Social inequalities in indicators of use of healthcare services by adolescents in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.

This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of indicators of use of healthcare services according to sex, income and race/skin color, in adolescents (aged 10-19 years old) based on data from the Health Survey of the Municipality of Campinas (ISACamp), carried out in 2014/2015 in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. The chi-square test was used to evaluate the differences between the outcome variables (indicators of use of healthcare service) and sex, income and race/skin color. Adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using Poisson multiple regression models. The demand for medical care was high in the last year of the interview (79.2%), mostly attended by the Brazilian Unified National Health System (65.2%), with routine consultations being more prevalent for females (PR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.01-1.34) and injury for the male population (PR = 0.47; 95%CI: 0.26-0.84). Economic and racial differences were found in the evaluation of the last medical consultation, with a higher prevalence of worse care among those with lower income (PR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.14-1.87) and black people (PR = 1.27; 95%CI: 1.01-1.61). Inequalities remained for delay or failure to carry out exams (PR = 1.64; 95%CI: 1.02-2.64) and worse quality of dental care (PR = 2.10; 95%CI: 1.38-3.21) in those with lower income. Also, black people had fewer appointments with dentists (PR = 0.90; 95%CI: 0.82-0.99).

Social inequalities in indicators of use of healthcare services by adolescents in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil / Desigualdades sociais em indicadores de uso de serviços de saúde por adolescentes de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil / Desigualdades sociales en indicadores de uso de servicios de salud por adolescentes de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of indicators of use of healthcare services according to sex, income and race/skin color, in adolescents (aged 10-19 years old) based on data from the Health Survey of the Municipality of Campinas (ISACamp), carried out in 2014/2015 in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. The chi-square test was used to evaluate the differences between the outcome variables (indicators of use of healthcare service) and sex, income and race/skin color. Adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using Poisson multiple regression models. The demand for medical care was high in the last year of the interview (79.2%), mostly attended by the Brazilian Unified National Health System (65.2%), with routine consultations being more prevalent for females (PR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.01-1.34) and injury for the male population (PR = 0.47; 95%CI: 0.26-0.84). Economic and racial differences were found in the evaluation of the last medical consultation, with a higher prevalence of worse care among those with lower income (PR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.14-1.87) and black people (PR = 1.27; 95%CI: 1.01-1.61). Inequalities remained for delay or failure to carry out exams (PR = 1.64; 95%CI: 1.02-2.64) and worse quality of dental care (PR = 2.10; 95%CI: 1.38-3.21) in those with lower income. Also, black people had fewer appointments with dentists (PR = 0.90; 95%CI: 0.82-0.99).

Resumo: O estudo objetivou estimar a prevalência dos indicadores de uso de serviços de saúde de acordo com sexo, renda e etnia/cor da pele entre adolescentes (10 a 19 anos) com base nos dados do Inquérito de Saúde no Município de Campinas (ISACamp), realizada em 2014/2015 em Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para avaliar as diferenças entre as variáveis de desfecho (indicadores de utilização de serviços de saúde) e sexo, renda e etnia/cor da pele. As razões de prevalência (RP) ajustadas foram estimadas por meio de modelos de regressão múltipla de Poisson. A demanda por atendimentos médicos foi elevada no último ano da entrevista (79,2%), atendidos majoritariamente pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (65,2%), sendo as consultas de rotina mais prevalentes no sexo feminino (RP = 1,17; IC95%: 1,01-1,34) e lesão na população masculina (RP = 0,47; IC95%: 0,26-0,84). Diferenças econômicas e raciais foram encontradas na avaliação da última consulta médica, com maior prevalência de pior atendimento entre aqueles com menor renda (RP = 1,46; IC95%: 1,14-1,87) e negros (RP = 1,27; IC95%: 1,01-1,61). Desigualdades permaneceram em termos de atraso ou falha na realização de exames (RP = 1,64; IC95%: 1,02-2,64) e pior qualidade do atendimento odontológico (RP = 2,10; IC95%: 1,38-3,21) naqueles com menor renda. E os negros consultaram menos os serviços de dentistas (RP = 0,90; IC95%: 0,82-0,99).

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de los indicadores de uso de servicios de salud según el sexo, ingresos y etnia/color de la piel entre adolescentes (10 a 19 años) basado en los datos de la Encuesta de Salud de la Ciudad de Campinas (ISACamp), realizada entre 2014 y 2015 en Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado para evaluar las diferencias entre las variables de resultado (indicadores de uso de servicios de salud) y sexo, ingresos y etnia/color de la piel. Se estimaron las razones de prevalencia (RP) ajustadas a través de modelos de regresión múltiple de Poisson. La demanda de atención médica fue alta en el último año de la entrevista (el 79,2%), mayoritariamente asistidos por el Sistema Único de Salud (el 65,2%), con las consultas de rutina más frecuentes para el sexo femenino (RP = 1,17; IC95%: 1,01-1,34) y la atención por lesiones más frecuentes para la población masculina (RP = 0,47; IC95%: 0,26-0,84). Se encontraron diferencias económicas y raciales en la evaluación de la última consulta médica, con mayor prevalencia de peor atención entre aquellos con menores ingresos (RP = 1,46; IC95%: 1,14-1,87) y personas negras (RP = 1,27; IC95%: 1,01-1,61). Las desigualdades persistieron en términos de retraso o no realización de exámenes (RP = 1,64; IC95%: 1,02-2,64) y peor calidad de la atención odontológica (RP = 2,10; IC95%: 1,38-3,21) en aquellos con menores ingresos. Y las personas negras fueron las que menos consultaron los servicios de dentistas (RP = 0,90; IC95%: 0,82-0,99).

Chronic diseases and health conditions in adolescents: Sex inequalities. / Doenças crônicas e problemas de saúde de adolescentes: desigualdades segundo sexo.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of chronic diseases and health conditions in adolescents from Campinas (São Paulo), investigating sex differences according to age group. METHODS: This population-based study analyzed data from the ISACamp 2014/15 health survey, with a total of 1,022 adolescents interviewed. The interviewees consisted of 517 boys and 505 girls; 492 of them in the ten to 14 age group and 530 in the 15 to 19 age group. We verified the associations using the χ2 test with Rao Scott adjustment and estimated prevalence ratios (PR) with multiple Poisson regression adjusted for age. Analyses were also stratified by age group. RESULTS: Respiratory diseases, such as rhinitis (25.3%), sinusitis (15.7%), and asthma (10.9%), were the most prevalent among adolescents. Health complaints were high, especially headaches (39.5%), emotional conditions (34.5%), allergies (27.5%), and back pain (21.3%). More than 22.0% of adolescents reported having three or more health conditions. Girls declared a higher number of health conditions (three or more) than boys (PR=2.27). CONCLUSION: The study showed that adolescents presented a significant number of health conditions, particularly regarding complaints, indicating the need for clinical care and public policies aimed at controlling and preventing these diseases in this age group.

OBJETIVO: Estimar as prevalências de doenças crônicas e problemas de saúde em adolescentes de Campinas (SP), observando as diferenças entre os sexos, por faixa etária. MÉTODOS: Estudo em base populacional, com dados do inquérito de saúde ISACamp de 2014/15, cujas entrevistas com adolescentes totalizaram 1.022. Desses entrevistados, 517 eram meninos e 505, meninas; 492 encontravam-se na faixa de dez a 14 anos e 530 tinham entre 15 e 19 anos. As associações foram verificadas por meio do teste de χ² com ajuste de Rao Scott, e as razões de prevalência (RP) foram estimadas por meio de regressão múltipla de Poisson ajustadas por idade. Também foram feitas análises estratificadas por faixa etária. RESULTADOS: As doenças respiratórias foram as mais prevalentes nos adolescentes como rinite (25,3%), sinusite (15,7%) e asma (10,9%). As queixas de saúde apresentaram-se elevadas, destacando-se as dores de cabeça (39,5%), problemas emocionais (34,5%), alergias (27,5%) e dores nas costas (21,3%). O número de adolescentes que apontaram ter três ou mais problemas de saúde mostrou-se acima de 22,0%. As meninas referiram maior número de problemas de saúde (três ou mais) do que os meninos (RP=2,27). CONCLUSÃO: O estudo demonstrou que os adolescentes apresentaram número expressivo de problemas de saúde, principalmente em relação às queixas, sinalizando que são necessários cuidados clínicos e políticas públicas direcionadas para o controle e prevenção desses agravos nesta faixa etária.

Doenças crônicas e problemas de saúde de adolescentes: desigualdades segundo sexo / Chronic diseases and health conditions in adolescents: Sex inequalities

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar as prevalências de doenças crônicas e problemas de saúde em adolescentes de Campinas (SP), observando as diferenças entre os sexos, por faixa etária. Métodos: Estudo em base populacional, com dados do inquérito de saúde ISACamp de 2014/15, cujas entrevistas com adolescentes totalizaram 1.022. Desses entrevistados, 517 eram meninos e 505, meninas; 492 encontravam-se na faixa de dez a 14 anos e 530 tinham entre 15 e 19 anos. As associações foram verificadas por meio do teste de χ² com ajuste de Rao Scott, e as razões de prevalência (RP) foram estimadas por meio de regressão múltipla de Poisson ajustadas por idade. Também foram feitas análises estratificadas por faixa etária. Resultados: As doenças respiratórias foram as mais prevalentes nos adolescentes como rinite (25,3%), sinusite (15,7%) e asma (10,9%). As queixas de saúde apresentaram-se elevadas, destacando-se as dores de cabeça (39,5%), problemas emocionais (34,5%), alergias (27,5%) e dores nas costas (21,3%). O número de adolescentes que apontaram ter três ou mais problemas de saúde mostrou-se acima de 22,0%. As meninas referiram maior número de problemas de saúde (três ou mais) do que os meninos (RP=2,27). Conclusão: O estudo demonstrou que os adolescentes apresentaram número expressivo de problemas de saúde, principalmente em relação às queixas, sinalizando que são necessários cuidados clínicos e políticas públicas direcionadas para o controle e prevenção desses agravos nesta faixa etária.

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence of chronic diseases and health conditions in adolescents from Campinas (São Paulo), investigating sex differences according to age group. Methods: This population-based study analyzed data from the ISACamp 2014/15 health survey, with a total of 1,022 adolescents interviewed. The interviewees consisted of 517 boys and 505 girls; 492 of them in the ten to 14 age group and 530 in the 15 to 19 age group. We verified the associations using the χ2 test with Rao Scott adjustment and estimated prevalence ratios (PR) with multiple Poisson regression adjusted for age. Analyses were also stratified by age group. Results: Respiratory diseases, such as rhinitis (25.3%), sinusitis (15.7%), and asthma (10.9%), were the most prevalent among adolescents. Health complaints were high, especially headaches (39.5%), emotional conditions (34.5%), allergies (27.5%), and back pain (21.3%). More than 22.0% of adolescents reported having three or more health conditions. Girls declared a higher number of health conditions (three or more) than boys (PR=2.27). Conclusion: The study showed that adolescents presented a significant number of health conditions, particularly regarding complaints, indicating the need for clinical care and public policies aimed at controlling and preventing these diseases in this age group.

[Self-care management practices for arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus among elderly people in Campinas, Brazil, in three periods]. / Prácticas autoreferidas para controlar la hipertensión y la diabetes mellitus en adultos mayores de Campinas, Brasil, en tres períodos.

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of self-care management practices - both with and without medication - in elderly hypertensive and diabetic patients in Campinas, Brazil, in three periods. Data from health surveys conducted in three periods 2001-2002, 2008-2009 and 2014-2015 were analyzed. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, the continuous use of medication, and all behavioral practices showed an overall increase in the period analyzed, with a significant drop in both the non-regular use of medications and routine doctor visits on the part of individuals without a private health plan. The results evidenced advances in diet-related practices among individuals without health plans as well as those who reported having healthcare coverage, highlighting improvements in drug treatment and physical activity. Adherence to medication and health behaviors for the management of morbidities was shown to be consistent in the period evaluated. These indicators reinforce the need to maintain and expand policies directed at health education and pharmaceutical assistance in the country.

El objetivo fue estimar la prevalencia de las prácticas autoreferidas para controlar la hipertensión y la diabetes, con y sin medicamentos, en adultos mayores de Campinas, Brasil, en tres períodos. Se analizaron los datos de las encuestas de salud realizadas en tres períodos: 2001-2002, 2008-2009 y 2014-2015. La prevalencia de hipertensión, de diabetes, del uso de medicación continua y las prácticas comportamentales aumentaron durante el período analizado, con una caída significativa en el uso no regular de medicamentos y las consultas médicas de rutina en individuos sin plan de salud privado. Los resultados evidenciaron avances en las prácticas relacionadas con la dieta en aquellas personas sin plan de salud y en quienes declararon contar con plan de salud, destacando mejoras en el tratamiento con medicamentos y la práctica de actividad física. La adherencia al uso de medicamentos y a prácticas comportamentales para controlar las morbilidades se mostró consistente en el período evaluado. Estos indicadores refuerzan la necesidad de mantener y ampliar las políticas dirigidas a la educación sanitaria y la asistencia farmacéutica en el país.

Prevalence of use and sources of antihypertensive medicine in Brazil: an analysis of the VIGITEL telephone survey. / Prevalência de uso e fontes de obtenção de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos no Brasil: análise do inquérito telefônico VIGITEL.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of hypertension in Brazil and worldwide has been increasing in recent decades, and drug therapy is one of the strategies used to control this condition. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of use and identify the sources for obtaining antihypertensive drugs in Brazil, according to sociodemographic variables, comparing three periods: 2011, 2014 and 2017. METHODS: Data from individuals aged ≥20 years who reported a medical diagnosis of hypertension, interviewed by Vigitel in 2011, 2014 and 2017 were used. Frequency and prevalence of drug use in addition to the sources for obtaining medication were estimated by sociodemographic variables, with 95% confidence intervals. The differences between proportions were verified by Pearson's chi-square test (Rao-Scott), with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The prevalence of antihypertensive drug use remained stable (80%). Regarding the sources for obtaining these medicines, there was variation in the period, indicating a decrease in usage through the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) (44.2% in 2011; 30.5% in 2017). This decrease was accompanied with increase in PFPB (16.1% in 2011; 29.9% in 2017). The prevalence of other sources for obtaining medicine (private pharmacies/drugstores) showed stability in the period. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of medication use remained high and there was a change in the pattern of use according to sources, demonstrating migration between SUS pharmacies to the PFPB, and suggesting a reduction in the availability of medicines from public pharmacies universally, and for free.

Prácticas autoreferidas para controlar la hipertensión y la diabetes mellitus en adultos mayores de Campinas, Brasil, en tres períodos / Self-care management practices for arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus among elderly people in Campinas, Brazil, in three periods

RESUMEN El objetivo fue estimar la prevalencia de las prácticas autoreferidas para controlar la hipertensión y la diabetes, con y sin medicamentos, en adultos mayores de Campinas, Brasil, en tres períodos. Se analizaron los datos de las encuestas de salud realizadas en tres períodos: 2001-2002, 2008-2009 y 2014-2015. La prevalencia de hipertensión, de diabetes, del uso de medicación continua y las prácticas comportamentales aumentaron durante el período analizado, con una caída significativa en el uso no regular de medicamentos y las consultas médicas de rutina en individuos sin plan de salud privado. Los resultados evidenciaron avances en las prácticas relacionadas con la dieta en aquellas personas sin plan de salud y en quienes declararon contar con plan de salud, destacando mejoras en el tratamiento con medicamentos y la práctica de actividad física. La adherencia al uso de medicamentos y a prácticas comportamentales para controlar las morbilidades se mostró consistente en el período evaluado. Estos indicadores refuerzan la necesidad de mantener y ampliar las políticas dirigidas a la educación sanitaria y la asistencia farmacéutica en el país.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of self-care management practices - both with and without medication - in elderly hypertensive and diabetic patients in Campinas, Brazil, in three periods. Data from health surveys conducted in three periods 2001-2002, 2008-2009 and 2014-2015 were analyzed. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, the continuous use of medication, and all behavioral practices showed an overall increase in the period analyzed, with a significant drop in both the non-regular use of medications and routine doctor visits on the part of individuals without a private health plan. The results evidenced advances in diet-related practices among individuals without health plans as well as those who reported having healthcare coverage, highlighting improvements in drug treatment and physical activity. Adherence to medication and health behaviors for the management of morbidities was shown to be consistent in the period evaluated. These indicators reinforce the need to maintain and expand policies directed at health education and pharmaceutical assistance in the country.

Prevalência de uso e fontes de obtenção de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos no Brasil: análise do inquérito telefônico VIGITEL / Prevalence of use and sources of antihypertensive medicine in Brazil: an analysis of the VIGITEL telephone survey

RESUMO: Objetivo: A prevalência de hipertensão arterial no Brasil e no mundo vem aumentando nas últimas décadas, sendo o uso de medicamentos uma das estratégias utilizadas no controle da doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de uso e identificar as fontes de obtenção de anti-hipertensivos no Brasil, segundo variáveis sociodemográficas, comparando três períodos: 2011, 2014 e 2017. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados de indivíduos com idade ≥20 anos que referiram diagnóstico médico de hipertensão arterial, entrevistados pelo Vigitel nos anos de 2011, 2014 e 2017. Foi estimada a distribuição de frequências e as prevalências de uso de medicamentos, segundo variáveis sociodemográficas, de acordo com as fontes de obtenção, com intervalos de confiança de 95%. As diferenças entre as proporções foram verificadas pelo teste χ2 de Pearson (Rao-Scott), com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A prevalência de uso manteve-se estável (80%). Quanto às fontes de obtenção observou-se variação no período, indicando diminuição na obtenção por meio das Unidades de Saúde do SUS (44,2% em 2011; 30,5% em 2017). Esse decréscimo esteve acompanhado do aumento na obtenção pela Farmácia Popular (16,1% em 2011; 29,9% em 2017). A prevalência de obtenção por meio de farmácias privadas/drogarias mostrou estabilidade no período. Conclusões: A prevalência de uso de medicamentos se manteve alta e houve modificação no padrão de utilização segundo fontes de obtenção, evidenciando migração entre Unidades de Saúde do SUS para a Farmácia Popular, sugerindo redução da disponibilidade dos medicamentos pelas farmácias públicas de forma universal e gratuita.

ABSTRACT: Objective: The prevalence of hypertension in Brazil and worldwide has been increasing in recent decades, and drug therapy is one of the strategies used to control this condition. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of use and identify the sources for obtaining antihypertensive drugs in Brazil, according to sociodemographic variables, comparing three periods: 2011, 2014 and 2017. Methods: Data from individuals aged ≥20 years who reported a medical diagnosis of hypertension, interviewed by Vigitel in 2011, 2014 and 2017 were used. Frequency and prevalence of drug use in addition to the sources for obtaining medication were estimated by sociodemographic variables, with 95% confidence intervals. The differences between proportions were verified by Pearson's chi-square test (Rao-Scott), with a significance level of 5%. Results: The prevalence of antihypertensive drug use remained stable (80%). Regarding the sources for obtaining these medicines, there was variation in the period, indicating a decrease in usage through the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) (44.2% in 2011; 30.5% in 2017). This decrease was accompanied with increase in PFPB (16.1% in 2011; 29.9% in 2017). The prevalence of other sources for obtaining medicine (private pharmacies/drugstores) showed stability in the period. Conclusions: The prevalence of medication use remained high and there was a change in the pattern of use according to sources, demonstrating migration between SUS pharmacies to the PFPB, and suggesting a reduction in the availability of medicines from public pharmacies universally, and for free.