wheat (16.9 ± 1; 14.9 ± 2) products. The in vitro α-amylase (4-10%), α-glucosidase (5-17%) and DPP-IV (3-26%) inhibition (IC50) of methanol extracts were higher than the aqueous extracts. The fasting blood glucose (50.85, 33.22 and 24.52%) and oral glucose tolerance (AUC = 32.1, 36.04, and 27.73%) was lower in barley, wheat, and wheat + barley fed diabetic groups than diabetic control group (1571.5 ± 13.5 mg/dL/120 min). Feeding wheat, barley, and W + B foods for 60 days inhibited the intestinal α-amylase (1.2, 1.1 and 1.5-folds), α-glucosidase (1.3, 1.2 and 1.7-folds) and DPP-IV (1.6, 1.5 and 2.1-folds) activity compared to diabetic control. Low-GI foods lower the systemic glucose level, inhibit the glycolytic enzymes and DPP-IV activity and hence desirable for diabetes management. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05231-0.

Chemical constituents from Chonemorpha fragrans roots and antibacterial activity studies of sarcorucinine D.

Nine non-alkaloid constituents viz., sitostenone (1), ß-sitosterol (2), naringenin (3), aromadendrin (4), matairesinol (5), vanillic acid (6), ferulic acid (7), protocatechuic acid (8) and sitosterol-3-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (9) were isolated from the acetone extract as well as five alkaloids viz., japindine (10), sarcorucinine D (11), dictyophlebin (12), chonemorphine (13) and N-formylchonemorphine (14) were isolated from the ethanol extract of Chonemorpha fragrans roots. Except ß-sitosterol, all other non-alkaloid compounds and the alkaloid sarcorucinine D are being reported for the first time from C. fragrans. From the MIC and MBC values, it has been found that sarcorucinine D shows most promising antibacterial activity. Quantification of antibacterial activity as well as killing curve determinations were performed in order to confirm the efficacy of the compound. The cytotoxic activity studies revealed that it is nontoxic up to 100 µM concentration.

Clinical and Laboratory Profile of Patients Visiting the Post-COVID-19 Clinic at a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors may continue experiencing diverse symptoms. This study portrays the clinical and laboratory profile of patients with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19'(PASC) at a tertiary care hospital in India.  Methodology: This cross-sectional study enrolled patients visiting the post-COVID-19 clinic three weeks after their acute COVID-19 illness. Their clinical, serological, and radiological characteristics were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 259 participants (age: 48.02±15.27 years; 62.25% men), 168 had PASC manifestations. The most frequently reported symptoms were fatigue (n=71(42.26%)), breathlessness (n=38(22.61%)), and cough (n=35(20.83%)). Patients with PASC had higher body mass index (28.24±5.02 vs. 26.26±3.65; p=0.002), history of hypertension (52 (30.95%) vs. 17 (18.6%); p=0.039), uncontrolled systolic blood pressure (37 (22.03) vs. 14 (15.38); p=0.042), and persistent chest x-ray abnormalities (34 (20.23) vs. 10 (10.98); p=0.048). CONCLUSION: Fatigue, breathlessness, and cough are common PASC symptoms. Hypertension, obesity, and abnormal chest x-ray findings at follow-up are potential risk factors for developing PASC.

N-Glycoprofiling of immunoglobulin G and lactoferrin with site-specificity from goat milk using RP-UHPLC MS/MS.

Glycans present in glycoproteins are structurally diverse and contribute to the carbohydrate pool of the milk. Goat milk is a leading non-bovine milk source, wherein glycan diversity of several glycoproteins remains unexplored. Herein, site-specific N-glycoprofiling of two major glycoproteins - immunoglobulin G (IgG) and lactoferrin (Lf) from goat milk was performed through RP-UHPLC Q-Tof MS/MS approach. IgG revealed diverse complex glycans that were predominantly biantennary type with differential core fucosylation, bisecting GlcNAc, and mono/di- sialylation (NeuAc/NeuGc). The N-glycan repertoire of Lf at four sites indicated the range of high mannose, complex and hybrid types with varying abundances. High mannose glycans were specifically observed at N252NT and N564DT sites. Majorly complex glycans with fully sialylated were found at N387VT site. While N495QT site revealed complex and hybrid types with differential core fucosylation and sialylation. The glycan features observed in these glycoproteins would pave way for effective utilization as bioactive ingredients.

Descriptive Epidemiology of Unintentional Childhood Injuries in India: An ICMR Taskforce Multisite Study.

BACKGROUND: Children 0-14 years constitute about 31.4% of Indian population, among whom the magnitude and risk factors of childhood injuries have not been adequately studied. OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of and assess the factors associated with unintentional injuries among children aged 6 month - 18 years in various regions. METHODOLOGY: This multi-centric, cross-sectional, community-based study was conducted at 11 sites across India. States included were Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal between March, 2018 and September, 2020. A total of 2341 urban and rural households from each site were selected based on probability proportionate to size. The World Health Organization (WHO) child injury questionnaire adapted to the Indian settings was used after validation. Information on injuries was collected for previous 12 months. Definitions for types (road traffic accidents, falls, burns, poisoning, drowning, animal-related injuries) and severity of injuries was adapted from the WHO study. Information was elicited from parents/primary caregivers. Data were collected electronically, and handled with a management information system. RESULTS: In the 25751 households studied, there were 31020 children aged 6 months-18 years. A total of 1452 children (66.1% males) had 1535 unintentional injuries (excluding minor injuries) had occurred in the preceding one year. The overall prevalence of unintentional injuries excluding minor injuries was 4.7% (95% CI: 4.4-4.9). The commonest type of injury was fall-related (842, 54.8%) and the least common was drowning (3, 0.2%). Injuries in the home environment accounted for more than 50% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the study provide inputs for developing a comprehensive child injury prevention policy in the country. Child safe school with age-appropriate measures, a safe home environment, and road safety measures for children should be a three-pronged approach in minimizing the number and the severity of child injuries both in urban and rural areas.

Sequence and N-glycan diversity analysis of immunoglobulin G from buffalo milk using RP-UHPLC MS/MS.

Immunoglobulin G is the abundant antibody present in the colostrum and milk of major dairy animals. In the present study, buffalo milk IgG was characterized for its amino acid sequence and glycan diversity using reverse phase liquid chromatography coupled to ESI-Q-TOF MS in tandem mode. Amino acid sequence analysis of heavy chain constant region revealed the presence of two IgG subtypes namely IgG1 and IgG3, with IgG1 being the abundant. The complete light chain constant region sequence was also determined. N-glycan sequence analysis at a highly conserved site Asn-Ser-Thr revealed the presence of mainly biantennary complex type with core fucosylation (34%), bisecting GlcNAc (19%) and sialylation with both Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc (14%). The observed glycan diversity in buffalo milk IgG is in part comparable with bovine colostrum as well as human, bovine, goat serum counterparts.

Spatial variations in dissolved inorganic nutrients in the groundwaters along the Indian coast and their export to adjacent coastal waters.

Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) is one of the main external nutrient sources to the coastal waters. The concentrations of nutrients in groundwaters are a few folds higher than that of adjacent coastal waters; therefore, SGD enhances nutrients levels in the coastal waters and influences coastal biota. In order to examine the spatial and seasonal variability in nutrient concentrations and exchange to the coastal waters, groundwater samples were collected at ~ 90 locations along the Indian coast during the wet and dry seasons. This study revealed that dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphates (DIP) and urea were found to be high during the dry than wet period. Higher concentrations of DIN and DIP were observed during both wet and dry periods in the groundwater along the east than the west coast of India. The State-wise mean amount of fertilizer used during Kharif (wet) and Rabi (dry) period in each Indian State showed significant correlation with mean concentrations of DIN and urea. The observed linear relationship of DIN with bacterial respiration and inverse relationship with DO saturation and ammonium in groundwater suggested that decomposition of organic matter and nitrification contributed to the DIN pool in the groundwater. The mean rate of SGD fluxes varied between 1.6 × 104 m3/day and 1.75 × 1011 m3/day in the Indian coastal region. The annual mean SGD flux of DIN and DIP was estimated to be 0.103 ± 0.02 and 0.021 ± 0.01 Tg (1 Tg = 1012 g) to the western coastal Bay of Bengal (east coast of India) and 0.06 ± 0.03 and 0.015 ± 0.01 Tg/y to the eastern coastal Arabian Sea (west coast of India) respectively. The estimated SGD flux of DIN and DIP to the Indian coastal waters amounted to 0.163 ± 0.04 and 0.036 ± 0.02 Tg/y respectively, and it is almost close to that of nutrients discharged by rivers (0.22 ± 0.05 and 0.11 ± 0.03 Tg/y respectively). Among the external sources of nitrogen and phosphorus, such as river discharge, atmospheric deposition, the contribution by SGD is highly significant in the Bay of Bengal (30 and 17% respectively) than in the case of Arabian Sea (24 and 25% respectively).