The relationship between multimorbidity and cognitive function in older Chinese adults: based on propensity score matching.

Objective: The goal of this study was to further validate the effect of multimorbidity on cognitive performance in older adults after controlling for confounders using propensity score matching (PSM). Methods: A cross-sectional survey of older adult people aged 60 years or older selected by convenience sampling was conducted in seven medical institutions, three communities, and five nursing homes in Zunyi City, Guizhou Province. The data collected included general information, health-related information, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. Variables were controlled for confounders by PSM to analyze differences in cognitive ability between multimorbidity and nonmultimorbidity older adults. Logistic regression and multivariate-adjusted restricted cubic spline (RCS) curves for matched samples were used to assess the relationship between multimorbidity and cognitive decline. Results: A total of 14,175 respondents were enrolled, and the mean age of the participants included in this study was 71.26 ± 7.1 years, including 7,170 (50. 58%) of the participants were males, 7,005 (49.42%) were females, and 5,482 participants (38.67%) were screened for cognitive decline. After PSM, logistic regression analysis revealed that multimorbidity was a risk factor for cognitive decline (OR = 1.392, 95% CI = 1.271-1.525, p < 0.001). The RCS show that the risk of cognitive decline is always greater in older adults with multimorbidity than in older adults without multimorbidity at the same age. Age, sex, marital status, educational level, monthly income, drinking status, participation in social activities, and exercise were influential factors for cognitive decline in older adults (p < 0.05). The incidence of cognitive decline in older adults with multimorbidity was also greater than that in older adults with one chronic disease (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The risk of cognitive decline in older adults with multimorbidity is greater than that in older adults without multimorbidity; therefore, the government should strengthen the prevention and treatment of multimorbidity in older adults to further protect their cognitive abilities.

Size matters: Altering antigen specific immune tolerance by tuning size of particles.

Precisely co-delivering antigens and immunosuppressants via nano/microcarriers to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance represents a highly promising strategy for treating or preventing autoimmune diseases. The physicochemical properties of nano/microcarriers play a pivotal role in regulating immune function, with particle size and surface charge emerging as crucial parameters. In particular, very few studies have investigated micron-scale carriers of antigens. Herein, various nanoparticles and microparticles (NPs/MPs) with diverse particle sizes (ranging from 200 nm to 5 µm) and surface charges were prepared. Antigen peptides (MOG35-55) and immunosuppressants were encapsulated in these particles to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance. Two emulsifiers, PVA and PEMA, were employed to confer different surface charges to the NPs/MPs. The in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that NP/MP-PEMA could induce immune tolerance earlier than NP/MP-PVA and that NP/MP-PVA could induce immune tolerance more slowly and sustainably, indicating that highly negatively charged particles can induce immune tolerance more rapidly. Among the different sizes and charged particles tested, 200-nm-NP-PVA and 3-µm-MP-PEMA induced the greatest immune tolerance. In addition, the combination of NPs with MPs can further improve the induction of immune tolerance. In particular, combining 200 nm-NP-PVA with 3 µm-MP-PEMA or combining 500 nm-NP-PEMA with 3 µm-MP-PVA had optimal therapeutic efficacy. This study offers a new perspective for treating diseases by combining NPs with MPs and applying different emulsifiers to prepare NPs and MPs.

Contrasting demographic history and mutational load in three threatened whitebark pines (Pinus subsect. Gerardianae): implications for conservation.

Demographic history and mutational load are of paramount importance for the adaptation of the endangered species. However, the effects of population evolutionary history and genetic load on the adaptive potential in endangered conifers remain unclear. Here, using population transcriptome sequencing, whole chloroplast genomes and mitochondrial DNA markers, combined with niche analysis, we determined the demographic history and mutational load for three threatened whitebark pines having different endangered statuses, Pinus bungeana, P. gerardiana and P. squamata. Demographic inference indicated that severe bottlenecks occurred in all three pines at different times, coinciding with periods of major climate and geological changes; in contrast, while P. bungeana experienced a recent population expansion, P. gerardiana and P. squamata maintained small population sizes after bottlenecking. Abundant homozygous-derived variants accumulated in the three pines, particularly in P. squamata, while the species with most heterozygous variants was P. gerardiana. Abundant moderately and few highly deleterious variants accumulated in the pine species that have experienced the most severe demographic bottlenecks (P. gerardiana and P. squamata), most likely because of purging effects. Finally, niche modeling showed that the distribution of P. bungeana might experience a significant expansion in the future, and the species' identified genetic clusters are also supported by differences in the ecological niche. The integration of genomic, demographic and niche data has allowed us to prove that the three threatened pines have contrasting patterns of demographic history and mutational load, which may have important implications in their adaptive potential and thus are also key for informing conservation planning.

Research on acupuncture and glial cells: A bibliometric analysis.

BACKGROUND: There are a growing number of studies on the effect of acupuncture on glial cells in the central nervous system; however, there are few related bibliometric analyses in this area. Therefore, the purpose of this bibliometric study was to visualize the literature on acupuncture-regulated glial cells. METHODS: On November 23, 2022, regular and review articles on acupuncture and glial cell-related research were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. The R package "bibliometrix" was used to summarize the main findings, count the occurrences of the top keywords, visualize the international collaboration network, and generate a 3-field plot. The VOSviewer software was used to conduct both co-authorship and co-occurrence analyses. CiteSpace was used to identify the best references and keywords with the highest citation rates. RESULTS: Overall, 348 publications on acupuncture and glial cells were included. The publications were primarily from China, Korea, and the United States of America. The majority of publications were found in relevant journals. Apart from "acupuncture" and "glial cells," the most frequently used keywords were "neuroinflammation," "hyperalgesia," and "pain." CONCLUSION: This bibliometric study mapped a fundamental knowledge structure comprising countries, institutions, authors, journals, and articles in the research fields of acupuncture and glial cells over the last 3 decades. These results provide a comprehensive perspective on the wider landscape of this research area.

Discovery of cinnamamide/ester triazole hybrids as potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease.

Developing multitargeted ligands as promising therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been considered important. Herein, a novel class of cinnamamide/ester-triazole hybrids with multifaceted effects on AD was developed based on the multitarget-directed ligands strategy. Thirty-seven cinnamamide/ester-triazole hybrids were synthesized, with most exhibiting significant inhibitory activity against Aß-induced toxicity at a single concentration in vitro. The most optimal hybrid compound 4j inhibited copper-induced Aß toxicity in AD cells. its action was superior to that of donepezil and memantine. It also moderately inhibited intracellular AChE activity and presented favorable bioavailability and blood-brain barrier penetration with low toxicity in vivo. Of note, it ameliorated cognitive impairment, neuronal degeneration, and Aß deposition in Aß1-42-injured mice. Mechanistically, the compound regulated APP processing by promoting the ADAM10-associated nonamyloidogenic signaling and inhibiting the BACE1-mediated amyloidogenic pathway. Moreover, it suppressed intracellular AChE activity and tau phosphorylation. Therefore, compound 4j may be a promising multitargeted active molecule against AD.

Gut microbial metabolites in MASLD: Implications of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis and treatment.

With an increasing prevalence, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has become a major global health problem. MASLD is well-known as a multifactorial disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction and alterations in the gut bacteria are 2 vital events in MASLD. Recent studies have highlighted the cross-talk between microbiota and mitochondria, and mitochondria are recognized as pivotal targets of the gut microbiota to modulate the host's physiological state. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a vital role in MASLD and is associated with multiple pathological changes, including hepatocyte steatosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. Metabolites are crucial mediators of the gut microbiota that influence extraintestinal organs. Additionally, regulation of the composition of gut bacteria may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for MASLD. This study reviewed the potential roles of several common metabolites in MASLD, emphasizing their impact on mitochondrial function. Finally, we discuss the current treatments for MASLD, including probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. These methods concentrate on restoring the gut microbiota to promote host health.

Ti3C2T x -AuNP based paper substrates for label-free SERS detection of bacteria and multimodal antibacterials.

Bacterial infections have become a serious global health problem due to the misuse of antibiotics which causes the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. Photothermal therapy (PTT) has been widely studied in recent years as a method to combat the development of bacterial resistance. However, PPT may cause damage to the human body due to excessive laser power. Therefore, it is important and urgent to develop a multifunctional platform that can sensitively detect bacteria and effectively inhibit or kill bacteria at low laser power. Herein, a novel multifunctional paper substrate of Ti3C2T x -AuNP was successfully synthesized by a self-assembly and freeze-drying method for bacterial detection and photothermal sterilization at low laser power. The typical Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and the Gram-positive Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were used as models to perform label-free, rapid and sensitive detection of bacteria based on the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method with detection limits as low as 105 CFU mL-1 and 5 × 105 CFU mL-1, respectively, demonstrating the paper substrate's ability to detect bacteria with sensitivity and accuracy. The paper substrate of Ti3C2T x -AuNP exhibits significant antibacterial effects when irradiated with 808 nm light at a low laser power of only 300 mW cm-2 and a short irradiation time of 5 minutes, and the germicidal rates for E. coli and MRSA were 99.94% and 92.71%, respectively. At the same time, the paper substrate of Ti3C2T x -AuNP also produces a variety of reactive oxygen species under 808 nm laser irradiation, resulting in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Accordingly, this paper substrate of Ti3C2T x -AuNP can not only sensitively detect bacteria, but also has photothermal and photodynamic sterilization, providing a promising countermeasure for the clinical treatment of diseases caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Seasonal human coronavirus NL63 epidemics in children in Guilin, China, reveal the emergence of a new subgenotype of HCoV-NL63.

Introduction: Seasonal human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) is a frequently encountered virus linked to mild upper respiratory infections. However, its potential to cause more severe or widespread disease remains an area of concern. This study aimed to investigate a rare localized epidemic of HCoV-NL63-induced respiratory infections among pediatric patients in Guilin, China, and to understand the viral subtype distribution and genetic characteristics. Methods: In this study, 83 pediatric patients hospitalized with acute respiratory infections and positive for HCoV-NL63 were enrolled. Molecular analysis was conducted to identify the viral subgenotypes and to assess genetic variations in the receptor-binding domain of the spiking protein. Results: Among the 83 HCoV-NL63-positive children, three subgenotypes were identified: C4, C3, and B. Notably, 21 cases exhibited a previously unreported subtype, C4. Analysis of the C4 subtype revealed a unique amino acid mutation (I507L) in the receptor-binding domain of the spiking protein, which was also observed in the previously reported C3 genotype. This mutation may suggest potential increases in viral transmissibility and pathogenicity. Discussion: The findings of this study highlight the rapid mutation dynamics of HCoV-NL63 and its potential for increased virulence and epidemic transmission. The presence of a unique mutation in the C4 subtype, shared with the C3 genotype, raises concerns about the virus's evolving nature and its potential public health implications. This research contributes valuable insights into the understanding of HCoV-NL63's epidemiology and pathogenesis, which is crucial for effective disease prevention and control strategies. Future studies are needed to further investigate the biological significance of the observed mutation and its potential impact on the virus's transmissibility and pathogenicity.

Whole-genome sequencing of clinical isolates of Citrobacter Europaeus in China carrying blaOXA-48 and blaNDM-1.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical infection characteristics and genetic environments of resistance genes in carbapenem-resistant Citrobacter europaeus using whole-genome sequencing. METHODS: The susceptibility of two clinical isolates of C. europaeus (WF0003 and WF1643) to 24 antimicrobial agents was assessed using the BD Phoenix™ M50 System and Kirby-Bauer (K-B) disk-diffusion method. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on the Illumina and Nanopore platforms, and ABRicate software was used to predict resistance and virulence genes of carbapenem-resistant C. europaeus. The characteristics of plasmids carrying carbapenem-resistance genes and their genetic environments were analyzed. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were used to construct a phylogenetic tree to analyze the homology of these two C. europaeus strains with ten strains of C. europaeus in the NCBI database. RESULTS: The two strains of carbapenem-resistant C. europaeus are resistant to various antimicrobial agents, particularly carbapenems and ß-lactams. WF0003 carries blaNDM- 1, which is located on an IncX3 plasmid that has high homology to the pNDM-HN380 plasmid. blaNDM- 1 is located on a truncated Tn125. It differs from Tn125 by the insertion of IS5 in the upstream ISAba125 and the deletion of the downstream ISAba125, which is replaced by IS26. WF1643 carries blaOXA- 48 in a Tn1999 transposon on the IncL/M plasmid, carrying only that single drug resistance gene. Homology analysis of these two strains of C. europaeus with ten C. europaeus strains in the NCBI database revealed that the 12 strains can be classified into three clades, with both WF0003 and WF1643 in the B clade. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report an IncX3 plasmid carrying blaNDM- 1 in C. europaeus in China. C. europaeus strains harboring carbapenem-resistance genes are concerning in relation to the spread of antimicrobial resistance, and the presence of carbapenem-resistance genes in C. europaeus should be continuously monitored.

High-Plex ELISPOT: FOLISPOT Based on Fluorescence Detection and DNA Complementary Pairing.

Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) is one of the most important methods to measure the number of specific cells by detecting protein secretion at a single-cell level. However, traditional ELISPOT based on enzyme-substrate color development can only detect one target. Therefore, scientists developed multiple-target ELISPOT based on enzyme-substrate coloring. Besides, FluoroSPOT that can detect 2-4 fluorescent signals are developed. Nevertheless, the maximum detection targets of multiple-target ELISPOT and FluoroSPOT are around 4, and the signal amplification system can be further optimized. Fluorescence-based oligo-linked immunospot (FOLISPOT), which utilized DNA-barcoded antibodies to provide a highly multiplexed method with signal amplification, was developed to detect multiple targets simultaneously. In this method, multiple targets can be detected in one round and multiple rounds of detection can be conducted, and thus a large number of targets can be detected. Besides, signal amplification is achieved by DNA complementary pairing and modular orthogonal DNA concatemers, and thus cells secreting limited amounts of proteins can be detected. According to the studies, FOLISPOT can detect more spots than ELISPOT and can detect targets that are undetectable by ELISPOT. Furthermore, FOLISPOT can be utilized to detect more than 6 targets, by allowing sequential detection of multiple targets in one round and sequential detection in multiple rounds.

Piezo channels in the intestinal tract.

The intestine is the largest mechanosensitive organ in the human body whose epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, neurons and enteroendocrine cells must sense and respond to various mechanical stimuli such as motility, distension, stretch and shear to regulate physiological processes including digestion, absorption, secretion, motility and immunity. Piezo channels are a newly discovered class of mechanosensitive ion channels consisting of two subtypes, Piezo1 and Piezo2. Piezo channels are widely expressed in the intestine and are involved in physiological and pathological processes. The present review summarizes the current research progress on the expression, function and regulation of Piezo channels in the intestine, with the aim of providing a reference for the future development of therapeutic strategies targeting Piezo channels.

Total body water percentage and 3rd space water are novel risk factors for training-related lower extremity muscle injuries in young males.

PURPOSE: To identify the risk factors for training-related lower extremity muscle injuries in young males by a non-invasive method of body composition analysis. METHODS: A total of 282 healthy young male volunteers aged 18 - 20 years participated in this cohort study. Injury location, degree, and injury rate were adjusted by a questionnaire based on the overuse injury assessment methods used in epidemiological studies of sports injuries. The occurrence of training injuries is monitored and diagnosed by physicians and treated accordingly. The body composition was measured using the BodyStat QuadScan 4000 multifrequency Bio-impedance system at 5, 50, 100 and 200 kHz to obtain 4 impedance values. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check whether the data conformed to a normal distribution. Data of normal distribution were shown as mean ± SD and analyzed by t-test, while those of non-normal distribution were shown as median (Q1, Q3) and analyzed by Wilcoxon rank sum test. The receiver operator characteristic curve and logistic regression analysis were performed to investigate risk factors for developing training-related lower extremity injuries and accuracy. RESULTS: Among the 282 subjects, 78 (27.7%) developed training injuries. Lower extremity training injuries revealed the highest incidence, accounting for 23.4% (66 cases). These patients showed higher percentages of lean body mass (p = 0.001), total body water (TBW, p = 0.006), extracellular water (p = 0.020) and intracellular water (p = 0.010) as well as a larger ratio of basal metabolic rate/total weight (p = 0.006), compared with those without lower extremity muscle injuries. On the contrary, the percentage of body fat (p = 0.001) and body fat mass index (p = 0.002) were lower. Logistic regression analysis showed that TBW percentage > 65.35% (p = 0.050, odds ratio = 3.114) and 3rd space water > 0.95% (p = 0.045, odds ratio = 2.342) were independent risk factors for lower extremity muscle injuries. CONCLUSION: TBW percentage and 3rd space water measured with bio-impedance method are potential risk factors for predicting the incidence of lower extremity muscle injuries in young males following training.

Excess phosphate promotes SARS­CoV­2 N protein­induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the SCAP­SREBP2 signaling pathway.

Hyperphosphatemia or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS­CoV­2) infection can promote cardiovascular adverse events in patients with chronic kidney disease. Hyperphosphatemia is associated with elevated inflammation and sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP2) activation, but the underlying mechanisms in SARS­CoV­2 that are related to cardiovascular disease remain unclear. The present study aimed to elucidate the role of excess inorganic phosphate (PI) in SARS­CoV­2 N protein­induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the underlying mechanisms in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The expression levels of SARS­CoV­2 N protein, SREBP cleavage­activating protein (SCAP), mature N­terminal SREBP2, NLRP3, procaspase­1, cleaved caspase­1, IL­1ß and IL­18 were examined by western blotting. The expression levels of SREBP2, HMG­CoA reductase, HMGCS1, low density lipoprotein receptor, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), SREBP1c, fatty acid synthase, stearyl coenzyme A desaturase 1, acetyl­CoA carboxylase α and ATP­citrate lyase were determined by reverse transcription­quantitative PCR. The translocation of SCAP or NLRP3 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi was detected by confocal microscopy. The results showed that excess PI promoted SCAP­SREBP and NLRP3 complex translocation to the Golgi, potentially leading to NLRP3 inflammasome activation and lipogenic gene expression. Furthermore, PI amplified SARS­CoV­2 N protein­induced inflammation via the SCAP­SREBP pathway, which facilitates NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation. Inhibition of phosphate uptake with phosphonoformate sodium alleviated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reduced SREBP­mediated lipogenic gene expression in VSMCs stimulated with PI and with SARS­CoV­2 N protein overexpression. Inhibition of SREBP2 or small interfering RNA­induced silencing of SREBP2 effectively suppressed the effect of PI and SARS­CoV­2 N protein on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and lipogenic gene expression. In conclusion, the present study identified that PI amplified SARS­CoV­2 N protein­induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and lipogenic gene expression via the SCAP­SREBP signaling pathway.

Demographic dynamics and molecular evolution of the rare and endangered subsect. Gerardianae of Pinus: insights from chloroplast genomes and mitochondrial DNA markers.

MAIN CONCLUSION: The divergence of subsect. Gerardianae was likely triggered by the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent mountains. Pinus bungeana might have probably experienced expansion since Last Interglacial period. Historical geological and climatic oscillations have profoundly affected patterns of nucleotide variability, evolutionary history, and species divergence in numerous plants of the Northern Hemisphere. However, how long-lived conifers responded to geological and climatic fluctuations in East Asia remain poorly understood. Here, based on paternally inherited chloroplast genomes and maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA markers, we investigated the population demographic history and molecular evolution of subsect. Gerardianae (only including three species, Pinus bungeana, P. gerardiana, and P. squamata) of Pinus. A low level of nucleotide diversity was found in P. bungeana (π was 0.00016 in chloroplast DNA sequences, and 0.00304 in mitochondrial DNAs). The haplotype-based phylogenetic topology and unimodal distributions of demographic analysis suggested that P. bungeana probably originated in the southern Qinling Mountains and experienced rapid population expansion since Last Interglacial period. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that P. gerardiana and P. squamata had closer genetic relationship. The species divergence of subsect. Gerardianae occurred about 27.18 million years ago (Mya) during the middle to late Oligocene, which was significantly associated with the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent mountains from the Eocene to the mid-Pliocene. The molecular evolutionary analysis showed that two chloroplast genes (psaI and ycf1) were under positive selection, the genetic lineages of P. bungeana exhibited higher transition and nonsynonymous mutations, which were involved with the strongly environmental adaptation. These findings shed light on the population evolutionary history of white pine species and provide striking insights for comprehension of their species divergence and molecular evolution.

Nomogram for Predicting Microvascular Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Gadoxetic Acid-Enhanced MRI and Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Imaging.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Microvascular invasion (MVI) is an important risk factor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but it can only be determined through histopathological results. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a nomogram for preoperative prediction MVI in HCC using gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and intravoxel incoherent motion imaging (IVIM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 2017 to September 2022, 148 patients with surgically resected HCC who underwent preoperative gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI and IVIM were included in this retrospective study. Clinical indicators, imaging features, and diffusion parameters were compared between the MVI-positive and MVI-negative groups using the chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, and independent sample t test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance in predicting MVI. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify the significant clinical-radiological variables associated with MVI. Subsequently, a predictive nomogram that integrates clinical-radiological risk factors and diffusion parameters was developed and validated. RESULTS: Serum alpha-fetoprotein level, tumor size, nonsmooth tumor margin, peritumoral hypo-intensity on hepatobiliary phase (HBP), apparent diffusion coefficient value and D value were statistically significant different between MVI-positive group and MVI-negative group. The results of multivariate analysis identified tumor size (odds ratio [OR], 0.786; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.675-0.915; P < .01), nonsmooth tumor margin (OR, 2.299; 95% CI, 1.005-5.257; P < .05), peritumoral hypo-intensity on HBP (OR, 2.786; 95% CI, 1.141-6.802; P < .05) and D (OR, 0.293; 95% CI,0.089-0.964; P < .05) was the independent risk factor for the status of MVI. In ROC analysis, the combination of peritumoral hypo-intensity on HBP and D demonstrated the highest area under the curve value (0.902) in prediction MVI status, with sensitivity 92.8% and specificity 87.7%. The nomogram exhibited excellent predictive performance with C-index of 0.936 (95% CI 0.895-0.976) in the patient cohort, and had well-fitted calibration curve. CONCLUSION: The nomogram incorporating clinical-radiological risk factors and diffusion parameters achieved satisfactory preoperative prediction of the individualized risk of MVI in patients with HCC.

SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein promotes TMAO-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation by SCAP-SREBP signaling pathway.

The sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) activation and cytokine level were significantly increased in coronavirus disease-19. The NLRP3 inflammasome is an amplifier for cellular inflammation. This study aimed to elucidate the modulatory effect of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (SARS-CoV-2 NP) on trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)-induced lipogenesis and NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the underlying mechanisms in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Our data indicated that SARS-CoV-2 NP activates the dissociation of the SREBP cleavage activating protein (SCAP) from the endoplasmic reticulum, resulting in SREBP activation, increased lipogenic gene expression, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. TMAO was applied to VSMC-induced NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting the SCAP-SREBP complex endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi translocation, which facilitates directly binding of SARS-CoV-2 NP to the NLRP3 protein for NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. SARS-CoV-2 NP amplified the TMAO-induced lipogenic gene expression and NLRP3 inflammasome. Knockdown of SCAP-SREBP2 can effectively reduce lipogenic gene expression and alleviate NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated systemic inflammation in VSMCs stimulated with TMAO and SARS-CoV-2 NP. These results reveal that SARS-CoV-2 NP amplified TMAO-induced lipogenesis and NLRP3 inflammasome activation via priming the SCAP-SREBP signaling pathway.

Effect of electroacupuncture at "Neiguan" (PC 6) and "Zusanli" (ST 36) on gastrointestinal hormone in the antral tissue of rats with functional dyspepsia. / 电针"å† å ³""足三里"å¯¹åŠŸèƒ½æ€§æ¶ˆåŒ–ä¸è‰¯å¤§é¼ èƒƒçª¦ç»„ç»‡èƒƒè‚ æ¿€ç´ çš„å½±å“.

OBJECTIVES: To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Neiguan" (PC 6) and "Zusanli"(ST 36) on the gastric emptying rate, the level of serotonin (5-HT) and the protein expression of motilin (MTL), ghrelin, substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the antral tissue of the rats with functional dyspepsia (FD) and explore the effect mechanism of EA in treatment of FD. METHODS: A total of 21 SPF male SD rat pups were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group and an EA group, with 7 rats in each group. In the model group and the EA group, FD model was prepared by the gavage with 0.1% sucrose iodoacetamide solution combined with the modified small platform method. After the successful modeling, EA was applied to "Neiguan" (PC 6) and "Zusanli"(ST 36) in the rats of the EA group, with disperse-dense wave, 20 Hz/100 Hz in frequency, stimulated for 30 min, once daily, for 7 days consecutively. Before and after intervention, the general condition of the rats was observed in each group. After the completion of intervention, the gastric emptying rate was measured, the morphological changes of gastric antral tissue were observed using HE staining, the level of 5-HT was detected with ELISA method, and the protein expression of MTL, ghrelin, SP, and VIP was determined with Western blot method in the antral tissue of rats. RESULTS: In the normal group, the rats were in a good mental state, with lustrous fur, flexible movement and the increase of food intake and body mass. In the model group, the rats were poor in mental state, lack of lustre in fur, preference for the body curled up, reduced activity and response; and a part of rats had loose stool, obviously enlarged gastric body and gastric food retention. In the EA group, the general condition of rats, e.g. the mental state, food intake and activity, were improved, the gastric body got smaller obviously and the gastric food retention was reduced when compared with the model group. The antral structure was intact, the glands were rich and no injury of the gastric mucosa was found, e.g. inflammatory reaction and edema in the rats of each group. Compared with the normal group, the gastric emptying rate was decreased (P<0.01), 5-HT level was increased (P<0.01), the protein expression of MTL and ghrelin was reduced (P<0.01) and that of VIP was elevated (P<0.01) in the rats of the model group. The gastric emptying rate was increased (P<0.01), 5-HT level was decreased (P<0.01), and the protein expression of MTL and ghrelin was elevated (P<0.05, P<0.01) in the rats of the EA group when compared with those in the model group. CONCLUSIONS: Electroacupuncture at "Neiguan" (PC 6) and "Zusanli"(ST 36) may effectively relieve gastric dysfunction, strengthen gastric motility and promote gastric emptying so as to alleviate the symptoms of dyspepsia in FD rats, and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of gastrointestinal hormones in the antral tissue.

Analysis of resistance genes of carbapenem-resistant Providencia rettgeri using whole genome sequencing.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the clinical infection characteristics and analyze the resistance gene carrying status of carbapenem-resistant Providencia rettgeri via whole genome sequencing (WGS). METHODS: Carbapenem-resistant P. rettgeri were collected from clinical patients between January 2020 and December 2021, and their susceptibility to 19 antimicrobial drugs was determined using the VITEK 2 Compact system and Kirby-Bauer (KB) disk diffusion method. The Illumina platform was used to perform WGS of the P. rettgeri isolates, and the resistance genes carried by the Carbapenem-resistant P. rettgeri strains were detected via ABRicate software. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by thirty-four strains including twenty-eight strains downloaded from NCBI database and the carbapenem-resistant six P. rettgeri strains in this study. Which based on genomic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) to understand the affinities of the carbapenem-resistant P. rettgeri strains. RESULTS: Six carbapenem-resistant P. rettgeri strains were isolated from five different clinical departments using the blood, urine, sputum, and secretion specimens. These infected patients are middle-aged and elderly people with a history of severe trauma, tumors, hypertension, and various other underlying diseases, and invasive procedures. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing showed that all strains presented resistance to ampicillin-sulbactam, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ertapenem, whereas they exhibited full susceptibility to cefepime and amikacin. Most strains demonstrated high resistance to ß-lactams, aminoglycosides, and sulfonamides. Thirty-five resistance genes were identified by ABRicate. All carbapenem-resistant P. rettgeri strains carried aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, sulfonamide, and ß-lactam resistance genes, and most importantly, all strains possessed the carbapenem resistance gene blaNDM-1. The six P. rettgeri strains in this study and the 28 carbapenem-resistant P. rettgeri strains from the NCBI database were divided into four evolutionary groups. The WF3643, WF3849, WF3822, and WF3821 strains in this study were in the same evolutionary group (clade A), while the closely related WF3099 and WF3279 strains were in different evolutionary groups (clade B and clade D), respectively. The WF3099 strain was distantly related to the other five strains. CONCLUSION: Carbapenem-resistant P. rettgeri strains were mostly isolated from middle-aged and older patients with a history of surgery or serious underlying diseases, and they were found to cause multisystem infections. All Carbapenem-resistant P. rettgeri strains in this study carried blaNDM-1 and multiple antimicrobial drug resistance genes. Furthermore, the P. rettgeri strains in this study were closely related, suggesting the possibility of nosocomial infections. Therefore, our study highlights the need for research on P. rettgeri to control the spread of these nosocomial infections.

[Effect of moxibustion of acupoints for both lung and intestine disorders on lung inflammation and intestinal short-chain fatty acids in asthmatic model rats].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of moxibustion in the treatment of asthmatic inflammation from the point of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in rats with asthma. METHODS: A total of 48 SD rats (half male and half female) were randomly divided into 4 groups： normal, model, lung treatment and joint-treatment of lung and intestine (joint-treatment), with 12 rats in each group. The asthma model was made by subcutaneous (bilateral back and inguinal regions) and intraperitoneal injection of mixture solution of ovalbumin and aluminium hydroxide gel (on day 1 and 8) and followed by inhalation of atomized 1% ovalbumin (20 min from day 15, once daily for one week). Moxibustion was applied to bilateral "Feishu" (BL13) for rats of the lung treatment group or bilateral "Feishu" (BL13) and "Tianshu" (ST25) for rats of the joint treatment group. One hour after the intervention, the rats in the later three groups were separately given atomized 1% ovalbumin solution inhalation for 20 min. The treatment was conducted for 30 min, once daily for 14 consecutive days. At the end of the intervention, the percentage of inflammatory cells in blood was detected by biochemical method and histopathological changes of the lung were observed after H.E. staining. The inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were counted after Wright-Giemsa staining. The mRNA expressions of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, IL-33, leukotriene (LT), thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) were detected by real-time PCR, and the contents of SCFAs in rats' feces were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Relevant to the normal group, the model group had an obvious increase in the percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils in the blood, the percentages of neutrophils and eosinophils in the BALF, and in the expression levels of PGD2, TSLP, LT, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17 and IL-33 mRNAs in the lung tissues (P<0.01, P<0.05), and a marked decrease in the contents of acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid and valeric acid in feces (P<0.05, P<0.01). After the treatment, the percentages of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, eosinophils in the BALF, and the expression levels of PGD2, TSLP, LT, IL-4, IL-17, IL-33 mRNAs in the lung tissues in both the lung treatment and joint treatment groups, as well as neutrophils of BALF, and expression of IL-5 and IL-13 mRNAs in the joint treatment group were significantly down-regulated (P<0.01, P<0.05), while the contents of acetic acid, propionic acid and valerate in the lung treatment group, and acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid and valeric acid in the joint treatment group were all strikingly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01). The effect of the joint treatment was superior to that of lung treatment in down-regulating the expressions of LT and IL-5 mRNAs (P<0.05, P<0.01) and up-requlating the content of propionic acid (P<0.05). Results of H.E. staining showed thickened alveolar wall, infiltration of a large number of inflammatory cells and interstitial fibrous tissue hyperplasia around the bronchus and scattered arrangement of cells of the lung tissue in the model group, which was relatively milder in both lung treatment and joint treatment groups, particularly the later. CONCLUSION: Joint treatment of asthma from the lung and intestine can better regulate the contents of intestinal SCFAs and alleviate the inflammatory response of asthmatic model rats, thus, intestinal SCFAs may be involved in the process of moxibustion in improving inflammatory response.

FGF2 Alleviates Microvascular Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by KLF2-mediated Ferroptosis Inhibition and Antioxidant Responses.

An essential pathogenic element of acute limb ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is microvascular dysfunction. The majority of studies indicates that fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) exhibits protective properties in cases of acute I/R injury. Albeit its specific role in the context of acute limb I/R injury is yet unknown. An impressive post-reperfusion increase in FGF2 expression was seen in a mouse model of hind limb I/R, followed by a decline to baseline levels, suggesting a key role for FGF2 in limb survivability. FGF2 appeared to reduce I/R-induced hypoperfusion, tissue edema, skeletal muscle fiber injury, as well as microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) damage within the limb, according to assessments of limb vitality, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence results. The bioinformatics analysis of RNA-sequencing revealed that ferroptosis played a key role in FGF2-facilitated limb preservation. Pharmacological inhibition of NFE2L2 prevented ECs from being affected by FGF2's anti-oxidative and anti-ferroptosis activities. Additionally, silencing of kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) by interfering RNA eliminated the antioxidant and anti-ferroptosis effects of FGF2 on ECs. Further research revealed that the AMPK-HDAC5 signal pathway is the mechanism via which FGF2 regulates KLF2 activity. Data from luciferase assays demonstrated that overexpression of HDAC5 prevented KLF2 from becoming activated by FGF2. Collectively, FGF2 protects microvascular ECs from I/R injury by KLF2-mediated ferroptosis inhibition and antioxidant responses.