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1.
BMC Vet Res ; 20(1): 378, 2024 Aug 23.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39180074

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Throughout a three-year study period, 1,577 bovine clinical mastitis samples and 302 bulk tank samples were analyzed from ten Brazilian dairy herds. Enterococcus spp. was isolated and identified in 93 (5.9%) clinical mastitis samples. In addition, 258 Enterococcus spp. were isolated from the bulk tank samples of the same herds. The identification of Enterococcus spp. isolated from bulk tanks and milk samples of clinical mastitis were accomplished by phenotypic characteristics and confirmed by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (MS). Fisher test was performed to verify the difference between bulk tanks and mastitis samples. RESULTS: The following species were identified from clinical mastitis: E. saccharolyticus (62.4%), E. faecalis (19.4%), E. faecium (15.1%), E. hirae (1.1%), E. mundtii (1.1%), E. durans (1.1%). Furthermore, from 258 bulk tank milk samples, eight enterococci species were isolated: E. faecalis (67.8%), E. hirae (15.1%), E. faecium (4.6%), E. saccharolyticus (4.6%), E. mundtii (3.1%), E. caseliflavus ( 2.7%), E. durans (1.2%), E. galinarum (0.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The difference in species predominance in bulk tank samples (67.8% of E. faecalis) and clinical mastitis (62.4% of E. saccharolyticus) was unexpected and caught our attention. Although Enterococcus spp. are traditionally classified as an environmental mastitis agent, in the present study, E. saccharolyticus behaved as a contagious agent of mastitis, which consequently changed the control patterns to be implemented.


Subject(s)
Enterococcus , Mastitis, Bovine , Milk , Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization , Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology , Mastitis, Bovine/diagnosis , Animals , Milk/microbiology , Milk/chemistry , Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/veterinary , Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods , Female , Enterococcus/isolation & purification , Cattle , Brazil , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/veterinary , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/diagnosis
2.
Lett Appl Microbiol ; 75(5): 1232-1245, 2022 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35871465

ABSTRACT

Diptera (Insecta) are able to transmit approximately 200 pathogenic microorganisms to humans and animals, causing more than 65 diseases, including bovine mastitis, which constitutes a major cause of economic losses in the dairy industry. In this scenario, 217 adult specimens of Diptera were collected from nine farms and identified to the family and/or species level. Of the 11 families recorded, Muscidae was the most prevalent (152 out of 217; 70%). All Diptera specimens were subjected to microbiological culture using conventional and selective media, and isolates were then identified at the species level by mass spectrometry. In total, 275 microorganisms were identified, with a predominance of pathogens related to environmental bovine mastitis (166/275 = 60·4%), that is, Enterococcus species (70/275 = 25·4%) and Escherichia coli (49/275 = 17·8%). Nontraditional agents related to bovine mastitis (called miscellaneous) were detected in 28% (77/275), as well as microorganisms with well-known zoonotic behaviour (e.g. Bacillus cereus). This is study contributes with knowledge of diversity of microorganisms carried by Diptera in the dairy environment, including pathogens associated with environmental and contagious bovine mastitis, and agents with human relevance. To our knowledge, a three-part chromogenic selective medium used to microbial culture of milk on farms was used for the first time to identification of pathogens in Diptera.


Subject(s)
Diptera , Mastitis, Bovine , Cattle , Animals , Female , Humans , Mastitis, Bovine/epidemiology , Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology , Milk/microbiology , Prevalence , Escherichia coli , Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
3.
Lett Appl Microbiol ; 75(4): 924-932, 2022 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35707938

ABSTRACT

The objectives were to study the diversity of Enterococcus spp. isolated from mastitis cases, milking equipment and the environment of dairy cows; and to determine in vitro resistance of isolates to antimicrobials that are relevant to human and animal health. Ten dairy farms were visited to collect samples from mastitis cases, faeces, bedding, aisles, water and milking equipment. Identification of Enterococcus at the species level and antimicrobial resistance testing was performed by MALDI-TOF and the disk-diffusion method, respectively. Of 365 isolates, Enterococcus hirae was the most prevalent, being more likely to be isolated from faeces than from milk (odds ratio (OR) = 39·2), liners (OR = 5·4) or bedding (OR = 2·2). Enterococcus saccharolyticus was the most prevalent in milk samples. The chances of isolating Enterococcus faecalis from milk were higher than from aisles (OR = 12·5), faeces (OR = 5·3), bedding (OR = 3·6) or liners (OR = 3·0). The odds of isolating Enterococcus faecium from faeces were higher than from liners (OR = 7·3), bedding (OR = 2·5) or aisles (OR = 2·4). Of 360 tested isolates, 1·9, 0·3 and 0·6% were resistant to penicillin, vancomycin and teicoplanin, respectively. Our results suggest that Enterococcus species can occupy specific ecological niches on dairy farms and pose a risk to public and animal health.


Subject(s)
Mastitis, Bovine , Milk , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Cattle , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Enterococcus , Female , Humans , Mastitis, Bovine/epidemiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Penicillins , Teicoplanin , Vancomycin , Water
4.
Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg ; 51(11): 1473-1481, 2022 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35597667

ABSTRACT

This retrospective case-control study compared inflammatory and structural damage in the temporomandibular joint of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and its subtypes and healthy patients using the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Clinical Trials (OMERACT) and EuroTMjoint classifications. Correlations between the scores of the two classifications and time of diagnosis were evaluated. Twenty-nine JIA patients and 48 age-matched healthy participants were examined. TMJ images on each side were considered individually. Oligoarticular and polyarticular subtypes were present in 44.8% and 55.2% of patients, respectively. The JIA group presented a higher frequency and more severe signs of inflammatory and structural changes (P < 0.05), except for effusion (P = 0.83). The polyarticular subtype showed a higher change intensity. The time of JIA diagnosis was not correlated with inflammatory and structural changes. Positive correlations between inflammation and bone deformity scores were observed for the EuroTMjoint classification (r = 0.462, P < 0.001; low correlation) and OMERACT classification (r = 0.737, P < 0.001; high correlation). Positive correlations between the OMERACT and EuroTMjoint classifications were found for inflammation score (r = 0.907, P < 0.001; very high correlation) and bone deformity score (r = 0.854, P < 0.001; high correlation). Both classifications showed a higher frequency and intensity of inflammation and bone deformity in JIA patients. The results of this study suggest that the appropriate management of inflammation may reduce the potential for structural damage to the TMJ.


Subject(s)
Arthritis, Juvenile , Humans , Arthritis, Juvenile/diagnostic imaging , Retrospective Studies , Case-Control Studies , Temporomandibular Joint/pathology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Inflammation/pathology
5.
Public Health ; 190: 4-6, 2021 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33316478

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to estimate the incidence and mortality rates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Brazilian children and to analyze its relationship with socio-economic inequalities in a state-level analysis. STUDY DESIGN: This is a nationwide register-based study. METHODS: To estimate the incidence and mortality rates of COVID-19 in Brazilian children aged 0-19 years, we extracted data of confirmed cases and deaths from the de-identified microdata catalog and official bulletins of the 27 Brazilian states' health department websites until September 3, 2020. Social and economic inequalities were evaluated using the Social Vulnerability Index and Gini coefficient, respectively. The relationship between COVID-19 rates in Brazilian children and socio-economic vulnerability at the state level was analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation. RESULTS: Of the 3,998,055 individuals with COVID-19 included in our database, 335,279 (8.4%) were children aged 0-19 years. Eight hundred deaths in children were registered, which accounts for about 0.7% of the deaths related to COVID-19 in the country. There were important differences in the incidence and mortality rates among Brazilian regions, and a correlation between mortality rates and social (ρ = 0.519; P-value = 0.007; effect magnitude: moderate) and economic (ρ = 0.615; P-value < 0.001; effect magnitude: strong) inequalities was found in a state-level analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This population-based study showed important regional differences in COVID-19 estimates for children in Brazil and a relationship between mortality rates and socio-economic inequalities. The knowledge of sociogeographic differences in the estimates of COVID-19 is crucial to planning societal strategies and local decision-making to mitigate the effects of disease in the pediatric population.


Subject(s)
COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/mortality , Health Status Disparities , Healthcare Disparities , Socioeconomic Factors , Adolescent , Brazil/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Incidence , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Pediatrics , Public Health , SARS-CoV-2 , Social Determinants of Health , Young Adult
6.
Ann Bot ; 120(5): 693-708, 2017 11 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29106454

ABSTRACT

Background and Aims: Aerenchyma develops in different plant organs and leads to the formation of intercellular spaces that can be used by the plant to transport volatile substances. Little is known about the role of cell walls in this process, although the mechanism of aerenchyma formation is known to involve programmed cell death and some cell wall modifications. We assessed the role that cell wall-related mechanisms might play in the formation of aerenchyma in sugarcane roots. Methods: Sections of roots (5 cm) were subjected to microtomography analysis. These roots were divided into 1-cm segments and subjected to cell wall fractionation. We performed analyses of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and lignin and glycome profiling. Sections were visualized by immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling using selected monoclonal antibodies against polysaccharide epitopes according to the glycome profiles. Key Results: During aerenchyma formation, gas spaces occupied up to 40 % of the cortex cross-section within the first 5 cm of the root. As some of the cortex cells underwent dissolution of the middle lamellae, leading to cell separation, cell expansion took place along with cell death. Mixed-linkage ß-glucan was degraded along with some homogalacturonan and galactan, culminating in the formation of cell wall composites made of xyloglucan, arabinoxylans, cellulose and possibly lignin. Conclusion: The composites formed seem to play a role in the physical-chemical properties of the gas chambers, providing mechanical resistance to forces acting upon the root and at the same time decreasing permeability to gases.


Subject(s)
Plant Roots/metabolism , Saccharum/metabolism , Cell Wall/metabolism , Cellulose/metabolism , Lignin/metabolism , Plant Roots/growth & development , Polysaccharides/metabolism , Saccharum/growth & development
7.
Genet Mol Res ; 16(3)2017 Aug 17.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28829891

ABSTRACT

With the imminence of global climate changes that affect the temperature and the rainfall uniformity, it is growing the concern about the adaptation of crops to the water deficit. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate alterations in physiological and enzymatic mechanisms during the germination process of sesame seeds under different water availability. To simulate the water restriction we used PEG6000, a high molecular weight molecule that does not penetrate the seed structure but allows different osmotic potentials. The treatments were -0.1, -0.2, and -0.3 MPa, and the control. Germination, first-count germination, germination velocity index, and length and dry mass of the hypocotyl and radicle were performed. The seeds were weighed before and after treatments every 3 h. After each weighing, 100 seeds were taken for analysis of the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), malate dehydrogenase, esterase, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), isocitrate lyase (ICL), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GTDH). The statistical design was completely randomized with five replications. PEG6000 prolonged ADH activity during the beginning of germination, maintaining the anaerobic metabolism for longer. Subsequently, their activity was reduced, as well as ICL, favoring the deterioration of the seeds that take the time to germinate. Behavior was evidenced by the appearance of SOD, CAT, and GTDH isoforms after 24 h of imbibition when water restriction was imposed. Therefore, the PEG600 is efficient in simulating water deficit conditions in future scenarios of climate change, offering impotent information regarding the germination behavior of the plants under these conditions.


Subject(s)
Osmotic Pressure , Seeds/enzymology , Sesamum/enzymology , Alcohol Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Catalase/metabolism , Esterases/metabolism , Germination , Glutamate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Isocitrate Lyase/metabolism , Malate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Seeds/growth & development , Seeds/metabolism , Sesamum/growth & development , Sesamum/metabolism , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
8.
Epidemiol Infect ; 145(7): 1392-1397, 2017 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28219454

ABSTRACT

Pertussis is a worldwide acute respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Despite high vaccine coverage, the bacterium continues to circulate in populations and is still one of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases. In Brazil, pertussis incidence has presented a significant decrease since 1990 but since 2011 a sudden increase in incidence has been observed. Thus, the aim of this study was to perform a molecular epidemiological characterization of B. pertussis strains isolated in the Central-Western region (specifically in Distrito Federal) of Brazil from August 2012 to August 2014. During this period, 92 B. pertussis strains were isolated from the outbreaks. All strains were characterized by serotyping and XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles. From August to December 2012, the most prevalent serotype observed was 1,3 (13/17). During 2013 the prevalence of serotype 1,3 decreased (13/30) and from January 2014 to August 2014 the most prevalent serotype was 1,2 (33/45). Fourteen PFGE profiles were identified. Of these, BP-XbaI0039 prevalence increased from 3/17 in 2012 to 10/30 in 2013, and 35/45 in 2014. These results evidence the selection of a specific genetic profile during this period, suggesting the occurrence of a bacterial genomic profile with high circulation potential.


Subject(s)
Bordetella pertussis/genetics , Disease Outbreaks , Genotype , Whooping Cough/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Prevalence , Serogroup , Serotyping , Whooping Cough/microbiology
9.
Neotrop Entomol ; 46(1): 125-129, 2017 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27696133

ABSTRACT

Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) consists on the intentional and controlled application of sterilized larvae of the order Diptera on necrotic skin lesions with the purpose of cleaning necrotic tissue and removing pathogenic bacteria. During MDT, a marked antimicrobial activity has been reported in literature specially associated with antibacterial substances from Lucilia sericata (Meigen); however, regarding Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius), little is known. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro inhibition of bacterial growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in contact with excretions and secretions (ES) from C. macellaria larvae. Larval ES were extracted in sterile distilled water and divided in three groups: ES, containing 400 µL of autoclaved ES; ES+BAC, containing 400 µL of autoclaved ES+0.5-µL bacterial inoculum; and CONT-BAC, containing 400 µL of sterile distilled water +0.5 µL of bacterial inoculum. Aliquots of each experimental group were plated by spreading onto Petri dishes. Seedings were made at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 12 h after the extraction of ES. In ES+BAC groups, inhibition of S. aureus was verified between times 1 and 2 h and P. aeruginosa was inhibited between 0 and 4 h. There was no growth observed in any ES group. In the CONT-BAC groups, the number of colonies from time 4 h became countless for S. aureus and decreased for P. aeruginosa. As reported in the literature, we note here that ES have excellent bactericidal activity for both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and this study shows for the first time the action of the bactericidal activity of exosecretions of C. macellaria against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Diptera/chemistry , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/growth & development , Staphylococcus aureus/growth & development , Animals , Larva
10.
Inflamm Res ; 66(2): 141-155, 2017 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27778057

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: This study attempted to clarify the roles of endothelins and mechanisms associated with ETA/ETB receptors in mouse models of colitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Colitis was induced by intracolonic administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS, 1.5 mg/animal) or dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 3%). After colitis establishment, mice received Atrasentan (ETA receptor antagonist, 10 mg/kg), A-192621 (ETB receptor antagonist, 20 mg/kg) or Dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) and several inflammatory parameters were assessed, as well as mRNA levels for ET-1, ET-2 and ET receptors. RESULTS: Atrasentan treatment ameliorates TNBS- and DSS-induced colitis. In the TNBS model was observed reduction in macroscopic and microscopic score, colon weight, neutrophil influx, IL-1ß, MIP-2 and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) levels, inhibition of adhesion molecules expression and restoration of IL-10 levels. However, A192621 treatment did not modify any parameter. ET-1 and ET-2 mRNA was decreased 24 h, but ET-2 mRNA was markedly increased at 48 h after TNBS. ET-2 was able to potentiate LPS-induced KC production in vitro. ETA and ETB receptors mRNA were increased at 24, 48 and 72 h after colitis induction. CONCLUSIONS: Atrasentan treatment was effective in reducing the severity of colitis in DSS- and TNBS-treated mice, suggesting that ETA receptors might be a potential target for inflammatory bowel diseases.


Subject(s)
Colitis/immunology , Endothelin A Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology , Endothelin-2/immunology , Pyrrolidines/pharmacology , Animals , Atrasentan , Cells, Cultured , Colitis/chemically induced , Colitis/drug therapy , Colitis/pathology , Colon/drug effects , Colon/immunology , Colon/pathology , Cytokines/immunology , Dextran Sulfate , E-Selectin/immunology , Endothelin A Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use , Endothelin B Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology , Endothelin-1/genetics , Endothelin-1/immunology , Endothelin-2/genetics , Leukocytes/drug effects , Leukocytes/immunology , Male , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Neutrophil Infiltration/drug effects , P-Selectin/immunology , Peroxidase/immunology , Pyrrolidines/therapeutic use , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Receptor, Endothelin A/genetics , Receptor, Endothelin A/immunology , Receptor, Endothelin B/genetics , Receptor, Endothelin B/immunology , Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid
11.
Lett Appl Microbiol ; 63(3): 210-4, 2016 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27341694

ABSTRACT

UNLABELLED: Dekkera bruxellensis hit the spotlight in the past decade mostly due to its rather high ability to adapt to several different fermentation processes. This yeast relies on different genetic and physiological aspects to achieve and preserve its high industrial fitness and some of these traits are shared with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have previously described that D. bruxellensis is unable to make use of accumulating trehalose as a strategy for cell adaptation and survival in the industrial scenario, as opposed to S. cerevisiae. Since trehalose is often involved in mechanisms related to cell protection, we aimed to investigate both cause and effect of the absence of this metabolite in the cell adaptive capacity in the industrial environment. Our results indicate that the major cause for the nonaccumulation of trehalose is the high constitutive activity of neutral trehalase. Therefore, the rate of trehalose degradation could be higher than its rate of synthesis, preventing accumulation. Altogether, our data elucidate the mechanisms involved in the lack of trehalose accumulation in D. bruxellensis as well as evaluates the implications of this feature. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Dekkera bruxellensis can successfully take advantage of its peculiar physiological and genetic traits in order to adapt and survive in fermentation processes. So far, tolerance to stress has been credited to trehalose synthesis. The data presented in this work provided information on the underlying mechanism that prevents trehalose accumulation and corroborated the recent information that trehalose itself is not implicated in yeast stress tolerance. Second, it showed that D. bruxellensis responds differently to Saccharomyces cerevisiae to excess of sugar, which may explain its preference for respiration (oxidative metabolism) over fermentation (reductive metabolism) even at limited oxygen supply. These findings help to understand the drop on ethanol production in processes overtaken by this yeast.


Subject(s)
Dekkera/enzymology , Dekkera/metabolism , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism , Trehalase/metabolism , Trehalose/metabolism , Carbohydrate Metabolism , Carbohydrates , Dekkera/genetics , Ethanol/metabolism , Fermentation/genetics , Industrial Microbiology/methods , Oxidative Phosphorylation , Oxygen/metabolism
12.
Braz. j. microbiol ; Braz. j. microbiol;47(2): 322-326, Apr.-June 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-780819

ABSTRACT

Abstract The sugarcane in Brazil is passing through a management transition that is leading to the abolition of pre-harvest burning. Without burning, large amounts of sugarcane trash is generated, and there is a discussion regarding the utilization of this biomass in the industry versus keeping it in the field to improve soil quality. To study the effects of the trash removal on soil quality, we established an experimental sugarcane plantation with different levels of trash over the soil (0%, 50% and 100% of the original trash deposition) and analyzed the structure of the bacterial and fungal community as the bioindicators of impacts. The soil DNA was extracted, and the microbial community was screened by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in two different seasons. Our results suggest that there are no effects from the different levels of trash on the soil chemistry and soil bacterial community. However, the fungal community was significantly impacted, and after twelve months, the community presented different structures among the treatments.


Subject(s)
Soil Microbiology , Bacteria/isolation & purification , Saccharum/microbiology , Fungi/isolation & purification , Seasons , Soil/chemistry , Bacteria/classification , Bacteria/genetics , Brazil , Saccharum/growth & development , Biodiversity , Fungi/classification , Fungi/genetics
13.
Genet Mol Res ; 15(1)2016 Mar 18.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27050959

ABSTRACT

The present study was undertaken to detect and map the quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to soybean oil content. We used 244 progenies derived from a bi-parental cross of the Lineage 69 (from Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho"/Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - Breeding Program) and Tucunaré cultivar. A total of 358 simple sequence repeat (SSR; microsatellite) markers were used to investigate the polymorphism between the parental lines, and for the polymorphic lines all the F2 individuals were tested. Evaluation of the oil content and phenotype was performed with the aid of a Tango equipment by near infra-red reflectance spectroscopy, using single F2 seeds and F2:3 progenies, in triplicate. The data were analyzed by QTL Cartographer program for 56 SSR polymorphic markers. Two oil-content related QTLs were detected on K and H linkage groups. The total phenotypic variation explained by QTLs ranged from 7.8 to 46.75% for oil content. New QTLs were identified for the oil content in addition to those previously identified in other studies. The results reported in this study show that regions different from those already known could be involved in the genetic control of soybean oil content.


Subject(s)
Genetic Linkage , Glycine max/genetics , Plant Breeding , Plant Oils/metabolism , Quantitative Trait Loci , Selection, Genetic , Genetic Markers , Microsatellite Repeats , Seeds/genetics , Seeds/metabolism
14.
Braz. J. Microbiol. ; 47(2): 322-326, Abr-Jun. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-23409

ABSTRACT

The sugarcane in Brazil is passing through a management transition that is leading to the abolition of pre-harvest burning. Without burning, large amounts of sugarcane trash is generated, and there is a discussion regarding the utilization of this biomass in the industry versus keeping it in the field to improve soil quality. To study the effects of the trash removal on soil quality, we established an experimental sugarcane plantation with different levels of trash over the soil (0%, 50% and 100% of the original trash deposition) and analyzed the structure of the bacterial and fungal community as the bioindicators of impacts. The soil DNA was extracted, and the microbial community was screened by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in two different seasons. Our results suggest that there are no effects from the different levels of trash on the soil chemistry and soil bacterial community. However, the fungal community was significantly impacted, and after twelve months, the community presented different structures among the treatments.(AU)


Subject(s)
Soil Microbiology , Saccharum/microbiology , Mycobiome
15.
Mol Ecol ; 25(13): 2978-96, 2016 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26939017

ABSTRACT

Chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is the emerging infectious disease implicated in recent population declines and extinctions of amphibian species worldwide. Bd strains from regions of disease-associated amphibian decline to date have all belonged to a single, hypervirulent clonal genotype (Bd-GPL). However, earlier studies in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil detected a novel, putatively enzootic lineage (Bd-Brazil), and indicated hybridization between Bd-GPL and Bd-Brazil. Here, we characterize the spatial distribution and population history of these sympatric lineages in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. To investigate the genetic structure of Bd in this region, we collected and genotyped Bd strains along a 2400-km transect of the Atlantic Forest. Bd-Brazil genotypes were restricted to a narrow geographic range in the southern Atlantic Forest, while Bd-GPL strains were widespread and largely geographically unstructured. Bd population genetics in this region support the hypothesis that the recently discovered Brazilian lineage is enzootic in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil and that Bd-GPL is a more recently expanded invasive. We collected additional hybrid isolates that demonstrate the recurrence of hybridization between panzootic and enzootic lineages, thereby confirming the existence of a hybrid zone in the Serra da Graciosa mountain range of Paraná State. Our field observations suggest that Bd-GPL may be more infective towards native Brazilian amphibians, and potentially more effective at dispersing across a fragmented landscape. We also provide further evidence of pathogen translocations mediated by the Brazilian ranaculture industry with implications for regulations and policies on global amphibian trade.


Subject(s)
Amphibians/microbiology , Chytridiomycota/genetics , Genetics, Population , Hybridization, Genetic , Mycoses/microbiology , Animals , Brazil , Genotype , Multilocus Sequence Typing , Mycological Typing Techniques , Mycoses/veterinary
16.
Braz J Microbiol ; 47(2): 322-6, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26991293

ABSTRACT

The sugarcane in Brazil is passing through a management transition that is leading to the abolition of pre-harvest burning. Without burning, large amounts of sugarcane trash is generated, and there is a discussion regarding the utilization of this biomass in the industry versus keeping it in the field to improve soil quality. To study the effects of the trash removal on soil quality, we established an experimental sugarcane plantation with different levels of trash over the soil (0%, 50% and 100% of the original trash deposition) and analyzed the structure of the bacterial and fungal community as the bioindicators of impacts. The soil DNA was extracted, and the microbial community was screened by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in two different seasons. Our results suggest that there are no effects from the different levels of trash on the soil chemistry and soil bacterial community. However, the fungal community was significantly impacted, and after twelve months, the community presented different structures among the treatments.


Subject(s)
Bacteria/isolation & purification , Fungi/isolation & purification , Saccharum/microbiology , Soil Microbiology , Bacteria/classification , Bacteria/genetics , Biodiversity , Brazil , Fungi/classification , Fungi/genetics , Saccharum/growth & development , Seasons , Soil/chemistry
17.
Braz J Microbiol ; 45(1): 175-83, 2014.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24948928

ABSTRACT

Many studies have evaluated the effects of biochar application on soil structure and plant growth. However, there are very few studies describing the effect of biochar on native soil microbial communities. Microbial analysis of environmental samples requires accurate and reproducible methods for the extraction of DNA from samples. Because of the variety among microbial species and the strong adsorption of the phosphate backbone of the DNA molecule to biochar, extracting and purifying high quality microbial DNA from biochar-amended soil is not a trivial process and can be considerably more difficult than the extraction of DNA from other environmental samples. The aim of this study was to compare the relative efficacies of three commercial DNA extraction kits, the FastDNA® SPIN Kit for Soil (FD kit), the PowerSoil® DNA Isolation Kit (PS kit) and the ZR Soil Microbe DNA Kit Miniprep™ (ZR kit), for extracting microbial genomic DNA from sand treated with different types of biochar. The methods were evaluated by comparing the DNA yields and purity and by analysing the bacterial and fungal community profiles generated by PCR-DGGE. Our results showed that the PCR-DGGE profiles for bacterial and fungal communities were highly affected by the purity and yield of the different DNA extracts. Among the tested kits, the PS kit was the most efficient with respect to the amount and purity of recovered DNA and considering the complexity of the generated DGGE microbial fingerprint from the sand-biochar samples.


Subject(s)
Charcoal , DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification , DNA, Fungal/isolation & purification , Soil Microbiology , Soil/chemistry , Biota , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , DNA, Fungal/genetics , Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis , Polymerase Chain Reaction
18.
Braz. J. Microbiol. ; 45(1): 175-183, 2014. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-15393

ABSTRACT

Many studies have evaluated the effects of biochar application on soil structure and plant growth. However, there are very few studies describing the effect of biochar on native soil microbial communities. Microbial analysis of environmental samples requires accurate and reproducible methods for the extraction of DNA from samples. Because of the variety among microbial species and the strong adsorption of the phosphate backbone of the DNA molecule to biochar, extracting and purifying high quality microbial DNA from biochar-amended soil is not a trivial process and can be considerably more difficult than the extraction of DNA from other environmental samples. The aim of this study was to compare the relative efficacies of three commercial DNA extraction kits, the FastDNA® SPIN Kit for Soil (FD kit), the PowerSoil® DNA Isolation Kit (PS kit) and the ZR Soil Microbe DNA Kit MiniprepTM (ZR kit), for extracting microbial genomic DNA from sand treated with different types of biochar. The methods were evaluated by comparing the DNA yields and purity and by analysing the bacterial and fungal community profiles generated by PCR-DGGE. Our results showed that the PCR-DGGE profiles for bacterial and fungal communities were highly affected by the purity and yield of the different DNA extracts. Among the tested kits, the PS kit was the most efficient with respect to the amount and purity of recovered DNA and considering the complexity of the generated DGGE microbial fingerprint from the sand-biochar samples.(AU)


Subject(s)
Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods , Soil Microbiology , Charcoal , Polymerase Chain Reaction
19.
Braz. j. microbiol ; Braz. j. microbiol;45(1): 175-183, 2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1469602

ABSTRACT

Many studies have evaluated the effects of biochar application on soil structure and plant growth. However, there are very few studies describing the effect of biochar on native soil microbial communities. Microbial analysis of environmental samples requires accurate and reproducible methods for the extraction of DNA from samples. Because of the variety among microbial species and the strong adsorption of the phosphate backbone of the DNA molecule to biochar, extracting and purifying high quality microbial DNA from biochar-amended soil is not a trivial process and can be considerably more difficult than the extraction of DNA from other environmental samples. The aim of this study was to compare the relative efficacies of three commercial DNA extraction kits, the FastDNA® SPIN Kit for Soil (FD kit), the PowerSoil® DNA Isolation Kit (PS kit) and the ZR Soil Microbe DNA Kit MiniprepTM (ZR kit), for extracting microbial genomic DNA from sand treated with different types of biochar. The methods were evaluated by comparing the DNA yields and purity and by analysing the bacterial and fungal community profiles generated by PCR-DGGE. Our results showed that the PCR-DGGE profiles for bacterial and fungal communities were highly affected by the purity and yield of the different DNA extracts. Among the tested kits, the PS kit was the most efficient with respect to the amount and purity of recovered DNA and considering the complexity of the generated DGGE microbial fingerprint from the sand-biochar samples.


Subject(s)
Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods , Charcoal , Soil Microbiology , Polymerase Chain Reaction
20.
Braz J Microbiol ; 44(2): 485-91, 2013.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24294244

ABSTRACT

The identification of pathogens of viral (Rotavirus, Coronavirus), parasitic (Toxocara spp.) and bacterial (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Rhodococcus equi) origin shed in feces, and the virulence profile of R. equi and E. coli isolates were investigated in 200 samples of sand obtained from 40 parks, located in central region of state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, using different diagnostic methods. From 200 samples analyzed, 23 (11.5%) strains of R. equi were isolated. None of the R. equi isolates showed a virulent (vapA gene) or intermediately virulent (vapB gene) profiles. Sixty-three (31.5%) strains of E. coli were identified. The following genes encoding virulence factors were identified in E. coli: eae, bfp, saa, iucD, papGI, sfa and hly. Phylogenetic classification showed that 63 E. coli isolates belonged to groups B1 (52.4%), A (25.4%) and B2 (22.2%). No E. coli serotype O157:H7 was identified. Eggs of Toxocara sp. were found in three parks and genetic material of bovine Coronavirus was identified in one sample of one park. No Salmonella spp. and Rotavirus isolates were identified in the samples of sand. The presence of R. equi, Toxocara sp, bovine Coronavirus and virulent E. coli isolates in the environment of parks indicates that the sanitary conditions of the sand should be improved in order to reduce the risks of fecal transmission of pathogens of zoonotic potential to humans in these places.


Subject(s)
Coronavirus, Bovine/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Rhodococcus equi/isolation & purification , Soil Microbiology , Toxocara/isolation & purification , Animals , Brazil , Escherichia coli/classification , Escherichia coli/genetics , Humans , Rhodococcus equi/genetics , Virulence Factors/genetics
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