ABSTRACT
Recent reports postulate that the dual oxidase (DUOX) proteins function as part of a multicomponent oxidative pathway used by the respiratory mucosa to kill bacteria. The other components include epithelial ion transporters, which mediate the secretion of the oxidizable anion thiocyanate (SCN(-)) into airway surface liquid, and lactoperoxidase (LPO), which catalyzes the H(2)O(2)-dependent oxidation of the pseudohalide SCN(-) to yield the antimicrobial molecule hypothiocyanite (OSCN(-)). We hypothesized that this oxidative host defense system is also active against respiratory viruses. We evaluated the activity of oxidized LPO substrates against encapsidated and enveloped viruses. When tested for antiviral properties, the LPO-dependent production of OSCN(-) did not inactivate adenovirus or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). However, substituting SCN(-) with the alternative LPO substrate iodide (I(-)) resulted in a marked reduction of both adenovirus transduction and RSV titer. Importantly, well-differentiated primary airway epithelia generated sufficient H(2)O(2) to inactivate adenovirus or RSV when LPO and I(-) were supplied. The administration of a single dose of 130 mg of oral potassium iodide to human subjects increased serum I(-) concentrations, and resulted in the accumulation of I(-) in upper airway secretions. These results suggest that the LPO/I(-)/H(2)O(2) system can contribute to airway antiviral defenses. Furthermore, the delivery of I(-) to the airway mucosa may augment innate antiviral immunity.
Subject(s)
Adenoviridae/drug effects , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects , Potassium Iodide/pharmacology , Respiratory Mucosa/drug effects , Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy , Sodium Iodide/pharmacology , Adenoviridae/immunology , Adenoviridae/pathogenicity , Animals , Antiviral Agents/metabolism , Cells, Cultured , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Iodine Compounds/metabolism , Lactoperoxidase/metabolism , Oxidation-Reduction , Potassium Iodide/metabolism , Respiratory Mucosa/immunology , Respiratory Mucosa/virology , Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/drug effects , Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/immunology , Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/pathogenicity , Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Sodium Iodide/metabolism , Swine , Thiocyanates/metabolism , Time Factors , Virus Activation/drug effectsABSTRACT
A recently discovered enzyme system produces antibacterial hypothiocyanite (OSCN(-)) in the airway lumen by oxidizing the secreted precursor thiocyanate (SCN(-)). Airway epithelial cultures have been shown to secrete SCN(-) in a CFTR-dependent manner. Thus, reduced SCN(-) availability in the airway might contribute to the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene and characterized by an airway host defense defect. We tested this hypothesis by analyzing the SCN(-) concentration in the nasal airway surface liquid (ASL) of CF patients and non-CF subjects and in the tracheobronchial ASL of CFTR-ΔF508 homozygous pigs and control littermates. In the nasal ASL, the SCN(-) concentration was ~30-fold higher than in serum independent of the CFTR mutation status of the human subject. In the tracheobronchial ASL of CF pigs, the SCN(-) concentration was somewhat reduced. Among human subjects, SCN(-) concentrations in the ASL varied from person to person independent of CFTR expression, and CF patients with high SCN(-) levels had better lung function than those with low SCN(-) levels. Thus, although CFTR can contribute to SCN(-) transport, it is not indispensable for the high SCN(-) concentration in ASL. The correlation between lung function and SCN(-) concentration in CF patients may reflect a beneficial role for SCN(-).
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism , Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/metabolism , Cystic Fibrosis/metabolism , Thiocyanates/metabolism , Animals , Animals, Genetically Modified , Animals, Newborn , Bodily Secretions , Bronchi/metabolism , Cells, Cultured , Colony Count, Microbial , Cystic Fibrosis/genetics , Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology , Cystic Fibrosis/physiopathology , Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/genetics , Epithelial Cells/metabolism , Gene Expression , Homozygote , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Nasal Cavity/metabolism , Oxidation-Reduction , Staphylococcus aureus/growth & development , Swine , Trachea/metabolismABSTRACT
RATIONALE: The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to airborne microorganisms. Nevertheless, normal airways remain sterile without recruiting phagocytes. This innate immune activity has been attributed to mucociliary clearance and antimicrobial polypeptides of airway surface liquid. Defective airway immunity characterizes cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator, a chloride channel. The pathophysiology of defective immunity in CF remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the ability of non-CF and CF airway epithelia to kill bacteria through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). METHODS: ROS production and ROS-mediated bactericidal activity were determined on the apical surfaces of human and rat airway epithelia and on cow tracheal explants. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Dual oxidase enzyme of airway epithelial cells generated sufficient H(2)O(2) to support production of bactericidal hypothiocyanite (OSCN(-)) in the presence of airway surface liquid components lactoperoxidase and thiocyanate (SCN(-)). This OSCN(-) formation eliminated Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on airway mucosal surfaces, whereas it was nontoxic to the host. In contrast to normal epithelia, CF epithelia failed to secrete SCN(-), thereby rendering the oxidative antimicrobial system inactive. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate a novel innate defense mechanism of airways that kills bacteria via ROS and suggest a new cellular and molecular basis for defective airway immunity in CF.