Subject(s)
Abdominal Abscess/microbiology , Adnexal Diseases/microbiology , Bacteremia/microbiology , Infant, Premature, Diseases/microbiology , Pneumococcal Infections/microbiology , Puerperal Infection/microbiology , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Abdominal Abscess/diagnosis , Abdominal Abscess/therapy , Adnexal Diseases/diagnosis , Adnexal Diseases/therapy , Adult , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature , Male , Pneumococcal Infections/congenital , Postpartum Period , Pregnancy , Puerperal Infection/diagnosis , Puerperal Infection/therapyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Mixed states are a complex entity in the field of mood disorders. Dysphoria has been advocated as an important clinical dimension of mixed states. The objective of this work is to study the frequency of dysphoria within a population of patients with DSM-IV major depressive and/or manic episodes and to determine if it may help establish diagnostic criteria for subthreshold cases of depressive or manic mixed states. SAMPLING AND METHODS: A total of 165 patients were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview complemented by a section defining dysphoria as a constellation of 3 among 4 symptoms (inner tension, irritability, aggressive behavior and hostility). RESULTS: When classifying patients according to the number of symptoms of the opposite polarity, changes in the frequency of dysphoria revealed a clear contrast between the 2 opposite manic and depressive poles and the full mixed state (DSM-IV definition). The frequency of dysphoria was 17.5% in pure depression, 22.7% in pure mania and 73.3% in full mixed state. Two threshold effects were identified: (1) the frequency of dysphoria increased from 17.5 to 61.1% (p = 0.002) when the number of manic symptoms in DSM-IV depressed patients increased from 0 to 1, and (2) dysphoria increased from 14.3 to 69.2% (p = 0.057) when the number of depressive symptoms increased from 2 to 3 in DSM-IV manic patients. CONCLUSION: Dysphoria is strongly but not necessarily associated with mixed states. When used as a clinical marker for mixed states, dysphoria confirms the modern delimitations of sub-threshold mixed states by specifying the required number of symptoms of the opposite polarity (which could be lower for depressive mixed states than for manic mixed states). The study has limitations related to the inclusion of patients who are not drug-free, to the definition of dysphoria and to the sample size.
Subject(s)
Bipolar Disorder/epidemiology , Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology , Mood Disorders/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aggression/psychology , Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis , Bipolar Disorder/psychology , Comorbidity , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology , Female , Hostility , Humans , Interview, Psychological , Irritable Mood , Male , Middle Aged , Mood Disorders/diagnosis , Mood Disorders/psychology , Psychopathology , SwitzerlandABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To contribute to the definition of external and internal limits of mixed states and study the place of dysphoric symptoms in the psychopathology of mixed states. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-five inpatients with major mood episodes were diagnosed as presenting with either pure depression, mixed depression (depression plus at least three manic symptoms), full mixed state (full depression and full mania), mixed mania (mania plus at least three depressive symptoms) or pure mania, using an adapted version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (DSM-IV version). They were evaluated using a 33-item inventory of depressive, manic and mixed affective signs and symptoms. RESULTS: Principal component analysis without rotation yielded three components that together explained 43.6% of the variance. The first component (24.3% of the variance) contrasted typical depressive symptoms with typical euphoric, manic symptoms. The second component, labeled 'dysphoria', (13.8%) had strong positive loadings for irritability, distressing sensitivity to light and noise, impulsivity and inner tension. The third component (5.5%) included symptoms of insomnia. Median scores for the first component significantly decreased from the pure depression group to the pure mania group. For the dysphoria component, scores were highest among patients with full mixed states and decreased towards both patients with pure depression and those with pure mania. CONCLUSIONS: Principal component analysis revealed that dysphoria represents an important dimension of mixed states.