Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Fuels Cardiovascular Inflammation and Aggravates Ischemic Cardiac Injury.

BACKGROUND: Reducing cardiovascular disease burden among women remains challenging. Epidemiologic studies have indicated that polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disease in women of reproductive age, is associated with an increased prevalence and extent of coronary artery disease. However, the mechanism through which PCOS affects cardiac health in women remains unclear. METHODS: Prenatal anti-Müllerian hormone treatment or peripubertal letrozole infusion was used to establish mouse models of PCOS. RNA sequencing was performed to determine global transcriptomic changes in the hearts of PCOS mice. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect myocardial macrophage accumulation in multiple PCOS models. Parabiosis models, cell-tracking experiments, and in vivo gene silencing approaches were used to explore the mechanisms underlying increased macrophage infiltration in PCOS mouse hearts. Permanent coronary ligation was performed to establish myocardial infarction (MI). Histologic analysis and small-animal imaging modalities (eg, magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography) were performed to evaluate the effects of PCOS on injury after MI. Women with PCOS and control participants (n=200) were recruited to confirm findings observed in animal models. RESULTS: Transcriptomic profiling and immunostaining revealed that hearts from PCOS mice were characterized by increased macrophage accumulation. Parabiosis studies revealed that monocyte-derived macrophages were significantly increased in the hearts of PCOS mice because of enhanced circulating Ly6C+ monocyte supply. Compared with control mice, PCOS mice showed a significant increase in splenic Ly6C+ monocyte output, associated with elevated hematopoietic progenitors in the spleen and sympathetic tone. Plasma norepinephrine (a sympathetic neurotransmitter) levels and spleen size were consistently increased in women with PCOS when compared with those in control participants, and norepinephrine levels were significantly correlated with circulating CD14++CD16- monocyte counts. Compared with animals without PCOS, PCOS animals showed significantly exacerbated atherosclerotic plaque development and post-MI cardiac remodeling. Conditional Vcam1 silencing in PCOS mice significantly suppressed cardiac inflammation and improved cardiac injury after MI. CONCLUSIONS: Our data documented previously unrecognized mechanisms through which PCOS could affect cardiovascular health in women. PCOS may promote myocardial macrophage accumulation and post-MI cardiac remodeling because of augmented splenic myelopoiesis.

Follicle-stimulating hormone orchestrates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion of pancreatic islets.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is involved in mammalian reproduction via binding to FSH receptor (FSHR). However, several studies have found that FSH and FSHR play important roles in extragonadal tissue. Here, we identified the expression of FSHR in human and mouse pancreatic islet ß-cells. Blocking FSH signaling by Fshr knock-out led to impaired glucose tolerance owing to decreased insulin secretion, while high FSH levels caused insufficient insulin secretion as well. In vitro, we found that FSH orchestrated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in a bell curve manner. Mechanistically, FSH primarily activates Gαs via FSHR, promoting the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) and calcium pathways to stimulate GSIS, whereas high FSH levels could activate Gαi to inhibit the cAMP/PKA pathway and the amplified effect on GSIS. Our results reveal the role of FSH in regulating pancreatic islet insulin secretion and provide avenues for future clinical investigation and therapeutic strategies for postmenopausal diabetes.

Preeclampsia promotes autism in offspring via maternal inflammation and fetal NFκB signaling.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the impact of PE on progeny ASD are not fully understood, which hinders the development of effective therapeutic approaches. This study shows the offspring born to a PE mouse model treated by Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) exhibit ASD-like phenotypes, including neurodevelopment deficiency and behavioral abnormalities. Transcriptomic analysis of the embryonic cortex and adult offspring hippocampus suggested the expression of ASD-related genes was dramatically changed. Furthermore, the level of inflammatory cytokines TNFα in maternal serum and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling in the fetal cortex were elevated. Importantly, TNFα neutralization during pregnancy enabled to ameliorate ASD-like phenotypes and restore the NFκB activation level in the offspring exposed to PE. Furthermore, TNFα/NFκB signaling axis, but not L-NAME, caused deficits in neuroprogenitor cell proliferation and synaptic development. These experiments demonstrate that offspring exposed to PE phenocopies ASD signatures reported in humans and indicate therapeutic targeting of TNFα decreases the likelihood of bearing children with ASD phenotypes from PE mothers.

Perinatal outcomes and risk factors for epidural analgesia-associated intrapartum maternal fever: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Epidural analgesia (EA) increases the risks of maternal fever during labor, which is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, while the risk factors for epidural-associated fever and strategies for minimizing these effects remain limited. METHODS: A total of 325 pregnant women were retrospectively analyzed who had attended our hospital for a vaginal in-hospital delivery, including 208 who voluntarily accepted EA and 117 who did not receive EA. During labor, 208 EA women were allocated to a fever group (n = 42, a tympanic temperature ≥37.5 °C during labor), and a no fever group (n = 166). The outcome measures included main maternal and neonatal outcomes, labor times, duration of EA and the total EA dosage administered. RESULTS: 42 out of 208 women given EA exhibited fever temperatures during labor, which were higher than in women who did not receive EA (20.19% vs. 0.85%). Maternal fever had an increased risks for conversion to surgery (adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 4.05; 95% CI, 1.44-11.39) and neonatal infections (5.13; 1.98-13.29) compared to the no fever group. While maternal fever did not increase the risks for assisted vaginal delivery, fetal distress or admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), it was predominantly associated with primiparity and lesser times of gravity. Frequent cervical examinations, the duration of first stage and total labor, and the duration of EA and its total dosage were positively correlated with the incidence of fever. Furthermore, after stratifying risk factors into subgroups, we found that more frequent cervical examinations (≥7 times) and longer duration of first stage (≥442.5 min), total labor time (≥490 min), EA (≥610.0 min) increased the risk for epidural-associated fever after adjustment for potential confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: EA increased the risk of intrapartum epidural-associated fever, which was correlated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Nulliparity, less times of gravidity, ≥7 cervical examinations, increased volume of the EA dosage, prolonged duration of EA and total labor time were risk factors for epidural-associated fever. The findings provide clinicians with insights and strategies to prevent epidural-associated fever more safely and effectively.

Neutralizing serum amyloid a protects against sinusoidal endothelial cell damage and platelet aggregation during acetaminophen-induced liver injury.

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute response protein that mainly produced by hepatocytes, and it can promote endothelial dysfunction via a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic effect in atherosclerosis and renal disease. Overdose of Acetaminophen (APAP) will cause hepatotoxicity accompany with hepatocyte necrosis, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) damage and thrombosis in liver. However, whether SAA plays a role in APAP-induced liver toxicity remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the Saa1/2 expression in APAP-induced liver injury, and found that Saa1/2 production was significantly increased in an autocrine manner in APAP injury model. Moreover, we used neutralizing antibody (anti-SAA) to block the function of serum Saa1/2. We found that neutralizing serum Saa1/2 protected against APAP-induced liver injuries and increased the survival rate of mice that were treated with lethal dose APAP. Further investigations showed that blocking Saa1/2 reduced APAP-induced sinusoidal endothelium damage, hemorrhage and thrombosis. In addition, in vitro experiments showed that Saa1/2 augmented the toxic effect of APAP on LSECs, and Saa1/2 promoted platelets aggregation on LSECs cell membrane. Taken together, this study suggests that Saa1/2 may play a critical role in APAP-induced liver damages through platelets aggregation and sinusoidal damage. Therefore, we conceptually demonstrate that inhibition of SAA may be a potential intervention for APAP-directed acute liver injuries.

Hepatic DKK1-driven steatosis is CD36 dependent.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent worldwide; about 25% of NAFLD silently progress into steatohepatitis, in which some of them may develop into fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver failure. However, few drugs are available for NAFLD, partly because of an incomplete understanding of its pathogenic mechanisms. Here, using in vivo and in vitro gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we identified up-regulated DKK1 plays a pivotal role in high-fat diet-induced NAFLD and its progression. Mechanistic analysis reveals that DKK1 enhances the capacity of hepatocytes to uptake fatty acids through the ERK-PPARγ-CD36 axis. Moreover, DKK1 increased insulin resistance by activating the JNK signaling, which in turn exacerbates disorders of hepatic lipid metabolism. Our finding suggests that DKK1 may be a potential therapeutic and diagnosis candidate for NAFLD and metabolic disorder progression.

GnRH pulse generator frequency is modulated by kisspeptin and GABA-glutamate interactions in the posterodorsal medial amygdala in female mice.

Kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus generate gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses, and act as critical initiators of functional gonadotrophin secretion and reproductive competency. However, kisspeptin in other brain regions, most notably the posterodorsal subnucleus of the medial amygdala (MePD), plays a significant modulatory role over the hypothalamic kisspeptin population; our recent studies using optogenetics have shown that low-frequency light stimulation of MePD kisspeptin results in increased luteinsing hormone pulse frequency. Nonetheless, the neurochemical pathways that underpin this regulatory function remain unknown. To study this, we have utilised an optofluid technology, precisely combining optogenetic stimulation with intra-nuclear pharmacological receptor antagonism, to investigate the neurotransmission involved in this circuitry. We have shown experimentally and verified using a mathematical model that functional neurotransmission of both GABA and glutamate is a requirement for effective modulation of the GnRH pulse generator by amygdala kisspeptin neurons.

Effect of Maternal Glucose and Triglyceride Levels during Early Pregnancy on Pregnancy Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Maternal dysglycemia and lipid metabolic dysfunction have been recognized as risk factors for pregnancy complications and adverse perinatal outcome jointly and separately, but current diagnostic window-period which is at the end of the second trimester might be late to avoid chronic adverse impacts on both mother and fetus. A retrospective cohort study involving 48,973 women with fasting blood glucose (FPG) below diagnostic thresholds and lipid screening in early pregnancy was performed. Data of pregnancy outcomes including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP), and neonatal outcomes were obtained for multivariable logistic analysis. As a result, higher FPG (≥75th, 4.68 mM) significantly increased risks of GDM (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 2.81; 95% CI, 2.60 to 3.05) and HDP (1.98; 1.81 to 2.16), and slightly increased risks of large for gestational age (LGA), macrosomia births and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) compared to women with low FPG (≤25th, 4.21 mM). High maternal triglyceride (mTG) level had higher risks of GDM and HDP in all maternal FPG strata. Further analysis showed that women of top quartile of glucose combined with upper 10 percentile triglyceride have higher risks for GDM (AOR, 5.97; 95% CI, 5.26 to 6.78; risk difference 30.8, 95% CI 29.2 to 32.3) and HDP (AOR, 2.56; 95% CI, 2.20 to 2.99, risk difference 11.3, 95% CI 9.9 to 12.7) when compared to those in women of the bottom strata after adjustment. Therefore, both the early-pregnancy FPG and mTG levels should be screened among overall population including the low-risk population to reduce the incidence of pregnancy complications.

Antepartum sleep quality, mental status, and postpartum depressive symptoms: a mediation analysis.

BACKGROUND: Poor sleep quality and maternal mood disturbances are common during pregnancy and may play pivotal roles in the development of postpartum depression. We aim to examine the trajectories of sleep quality and mental health in women from early pregnancy to delivery and explore the mediating effects of sleep quality and mental status on the link between antepartum depressive symptoms and postpartum depressive symptoms. METHODS: In an ongoing prospective birth cohort, 1301 women completed questionnaires in the first, second and third trimesters and at 6 weeks postpartum. In each trimester, sleep quality was measured utilizing the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and mental health was assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Postpartum depressive symptoms were evaluated by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). The bootstrap method was used to test the mediation effect. RESULTS: The PSQI, CES-D, and SAS scores presented U-shaped curves across the antenatal period while the PSS score followed a descending trend. Antenatal sleep quality, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and perceived stress all predicted depressive symptoms at 6 weeks postpartum. The influence of antepartum depressive symptoms on postpartum depressive symptoms was mediated by antepartum sleep quality and anxiety symptoms, which accounted for 32.14%, 39.25% and 31.25% in the first, second and third trimesters (P = 0.002, P = 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Poor sleep quality and anxiety symptoms in pregnancy mediated the relationship between antepartum depressive symptoms and postpartum depressive symptoms. Interventions aimed at detecting and managing sleep quality and elevated anxiety among depressed women in pregnancy warrant further investigation as preventative strategies for postpartum depression.

Tracking of menstrual cycles and prediction of the fertile window via measurements of basal body temperature and heart rate as well as machine-learning algorithms.

BACKGROUND: Fertility awareness and menses prediction are important for improving fecundability and health management. Previous studies have used physiological parameters, such as basal body temperature (BBT) and heart rate (HR), to predict the fertile window and menses. However, their accuracy is far from satisfactory. Additionally, few researchers have examined irregular menstruators. Thus, we aimed to develop fertile window and menstruation prediction algorithms for both regular and irregular menstruators. METHODS: This was a prospective observational cohort study conducted at the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital in Shanghai, China. Participants were recruited from August 2020 to November 2020 and followed up for at least four menstrual cycles. Participants used an ear thermometer to assess BBT and wore the Huawei Band 5 to record HR. Ovarian ultrasound and serum hormone levels were used to determine the ovulation day. Menstruation was self-reported by women. We used linear mixed models to assess changes in physiological parameters and developed probability function estimation models to predict the fertile window and menses with machine learning. RESULTS: We included data from 305 and 77 qualified cycles with confirmed ovulations from 89 regular menstruators and 25 irregular menstruators, respectively. For regular menstruators, BBT and HR were significantly higher during fertile phase than follicular phase and peaked in the luteal phase (all P < 0.001). The physiological parameters of irregular menstruators followed a similar trend. Based on BBT and HR, we developed algorithms that predicted the fertile window with an accuracy of 87.46%, sensitivity of 69.30%, specificity of 92.00%, and AUC of 0.8993 and menses with an accuracy of 89.60%, sensitivity of 70.70%, and specificity of 94.30%, and AUC of 0.7849 among regular menstruators. For irregular menstruators, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and AUC were 72.51%, 21.00%, 82.90%, and 0.5808 respectively, for fertile window prediction and 75.90%, 36.30%, 84.40%, and 0.6759 for menses prediction. CONCLUSIONS: By combining BBT and HR recorded by the Huawei Band 5, our algorithms achieved relatively ideal performance for predicting the fertile window and menses among regular menstruators. For irregular menstruators, the algorithms showed potential feasibility but still need further investigation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR2000036556. Registered 24 August 2020.

Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy in severe male factor infertility: protocol for a multicenter randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Conventional intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a widely used treatment for couples with severe male infertility. However, there are controversies regarding the selection and the damage to gametes during the ICSI procedure. Although preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies (PGT-A) can give genetic information about embryos for transfer and improve fertility rate, and it is widely used in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion or advanced age, PGT-A is not only more expensive but also has unclear effectiveness with respect to the improvement of fertility rate among couples with severe male infertility. High-quality, well-powered randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing ICSI+PGT-A and ICSI are lacking. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a protocol for a multicenter, open-label RCT in four reproductive medical centers qualified for PGT technique in China. We will study couples with severe male infertility scheduled for their fertility treatment. After the blastocyst culture, eligible participants are randomised to the ICSI+PGT-A group or the conventional ICSI group in a 1:1 ratio. Other assisted reproductive procedures are similar and parallel between the two groups. The primary outcome will be live birth rate and cumulative live-birth rate . Secondary outcomes will be embryo implantation rate, biochemical pregnancy rate, clinical pregnancy rate, spontaneous abortion rate, ongoing pregnancy rate, preterm birth rate, fetal chromosomal abnormality rate, birth defect rate and treatment complications. To demonstrate or refute a difference between the two groups, we plan to include 188 participants in each group; taking consideration of 20% of dropout, the total target sample size is 450. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval was obtained from International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical Science Research Ethics Committee (GKLW2016-16). Informed consent will be obtained from each participant. The findings will be disseminated to the public through conference presentations and publication in peer-reviewed scientific journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02941965.

Efficiently generate functional hepatic cells from human pluripotent stem cells by complete small-molecule strategy.

BACKGROUND: Various methods have been developed to generate hepatic cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) that rely on the combined use of multiple expensive growth factors, limiting industrial-scale production and widespread applications. Small molecules offer an attractive alternative to growth factors for producing hepatic cells since they are more economical and relatively stable. METHODS: We dissect small-molecule combinations and identify the ideal cocktails to achieve an optimally efficient and cost-effective strategy for hepatic cells differentiation, expansion, and maturation. RESULTS: We demonstrated that small-molecule cocktail CIP (including CHIR99021, IDE1, and PD0332991) efficiently induced definitive endoderm (DE) formation via increased endogenous TGF-ß/Nodal signaling. Furthermore, we identified that combining Vitamin C, Dihexa, and Forskolin (VDF) could substitute growth factors to induce hepatic specification. The obtained hepatoblasts (HBs) could subsequently expand and mature into functional hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) by the established chemical formulas. Thus, we established a stepwise strategy with complete small molecules for efficiently producing scalable HBs and functionally matured HLCs. The small-molecule-derived HLCs displayed typical functional characteristics as mature hepatocytes in vitro and repopulating injured liver in vivo. CONCLUSION: Our current small-molecule-based hepatic generation protocol presents an efficient and cost-effective platform for the large-scale production of functional human hepatic cells for cell-based therapy and drug discovery using.

Intrauterine hyperglycemia impairs endometrial receptivity via up-regulating SGK1 in diabetes.

Diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder which can adversely affect reproductive function. SGK1 is found to be up-regulated in multiple tissues of diabetic patients. However, the effects of diabetes on endometrial SGK1 expression and endometrial receptivity remain unknown. In this study, we established a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model and observed reduced implantation sites, retarded development of pinopodes, increased SGK1, and aberrant expression of LIF and MUC1 in the endometrial epithelium. We injected the uterine lumen of normal mice with high-glucose solution and cultured endometrial cells in high-glucose medium to mimic intrauterine hyperglycemia. Both studies provided compelling evidence that hyperglycemia could lead to diminished embryo implantation and dysregulated SGK1, LIF and MUC1. Additionally, through over-expression of SGK1 in vivo and in vitro, we found that enhanced SGK1 also decreased LIF expression, increased MUC1 expression, and attenuated embryo implantation rate. We further identified that hyperglycemia-activated SMAD2/3 might be responsible for the enhancement of SGK1 and verified directly the interaction between SMAD3 and corresponding SMAD binding elements within SGK1 promoter. Taken together, our study confirmed the association between diabetes-related hyperglycemia and endometrial receptivity defects. Hyperglycemia-induced SGK1 has a tremendous role in this pathological process, rendering it as an attractive therapeutic target for diabetes-related reproductive disorders.

A Novel Small Molecular Prostaglandin Receptor EP4 Antagonist, L001, Suppresses Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis.

Metastatic pancreatic cancer remains a major clinical challenge, emphasizing the urgent need for the exploitation of novel therapeutic approaches with superior response. In this study, we demonstrate that the aberrant activation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor 4 (EP4) is a pro-metastatic signal in pancreatic cancer. To explore the therapeutic role of EP4 signaling, we developed a potent and selective EP4 antagonist L001 with single-nanomolar activity using a panel of cell functional assays. EP4 antagonism by L001 effectively repressed PGE2-elicited cell migration and the invasion of pancreatic cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, L001 alone or combined with the chemotherapy drug gemcitabine exhibited remarkably anti-metastasis activity in a pancreatic cancer hepatic metastasis model with excellent tolerability and safety. Mechanistically, EP4 blockade by L001 abrogated Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP)-driven pro-metastatic factor expression in pancreatic cancer cells. The suppression of YAP's activity was also observed upon L001 treatment in vivo. Together, these findings support the notions that EP4-YAP signaling axis is a vital pro-metastatic pathway in pancreatic cancer and that EP4 inhibition with L001 may deliver a therapeutic benefit for patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer.

Alternations of cesarean section rates in a non-infected population after the outbreak of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study.

The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19) could be sources of anxiety among pregnant women and health care workers, which might affect the decision making on the mode of delivery. The aim of this study was to explore whether the cesarean section rates had significantly increased after the outbreak of COVID-19. We analyzed the labor data with cesarean rates in a tertiary maternity center during COVID-19 epidemic months from January to March in 2020, compared with pre-epidemic parallel months in 2019 by using Z-score test for proportions. Even though none of the staff or patient suffered with COVID-19 in the hospital, we found the cesarean section rates slightly increased in a non-infected population after the outbreak of COVID-19. Obstetricians should beware of the possible effects of COVID-19 on the mode of delivery.

Optogenetic Activation of Arcuate Kisspeptin Neurons Generates a Luteinizing Hormone Surge-Like Secretion in an Estradiol-Dependent Manner.

Traditionally, the anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) nucleus has been the brain area associated with luteinizing hormone (LH) surge secretion in rodents. However, the role of the other population of hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons, in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), has been less well characterized with respect to surge generation. Previous experiments have demonstrated ARC kisspeptin knockdown reduced the amplitude of LH surges, indicating that they have a role in surge amplification. The present study used an optogenetic approach to selectively stimulate ARC kisspeptin neurons and examine the effect on LH surges in mice with different hormonal administrations. LH level was monitored from 13:00 to 21:00 h, at 30-minute intervals. Intact Kiss-Cre female mice showed increased LH secretion during the stimulation period in addition to displaying a spontaneous LH surge around the time of lights off. In ovariectomized Kiss-Cre mice, optogenetic stimulation was followed by a surge-like secretion of LH immediately after the stimulation period. Ovariectomized Kiss-Cre mice with a low dose of 17ß-estradiol (OVX+E) replacement displayed a surge-like increase in LH release during period of optic stimulation. No LH response to the optic stimulation was observed in OVX+E mice on the day of estradiol benzoate (EB) treatment (day 1). However, after administration of progesterone (day 2), all OVX+E+EB+P mice exhibited an LH surge during optic stimulation. A spontaneous LH surge also occurred in these mice at the expected time. Taken together, these results help to affirm the fact that ARC kisspeptin may have a novel amplificatory role in LH surge production, which is dependent on the gonadal steroid milieu.

COVID-19 Lockdown Increased the Risk of Preterm Birth.

Purpose: To estimate whether the city-specific lockdown in Shanghai induced by the COVID-19 pandemic affected preterm birth rates among uninfected pregnant women in different trimesters. Methods: The population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted in the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital (IPMCH) in Shanghai, China. Pregnant women without COVID-19 received perinatal healthcare during lockdown (from January 24, 2020 to March 24, 2020) and non-lockdown (from January 24, 2019 to March 24, 2019) period and giving birth to a live infant at IPMCH were enrolled. 1:1 propensity score matching and Inverse probability of treatment weighting were used to evaluate preterm birth (<37 weeks), very preterm birth (<34 weeks), preterm birth with premature rupture of membranes (PROM-PTB), spontaneous preterm birth with intact membranes (S-PTB), and medically induced preterm birth (MI-PTB) between two groups. Results: 8,270 pregnant women were in the lockdown group, and 9,815 were in the non-lockdown group. Pregnant women in second trimester during lockdown had a higher risk of PTB than those during the non-lockdown period [OR: 1.43 (CI 1.01-2.02), ARD: 1.7% (CI 0.04-3.4%), p = 0.045]. Furthermore, pregnant women in third trimester during lockdown had a higher risk of PROM-PTB than those during the non-lockdown period [OR: 1.64 (CI 1.09-2.47), ARD: 0.9% (CI 0.2-1.6%), p = 0.02]; no group differences were found related to rates of VPTB, S-PTB or MI-PTB. Conclusion: In this cohort study in China, we found that there was an increased risk in preterm birth for non-infected women in COVID-19 lockdown who were in their second trimester.

The Impact of Gestational Weight Gain on the Risks of Adverse Maternal and Infant Outcomes among Normal BMI Women with High Triglyceride Levels during Early Pregnancy.

A high maternal triglyceride (mTG) level during early pregnancy is linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes, but the use of specific interventions has been met with limited success. A retrospective cohort study was designed to investigate the impact of gestational weight gain (GWG) on the relationship between high levels of mTG and adverse pregnancy outcomes in normal early pregnancy body mass index (BMI) women. The patients included 39,665 women with normal BMI who had a singleton pregnancy and underwent serum lipids screening during early pregnancy. The main outcomes were adverse pregnancy outcomes, including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, cesarean delivery, preterm birth, and large or small size for gestational age (LGA or SGA) at birth. As a result, the high mTG (≥2.05mM) group had increased risks for gestational hypertension ((Adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 1.80; 95% CI, 1.46 to 2.24)), preeclampsia (1.70; 1.38 to 2.11), gestational diabetes (2.50; 2.26 to 2.76), cesarean delivery (1.22; 1.13 to 1.32), preterm birth (1.42, 1.21 to 1.66), and LGA (1.49, 1.33 to 1.68) compared to the low mTG group, after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Additionally, the risks of any adverse outcome were higher in each GWG subgroup among women with high mTG than those in the low mTG group. High mTG augmented risks of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, preterm birth, and LGA among women with 50th or greater percentile of GWG. Interestingly, among women who gained less than the 50th percentile of GWG subgroups, there was no relationship between high mTG level and risks for those pregnancy outcomes when compared to low mTG women. Therefore, weight control and staying below 50th centile of the suggested GWG according to gestational age can diminish the increased risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by high mTG during early pregnancy.

Hypomorphic ASGR1 modulates lipid homeostasis via INSIG1-mediated SREBP signaling suppression.

A population genetic study identified that the asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGR1) mutation carriers had substantially lower non-HDL-cholesterol (non-HDL-c) levels and reduced risks of cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanism behind this phenomenon remained unclear. Here, we established Asgr1-knockout mice that represented a plasma lipid profile with significantly lower non-HDL-c and triglyceride (TG) caused by decreased secretion and increased uptake of VLDL/LDL. These 2 phenotypes were linked with the decreased expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, 2 key targeted genes of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs). Furthermore, there were fewer nuclear SREBPs (nSREBPs) on account of more SREBPs being trapped in endoplasmic reticulum, which was caused by an increased expression of insulin-induced gene 1 (INSIG1), an anchor of SREBPs. Overexpression and gene knockdown interventions, in different models, were conducted to rescue the ASGR1-deficient phenotypes, and we found that INSIG1 knockdown independently reversed the ASGR1-mutated phenotypes with increased serum total cholesterol, LDL-c, TG, and liver cholesterol content accompanied by restored SREBP signaling. ASGR1 rescue experiments reduced INSIG1 and restored the SREBP network defect as manifested by improved apolipoprotein B secretion and reduced LDL uptake. Our observation demonstrated that increased INSIG1 is a critical factor responsible for ASGR1 deficiency-associated lipid profile changes and nSREBP suppression. This finding of an ASGR1/INSIG1/SREBP axis regulating lipid hemostasis may provide multiple potential targets for lipid-lowering drug development.

MicroRNA-21 regulate the cell apoptosis and cell proliferation of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) granulosa cells through target toll like receptor TLR8.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex reproductive endocrine disease characterized by polycystic ovary. The aim of the study was to assess microRNA-21 regulates granulosa cell apoptosis and proliferation in polycystic ovary syndrome through target toll-like receptor 8. Granulosa cells were collected from 30 PCOS patients and 30 normal patients with tubal or male factor infertility (control) during in vitro fertilization-Embryo Transfer (IVF-ET) and were flash frozen with liquid nitrogen for storage for subsequent use. PCOS diagnosis was based on the revised standards of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) and the Rotterdam criteria PCOS granulosa cells and control granulosa cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotic. After this RT-PCR, Western blot assessment and Detection of apoptosis by flow cytometry were conducted. The results of qPCR showed that the mRNA and protein expression of TLR8 in PCOS granulosa cells were significantly increased compared with the normal group. The results of Western blot also showed that the expression of TLR8, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-12 gene protein in the transfected cells was significantly higher than that in the control cells. Here, we show that miR-21 and TLR8 significantly increased in PCOS granulosa cell as compared with normal granulosa cells, and miR-21 enhances the TLR8 mRNA translation and then promotes the IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-12 secretion. Our study demonstrates that miR-21/ TLR8 involved in the PCOS inflammation, it provides profound insights into pathogenesis of PCOS.