Different species of Chiroptera: Immune cells and molecules.

The distinct composition and immune response characteristics of bats' innate and adaptive immune systems, which enable them to serve as host of numerous serious zoonotic viruses without falling ill, differ substantially from those of other mammals, it have garnered significant attention. In this article, we offer a systematic review of the names, attributes, and functions of innate and adaptive immune cells & molecules across different bat species. This includes descriptions of the differences shown by research between 71 bat species in 10 families, as well as comparisons between bats and other mammals. Studies of the immune cells & molecules of different bat species are necessary to understand the unique antiviral immunity of bats. By providing comprehensive information on these unique immune responses, it is hoped that new insights will be provided for the study of co-evolutionary dynamics between viruses and the bat immune system, as well as human antiviral immunity.

Severe zoonotic viruses carried by different species of bats and their regional distribution.

BACKGROUND: Bats have garnered increased attention in the field of life sciences for their typical biological characteristics of carrying a variety of zoonotic viruses without disease, long lifespans, low tumorigenesis rates, and high metabolism. When it was found that bats can carry the rabies virus, over 60 years of research revealed that bats host over 4100 distinct viruses, including Ebola virus and SARS-CoV. OBJECTIVES: This paper primarily reviews the profiles of zoonotic viruses carried by bats across various regions globally. The review aims to provide a foundation and reference for future research on monitoring zoonotic viruses in diverse global regions and bat species, exploring the coevolutionary relationship between bats and viruses, understanding the tolerance mechanisms of bat B cells, prevention, and treatment of zoonotic diseases caused by bats. SOURCES: The search used 'bat', 'bats', 'rabies virus', 'Dengue virus', 'West Nile virus', 'Zika virus', 'St. Louis encephalitis virus', 'Japanese encephalitis virus', 'Hantavirus', 'Novel hantavirus', 'Rift Valley fever virus', 'Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus', 'Paramyxovirus', 'Nipah virus', 'Hendra virus', 'Menangle virus', 'Tioman virus', 'Marburg Virus', 'Bombali virus', 'Ebola virus', 'Influenza A virus', 'coronavirus', 'Hepatitis B virus', and 'Hepatitis E virus' as text in PubMed. CONTENT: A total of 147 references were obtained. Surveys on severe zoonotic virus carriage have been limited to only 83 bat species belonging to nine families, which are distributed all over the world. We also briefly describe the antibody responses and B-cell molecules in bats. IMPLICATIONS: Several viruses have been found in different species of bats. This suggests that bats may be important hosts for future viral infectious diseases. Particularly in recent years, the close correlation between human infection pandemics caused by coronaviruses and bats highlights the pressing need to comprehend the species, tolerance, and coevolutionary mechanisms of zoonotic viruses carried by different bat species.