Longitudinal outcomes of obeticholic acid therapy in ursodiol-nonresponsive primary biliary cholangitis: Stratifying the impact of add-on fibrates in real-world practice.

BACKGROUND: Suboptimal response to ursodeoxycholic acid occurs in 40% of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) patients, affecting survival. Achieving a deep response (normalisation of alkaline phosphatase [ALP] and bilirubin ≤0.6 upper limit of normal) improves survival. Yet, the long-term effectiveness of second-line treatments remains uncertain. AIMS: To evaluate the long-term effectiveness of obeticholic acid (OCA) ± fibrates. Focusing on biochemical response (ALP ≤1.67 times the upper limit of normal, with a decrease of at least 15% from baseline and normal bilirubin levels), normalisation of ALP, deep response and biochemical remission (deep response plus aminotransferase normalisation). METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal, observational, multicentre study involving ursodeoxyccholic acid non-responsive PBC patients (Paris-II criteria) from Spain and Portugal who received OCA ± fibrates. RESULTS: Of 255 patients, median follow-up was 35.1 months (IQR: 20.2-53). The biochemical response in the whole cohort was 47.2%, 61.4% and 68.6% at 12, 24 and 36 months. GLOBE-PBC and 5-year UK-PBC scores improved (p < 0.001). Triple therapy (ursodeoxycholic acid plus OCA plus fibrates) had significantly higher response rates than dual therapy (p = 0.001), including ALP normalisation, deep response and biochemical remission (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, triple therapy remained independently associated with biochemical response (p = 0.024), alkaline phosphatase normalisation, deep response and biochemical remission (p < 0.001). Adverse effects occurred in 41.2% of cases, leading to 18.8% discontinuing OCA. Out of 55 patients with cirrhosis, 12 developed decompensation. All with baseline portal hypertension. CONCLUSION: Triple therapy was superior in achieving therapeutic goals in UDCA-nonresponsive PBC. Decompensation was linked to pre-existing portal hypertension.

Correlation between imaging findings and hormonal markers at the onset of puberty in girls.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of transabdominal pelvic ultrasonography and bone age in identifying the onset of puberty in girls at the Clínica Las Américas in Medellín, Colombia. METHODS: We included girls aged ≤11 years referred to our clinic between March 2016 and March 2019 for signs of puberty. We compared the findings on pelvic and breast ultrasonography and bone age versus the baseline measurement of luteinizing hormone (LH) in serum, used as the reference standard for identifying the onset of puberty. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and positive and negative likelihood ratios, analyzing subgroups of patients of different ages. RESULTS: We analyzed 43 patients. Ultrasound assessment of breast development had the highest sensitivity (94.1%) of all the imaging parameters evaluated, but its specificity was low. However, characteristics such as the length of the body of the uterus >3.0 cm and the presence of endometrial echoes were highly specific for identifying the onset of puberty, particularly in patients aged ≤8 years. CONCLUSION: Pelvic ultrasonography, ultrasonographic assessment of Tanner stage of breast development, and the evaluation of bone age are useful tools for the imaging confirmation of the onset of puberty. The results of this study support the use of these techniques in clinical practice in the workup for pubertal disorders in girls.

Correlación entre hallazgos de imagen y marcadores hormonales en el inicio de la pubertad femenina / Correlation between imaging findings and hormonal markers at the onset of puberty in girls

Introducción El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el desempeño diagnóstico de la ecografía pélvica transabdominal, la evaluación del desarrollo mamario por ecografía y la edad ósea en la identificación del inicio de la pubertad, en población pediátrica femenina de la Clínica Las Américas, Medellín, Colombia. Métodos Se incluyeron pacientes femeninas de 11 años o menos, remitidas entre marzo de 2016 y marzo de 2019 por la aparición de signos de inicio de la pubertad. Se usó como estándar de referencia para el diagnóstico de pubertad la medición basal de hormona luteinizante (LH) sérica, con la cual se comparó la ultrasonografía pélvica y mamaria, así como la edad ósea. Se realizaron cálculos de sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivo y negativo (VPP y VPN), razones de verosimilitud (LR+y LR-) y análisis por subgrupos de edades. Se analizaron 43 pacientes. La evaluación ecográfica del desarrollo mamario demostró la sensibilidad más alta (94,1%) dentro de todos los parámetros de imagen evaluados, aunque con baja especificidad. No obstante, características como la longitud del cuerpo del útero mayor de 3,0cm y la presencia de eco endometrial fueron altamente específicas para la identificación del inicio de la pubertad, particularmente en pacientes de 8 años o menos. Conclusión La ecografía pélvica, la valoración ecográfica del Tanner mamario y la evaluación de la edad ósea son herramientas útiles para la confirmación por imagen del inicio de la pubertad. Los resultados de este estudio apoyan su utilización en la práctica clínica, en el abordaje de trastornos puberales en niñas. (AU)

Introduction This study aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of transabdominal pelvic ultrasonography and bone age in identifying the onset of puberty in girls at the Clínica Las Américas in Medellín, Colombia. Methods We included girls aged ≤ 11 years referred to our clinic between March 2016 and March 2019 for signs of puberty. We compared the findings on pelvic and breast ultrasonography and bone age versus the baseline measurement of luteinizing hormone (LH) in serum, used as the reference standard for identifying the onset of puberty. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and positive and negative likelihood ratios, analyzing subgroups of patients of different ages. Results We analyzed 43 patients. Ultrasound assessment of breast development had the highest sensitivity (94.1%) of all the imaging parameters evaluated, but its specificity was low. However, characteristics such as the length of the body of the uterus> 3.0cm and the presence of endometrial echoes were highly specific for identifying the onset of puberty, particularly in patients aged ≤ 8 years. Conclusion Pelvic ultrasonography, ultrasonographic assessment of Tanner stage of breast development, and the evaluation of bone age are useful tools for the imaging confirmation of the onset of puberty. The results of this study support the use of these techniques in clinical practice in the workup for pubertal disorders in girls. (AU)

Anti-viral therapy can be delayed or avoided in a significant proportion of HBeAg-negative Caucasian patients in the Grey Zone.

BACKGROUND: Grey Zone (GZ) is an ill-defined situation including patients falling between inactive carrier (IC) state and HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B (HBeAg-negative CHB). AIMS: To assess the long-term outcomes of GZ patients compared to IC in the absence of treatment. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 287 IC and GZ HBeAg-negative patients. Patients were classified into 4 groups at baseline: HBV-DNA <2000 IU/mL and ALT <40 U/L (IC), HBV-DNA <2000 IU/mL and ALT 40-80 U/L (GZ-1), HBV-DNA 2000-20 000 IU/mL and ALT <40 U/L (GZ-2) or ALT 40-80 U/L (GZ-3). Data were also analysed using AASLD ALT criteria. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 8.2 (5-19) years, HBsAg loss occurred in about 15% ICs or GZ patients. Transition into IC state occurred in 40% of GZ patients. DNA fluctuations >2000 IU/mL correlated inversely with transition into IC and HBsAg loss. HBsAg levels were significantly lower in ICs than in GZ patients (338 IU/mL [20-3269] vs 5763 IU/mL [2172-17 754]; P < 0.05). Among the latter group, there was an increasing gradient of HBsAg levels from GZ-1 to GZ-3 patients (P < 0.05). HBeAg-negative CHB occurred in only 18 (6.3%) GZ patients. No patient developed cirrhosis nor advanced fibrosis. ALT/HBV-DNA fluctuations and HBeAg-negative CHB development were more frequent in genotype B/C patients, whereas HBsAg loss occurred only in genotype A/D patients. CONCLUSIONS: Most Caucasian GZ patients present excellent long-term outcomes in the absence of treatment, with a high rate of HBsAg loss and low rate of progression to HBeAg-negative CHB. HBV-genotyping and HBsAg levels could help to predict outcomes and better classify GZ patients.

Genome Sequence of Euphorbia mosaic virus from Passionfruit and Euphorbia heterophylla in Florida.

Euphorbia mosaic virus (EuMV) was found in a symptomatic passionfruit (Passiflora edulis) plant from Homestead, Florida, USA, as well as in the symptomatic weed Euphorbia heterophylla This is the first identification of EuMV in Florida and the United States and the first report of a natural infection of passionfruit by EuMV.

Hepatitis B reactivation in patients with chronic hepatitis C undergoing anti-viral therapy with an interferon-free regimen.

BACKGROUND: A few cases of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation during anti-viral therapy against hepatitis C (HCV) have been reported. However, the information regarding the real impact of this phenomenon is scarce. AIM: To evaluate the risk of HBV reactivation during anti-viral therapy against HCV with an interferon-free regimen with direct-acting anti-virals (DAAs). METHODS: Observational and prospective study of 352 patients receiving DAAs therapy between September 2015 and May 2016. HBV-DNA and ALT levels were monitored at baseline, at week 4 of anti-viral therapy, at end of treatment and 12 weeks after treatment discontinuation in patients with HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positive or HBV core antibody (anti-HBc) positive before starting anti-viral therapy. RESULTS: Ten (2.8%) and 64 (18%) patients were HBsAg and anti-HBc positive at baseline, respectively. Five (50%) of 10 HBsAg positive and one (1.6%) of 64 anti-HBc positive patients presented HBV virological reactivation (>1log increase in HBV-DNA levels). None of these patients presented clinical reactivation (increase in ALT levels). CONCLUSIONS: HBV virological reactivation is frequent in HBsAg+ patients receiving anti-viral therapy against HCV. However, HBV-DNA elevations were modest (<20 000 IU/mL) and without clinical impact (no ALT elevation).

Efficacy and Safety of Therapy With Simeprevir and Sofosbuvir in Liver Transplant Recipients Infected by Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 4: Cohort Spanish Society of Liver Transplantation Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4 infection are poorly represented in clinical trials of 2nd-generation direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), and more data are needed to help guide treatment decisions. We still have even fewer data concerning liver transplant patients. Simeprevir (SIM) and sofosbuvir (SOF) combination is useful to treat this genotype. The aim of this study was to know the efficacy and safety of the combination SIM + SOF ± ribavirin (RBV) in a group of liver transplant patients with HCV genotype 4 infection in Spain in real life. METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective study, including 28 HCV genotype 4 patients from 11 liver transplant centers who were treated with SIM + SOF ± RBV. We included in the analysis demographic, clinical, and virologic data and details of serious adverse events (SAEs), including mortality rate 6 months after treatment. RESULTS: All patients were male, mean age 52 ± 9.43 years, and 50% were IL28B CT and 37.5% TT; 46.42% of them were pretreated and 76.9 were null responders. Fibrosis stage 4 was found in 38.7% of patients; in 67.8% of those cases the diagnosis of fibrosis was made with the use of Fibroscan, in 21.4% by liver biopsy. The average Fibroscan was 13.86 KPa. The average Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score of cirrhotic patients was 10.9 and the Child-Pugh score was A in 70%, B in 20%, and C in 10%. We included RBV in 75% of patients, and treatment duration was 12 weeks in all patients. The sustained virologic response at week 12 (SVR12) was 95.23%. There were no discontinuations due to SAEs, but the mortality rate at 6 months after treatment was 7.14%. All deceased patients were cirrhotic, Child C, and with an average MELD score of 20. CONCLUSIONS: The combination SIM + SOF ± RBV to treat HCV genotype 4 in liver transplant patients is an option with high rates of SVR12 and very safe, similarly to genotype 1. There was no treatment-related mortality, but when it is administered in advanced stages of fibrosis it may not be enough to prevent mortality associated with cirrhotic hepatitis C recurrence after transplantation.

Early non-invasive selection of patients at high risk of severe hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The early identification of patients at high risk of severe post liver transplant hepatitis C recurrence is relevant, as these patients may be treated using interferon (IFN)-free regimens. METHODS: In a retrospective study with prospectively collected data, we investigated whether the use of several non-invasive methods (fibrosis 4 index [FIB-4], AST-to-platelets ratio index [APRI], enhanced liver fibrosis test [ELF], IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 [IP-10], and transient elastography by Fibroscan) and their combinations 6 months after transplantation could identify those recipients at higher risk of severe recurrence, defined by the presence of significant fibrosis (F ≥2) and/or portal hypertension (hepatic venous pressure gradient ≥6 mmHg) 12 months after transplant. Seventy-two hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected liver transplant patients and 10 recipients in whom HCV was eradicated before transplantation were included in the study. RESULTS: The levels of all biomarkers were significantly higher in HCV-infected recipients than in controls. Among HCV recipients, levels of biomarkers were significantly higher in patients with severe recurrence. Although there were no statistically significant differences between biomarkers, APRI, ELF, and FIB-4 obtained the highest area under the ROC curve values. The combination of serum biomarkers with Fibroscan increased the negative and positive predictive values, although diagnostic accuracy of individual tests was not significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS: Patients at higher risk of severe HCV recurrence can be identified early, 6 months after transplantation, using readily available non-invasive methods.

Molecular Characterization of Acute Cellular Rejection Occurring During Intentional Immunosuppression Withdrawal in Liver Transplantation.

Acute cellular rejection occurs frequently during the first few weeks following liver transplantation. During this period, its molecular phenotype is confounded by peri- and postoperative proinflammatory events. To unambiguously define the molecular profile associated with rejection, we collected sequential biological specimens from 55 patients at least 3 years after liver transplantation who developed rejection during trials of intentional immunosuppression withdrawal. We analyzed liver tissue and blood samples obtained before initiation of drug withdrawal and at rejection, alongside blood samples collected during the weaning process. Gene expression profiling was conducted using whole-genome microarrays and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Rejection resulted in distinct blood and liver tissue transcriptional changes in patients who were either positive or negative for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Gene expression changes were mostly independent from pharmacological immunosuppression, and their magnitude correlated with severity of histological damage. Differential expression of a subset of genes overlapped across all conditions. These were used to define a blood predictive model that accurately identified rejection in HCV-negative, but not HCV-positive, patients. Changes were detectable 1-2 mo before rejection was diagnosed. Our results provide insight into the molecular processes underlying acute cellular rejection in liver transplantation and help clarify the potential utility and limitations of transcriptional biomarkers in this setting.

Hepatic Infiltrates in Operational Tolerant Patients After Liver Transplantation Show Enrichment of Regulatory T Cells Before Proinflammatory Genes Are Downregulated.

Immunosuppression can be discontinued from selected and stable patients after liver transplantation resulting in spontaneous operational tolerance (SOT), although the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Thus, we analyzed serial liver biopsy specimens from adult liver recipients enrolled in a prospective multicenter immunosuppression withdrawal trial that used immunophenotyping and transcriptional profiling. Liver specimens were collected before the initiation of weaning, at the time of rejection, or at 1 and 3 years after complete drug discontinuation. Unexpectedly, the tolerated grafts developed portal tract expansion with increased T cell infiltration after immunosuppression withdrawal. This was associated with transient and preferential accumulation of CD4(+) FOXP3(+) cells and a trend toward upregulation of immune activation and regulatory genes, without signs of rejection. At the same time, no markers of endothelial damage or activation were noted. Portal infiltrates persisted at 3 years but were characterized by decreased expression of genes associated with chronic immunological damage. Further, SOT was not associated with a progressive liver fibrosis up to 5 years. These data suggest that SOT involves several mechanisms: a long-lasting local immune cell persistence with a transient regulatory T cells accumulation followed by a downregulation of immune-activated genes over years. These results have important implications for designs and follow-up of weaning trials.

Predicting the development of liver cirrhosis by simple modelling in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND: Data are scarce on the natural history of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in patients with mild hepatitis C who did not respond to anti-viral therapy. AIM: To predict the risk of progression to cirrhosis, identifying patients with the more urgent need for therapy with effective anti-virals. METHODS: A cohort of 1289 noncirrhotic CHC patients treated with interferon-based therapy between 1990 and 2004 in two referral hospitals were followed up for a median of 12 years. RESULTS: Overall, SVR was achieved in 46.6% of patients. Data from a randomly split sample (n = 832) was used to estimate a model to predict outcomes. Among nonresponders (n = 444), cirrhosis developed in 123 (28%) patients. In this group, the 3, 5 and 10-year cumulative probabilities of cirrhosis were 4%, 7% and 22%, respectively, compared to <1% in the SVR-group (P < 0.05). Baseline factors independently associated with progression to cirrhosis in nonresponders were: fibrosis ≥F2, age >40 years, AST >100 IU/L, GGT >40 IU/L. Three logistic regression models that combined these simple variables were highly accurate in predicting the individual risk of developing cirrhosis with areas under the receiving operating characteristic curves (AUC) at 5, 7 and 10 years of ~0.80. The reproducibility of the models in the validation cohort (n = 457, nonresponders = 244), was consistently high. CONCLUSIONS: Modelling based on simple laboratory and clinical data can accurately identify the individual risk of progression to cirrhosis in nonresponder patients with chronic hepatitis C, becoming a very helpful tool to prioritise the start of oral anti-viral therapy in clinical practice.

[Pelvic organ prolapse during pregnancy: treatment with vaginal pessary. A report of two cases]. / Prolapso de órganos pélvicos durante el embarazo tratado con pesario. Reporte de dos casos.

Background: Pelvic organ prolapse during pregnancy is a rare condition that may be associated with maternal and fetal complications. Objetive: To describe the experience of two cases of pelvic organ prolapse during pregnancy managed with vaginal pessary. Case report: The cases of two patients with grade 4 vaginal prolapse during pregnancy managed with vaginal pessary until the time of delivery are presented. The patients had improvement of their symptoms without complications related to prolapse or pessary use. Conclusion: Early recognition, monitoring and management of this condition are essential. The vaginal pessary is a good option for transient treatment and is associated with few complications.

MODIFICACIÓN DE SUPERFICIES DE ORO MEDIANTE LA TÉCNICA DE NANOLITOGRAFÍA DIP PEN - DPN / SURFACE MODIFICATION ON GOLD SUBSTRATES USING DIP PEN NANOLITHOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE / MODIFICAÇÃO DE SUPERFÍCIES DE OURO PELA TÉCNICA NANOLITHOGRAPHY DIP PEN - DPN

En este trabajo se modificó la superficie de un sustrato de oro usando la técnica Dip Pen Nanolithography (DPN) y dos tipos de puntas. Los patrones creados por el cantilever A-Frame, AF, son más homogéneos que los Diving Board, DB, esto puede deberse a que la punta DB presenta una mayor concentración de tinta que la AF, al presentar una forma rectangular hay más concentración de esfuerzos en las esquinas del rectángulo y de la punta, por tanto se tienen más opciones de presentar una adhesión de la tinta a las esquinas y una vez se empieza con el proceso de creación del patrón se desprenda la tinta en el sustrato, depositando una mayor cantidad de ella. Por otro lado, el cantilever AF presenta una forma triangular y cuenta con una única zona en la cual se concentran los esfuerzos y donde la tinta queda en exceso.

In this work the effect of two types of tips A and M, over the patterns made on a gold substrate was explored. The patterns were built with a nanolithography, acrylic ink and gold substrate, disposing each tip with a triangular shape cantilever A-Frame (AF) on one side and a rectangular Dibbing Board (DB) cantilever on the other side. The patterns created by AF are more homogeneous than DB, this may be due to the rectangular shape of the DB which presents more ink concentration, because having a rectangular shape concentrates stress in the borders and the tip, having more possibilities to present ink adhesion in the borders of the cantilever and once the process begins with the creation of the pattern the ink merges with the substrate, depositing higher amount of ink in contrast with AF because it's triangular shape counts with only one zone where the stress focuses which leads to causes ink surplus.

Neste trabalho são alteradas a superfície de um substrato de ouro utilizando a técnica de dip pen nanolithography (DPN) e dois tipos de pontas. Os padrões criados pelo cantilever A-Frame, AF, são mais homogêneas do que divingboard, DB, esta pode ser a ponta DB tem uma maior concentração de tinta do que a AF, ao pressentar uma forma retangular se tem mais concentração de esforços nos cantos do retângulo e ponta, por isso você tem mais opções para apresentar uma aderência da tinta para os cantos e uma vez que você iniciar o processo de criação do padrão se desprenda a tinta é aparente no substrato, depositando uma maior quantidade de ela. Por outro lado, cantilever AF apresenta uma forma triangular e tem uma única área em que se concentram os esforços e onde a tinta em excesso.

The complete genome sequence of New World jatropha mosaic virus.

Full-length sequences of a bipartite begomovirus were obtained from a plant of Jatropha multifida in Florida showing symptoms of foliar mosaic, distortion and necrosis. Sequences of four clones each of a DNA-A and DNA-B were obtained, which showed very low sequence diversity among themselves. The clones were infectious when biolistically inoculated to J. multifida, Phaseolus vulgaris and Nicotiana tabacum, but not to J. curcas. The DNA-A sequences had less than 89 % pairwise identity scores with the DNA-A of other begomoviruses. The DNA-A appeared to be a recombinant in that 18 % of the DNA-A (470 nt) had a pairwise identity score of 91.98 % with RhRGMV, indicating that this portion most likely originated from a virus closely related to RhRGMV. The remaining 82 % of the DNA-A had lower identity scores with TbMoLCV (87.84 %) and RhRGMV (87.46 %), which suggests that this part of the component originated from an undescribed virus. There was no evidence for recombination in the DNA-B. Equivalent sequences of the DNA-A had the highest identity score (94.18 %) with a 533-nt sequence obtained from J. multifida from Puerto Rico in 2001 (GenBank accession no. AF058025). Pairwise comparison, recombination and phylogenetic analysis, and biology suggest that these clones are those of jatropha mosaic virus first reported from Puerto Rico. This is the first report of the complete genome sequence of jatropha mosaic virus.

State-of-the-art of imaging detecting endoleaks post-EVAR with special focus on low-flow endoleaks.

Endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) necessitates lifelong surveillance for the patient, in order to detect complications timely. Endoleaks (ELs) are among the most common complications of EVAR. Especially type II ELs can have a very unpredictable clinical course and this can range from spontaneous sealing to aortic rupture. Subgroups of this type of EL need to be identified in order to make a proper risk stratification. Aim of this review is to describe the existing imaging techniques, including their advantages and disadvantages in the context of post-EVAR surveillance with a particular emphasis on low-flow ELs. Low flow ELs cause pressurization of the aortic aneurysm sac with a low velocity filling, leading to difficulty of detection by routine imaging protocols for EVAR surveillance, e.g. bi- or triphasic multislice computed tomographic angiography, magnetic resonance imaging and contrast enhanced ultrasound. In this article, we review the imaging possibilities of ELs and discuss the different imaging strategies available for depicting low flow ELs.

Reconocimiento profesional a médicos y médicas / Professional recognition of female and male doctors

Antecedentes y objetivo: Los premios a la excelencia del Colegio Oficial de Médicos de Barcelona (COMB) fueron instituidos en 2004 para reconocer la excelencia en el ejercicio profesional. Los premiados son elegidos anualmente por jurados nombrados por la junta de gobierno, cuyos miembros proponen médicos que en su opinión tienen un comportamiento profesional y humano ejemplar. Sujetos y métodos: Hemos analizado el número de médicos y médicas que han obtenido este reconocimiento y la relación entre el número de varones y mujeres premiados con la distribución por géneros en los jurados. Asimismo se han comparado las edades de médicos y médicas premiados y la de colegiados y colegiadas de más de 45 años. Resultados: La relación de varones y mujeres entre los premiados fue de 2,7/1 (rango: 1,2/1 para los premiados en Atención Primaria y 6/1 en el apartado Investigación), con una correlación directa no estadísticamente significativa entre la relación varones/mujeres premiados y jurados. La relación entre varones y mujeres colegiados con más de 45 años fue de 1,4/1, mientras que en los premiados fue de 2,7/1. En los últimos 4 años ha incrementado la proporción de mujeres en los jurados y de forma paralela ha aumentado el número de médicas premiadas. Conclusión: El predomino de varones entre los premiados parece relacionarse con la mayor proporción de varones en la composición de los jurados (AU)

Precedents and aim: The awards for the excellence of the Official College of Physicians of Barcelona (COMB) were instituted in 2004 to recognize the excellence of the professional exercise. The winners are yearly chosen by juries appointed by the board of government, whose members propose for the award doctors who, in their opinion, have an exemplary professional and human behaviour. Subjects and methods: The number of male and female doctors who have obtained this recognition has been analysed in relation with the sex distribution in the juries. Likewise it has been compared the ratios men-to-women of those who have been rewarded and this ratio among physicians of more than 45 years. Results: Between the awarded physicians the ratio men-to-women was of 2.7/1 (range, from 1.2/1 for awardees in primary care to 6/1 in research). The men-to-women ratio among those who were awarded was in parallel to the man-to-women ratios of the juries. The ratio between men and women among members of the COMB of more than 45 years was 1.4/1, whereas in those who were awarded it was of 2.7/1. The increase in the proportion of women in the juries in the last four years has been followed by an increase in the number of female physicians awarded. Conclusion: This data demonstrates that the predominance of male doctors among those who were awarded does not depend so much on the age factor, but basically on the proportion of male and female doctors in the juries (AU)

Liver stiffness 1 year after transplantation predicts clinical outcomes in patients with recurrent hepatitis C.

The value of transient elastography (TE) to assess clinical outcomes in hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation (LT) has not been explored so far. We studied 144 hepatitis C-infected and 48 non-hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected LT recipients and evaluated the prognostic value of TE 1 year after transplantation to predict clinical decompensations and graft and patient survival. In HCV patients, cumulative probabilities of liver decompensation 5 years after LT were 8% for patients with liver stiffness measurement (LSM) <8.7 kilopascals (kPa) versus 47% for patients with LSM ≥ 8.7 kPa (p<0.001). Five-year graft and patient cumulative survival were 90% and 92% in patients with LSM<8.7 kPa (p<0.001) and 63% and 64% in patients with LSM ≥ 8.7 kPa, respectively (p<0.001). Patients with low LSM 1 year after LT had excellent outcomes independently from receiving antiviral treatment or achieving sustained virological response (SVR). In contrast, graft survival significantly improved in patients with LSM ≥ 8.7 kPa who achieved SVR. No association between outcomes and LSM at 12 months was observed in non-HCV patients. In conclusion, LSM 1 year after LT is a valuable tool to predict hepatitis C-related outcomes in recurrent hepatitis C and can be used in clinical practice to identify the best candidates for antiviral therapy.

Professional recognition of female and male doctors.

PRECEDENTS AND AIM: The awards for the excellence of the Official College of Physicians of Barcelona (COMB) were instituted in 2004 to recognize the excellence of the professional exercise. The winners are yearly chosen by juries appointed by the board of government, whose members propose for the award doctors who, in their opinion, have an exemplary professional and human behaviour. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The number of male and female doctors who have obtained this recognition has been analysed in relation with the sex distribution in the juries. Likewise it has been compared the ratios men-to-women of those who have been rewarded and this ratio among physicians of more than 45 years. RESULTS: Between the awarded physicians the ratio men-to-women was of 2.7/1 (range, from 1.2/1 for awardees in primary care to 6/1 in research). The men-to-women ratio among those who were awarded was in parallel to the man-to-women ratios of the juries. The ratio between men and women among members of the COMB of more than 45 years was 1.4/1, whereas in those who were awarded it was of 2.7/1. The increase in the proportion of women in the juries in the last four years has been followed by an increase in the number of female physicians awarded. CONCLUSION: This data demonstrates that the predominance of male doctors among those who were awarded does not depend so much on the age factor, but basically on the proportion of male and female doctors in the juries.

A need for biomarkers of operational tolerance in liver and kidney transplantation.

Both kidney and particularly liver recipients can occasionally discontinue all immunosuppressive drugs without undergoing rejection. These patients, who maintain stable graft function off immunosuppressive drugs without clinically significant detrimental immune responses and/or immune deficits, are conventionally termed operationally tolerant and offer a unique paradigm of tolerance in humans. The immune characterization of operationally tolerant transplant recipients has recently received substantial attention. Operationally tolerant patients might exhibit a signature of tolerance that could potentially be useful to select recipients amenable to drug minimization or withdrawal. Furthermore, elucidation of the molecular pathways associated with the operational tolerance phenotype could provide novel targets for therapy. Particular emphasis has been placed on the use of blood samples and high-throughput transcriptional profiling techniques. In liver transplantation, natural killer related transcripts seem to be the most robust markers of operational tolerance, whereas enrichment in B cell-related gene expression markers has been consistently found in blood samples from operationally tolerant kidney recipients, suggesting that different mechanisms operate in the two situations. In this minireview, we summarize the main achievements of recently published reports focused on the identification of transcriptional markers of operational tolerance, we highlight their mechanistic and clinical implications and describe their methodological limitations.