ABSTRACT
There are many unanswered questions about the population history of the Central and South Central Andes, particularly regarding the impact of large-scale societies, such as the Moche, Wari, Tiwanaku, and Inca. We assembled genome-wide data on 89 individuals dating from â¼9,000-500 years ago (BP), with a particular focus on the period of the rise and fall of state societies. Today's genetic structure began to develop by 5,800 BP, followed by bi-directional gene flow between the North and South Highlands, and between the Highlands and Coast. We detect minimal admixture among neighboring groups between â¼2,000-500 BP, although we do detect cosmopolitanism (people of diverse ancestries living side-by-side) in the heartlands of the Tiwanaku and Inca polities. We also highlight cases of long-range mobility connecting the Andes to Argentina and the Northwest Andes to the Amazon Basin. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Subject(s)
Anthropology/methods , DNA, Ancient/analysis , Gene Flow/genetics , Central America , DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Gene Flow/physiology , Genetics, Population/methods , Haplotypes , Humans , Sequence Analysis, DNA , South AmericaABSTRACT
A simple method of anaesthesia is described using an economically priced Ether-Air apparatus - the E.M.O., O.I.B., and a Ruben valve in a non-return system. It is maintained that with this apparatus and the proper use of muscle relaxants, first class operating conditions may be achieved in the remotest parts of the world comparable to any other accepted technique utilizing more elaborate apparatus. Indeed, the diligent application of a simple well-learned method is much less like to lead to complications and difficulties, and has the advantage of consistent reliability. The E.M.O. portable unit admits of a flexibility which is denied conventional, far more expensive anaesthetic apparatus (AU)