ABSTRACT
Cinnamon oil is a blend of secondary metabolites and is widely used as spice. Endophytic bacteria are always related to the secondary metabolites production. However, the potential of endophytic bacteria communities for cinnamon oil production during cinnamon shade-drying process is still not clear. In this study, we investigated the composition and metabolic function of endophytic bacterial community during 80-day shade-drying process. The temporal dynamics of essential oil content and its dominant constituents were analyzed. The succession of endophytic bacterial community from d0 to d80 was identified. The influence of endophytic bacterial community evolution on cinnamon oil is significant positive. Predictive functional analysis indicated that shade-drying process was rich in Saccharopolyspora that produce enzymes for the conversion of phenylalanine to cinnamaldehyde. These findings enhance our understanding of the functional bacterial genera and functional genes involved in the production of cinnamon oil during cinnamon shade-drying process.
ABSTRACT
Pyridine acylhydrazone derivatives of isopimaric acid were synthesized and characterized. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the compounds against five bacteria were determined and most of the compounds displayed some degree of antibacterial activity. The results showed that antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae improved when halogen atoms were introduced into the isopimaric acid, especially when one bromine atom was introduced in the para-position of isopimaric acid. Compound isopimaric acid (5-bromo pyridine-2-formaldehyde) acylhydrazone exhibited a significant antitumorial activity against hepatocarcioma cells (HepG-2) and breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), with inhibition degrees of 74.21% and 70.39%, respectively, at 100 µM.[Formula: see text].
Subject(s)
Phenanthrenes , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Carboxylic Acids , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Molecular Structure , Pyridines/pharmacology , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Endothelial dysfunction plays a vital role during the initial stage of atherosclerosis. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) induces vascular endothelial injury and vessel wall inflammation. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) exerts numerous vasoprotective effects by binding to diverse S1P receptors (S1PRs; S1PR1-5). A number of studies have shown that in endothelial cells (ECs), S1PR2 acts as a pro-atherosclerotic mediator by stimulating vessel wall inflammation through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. Scavenger receptor class B member I (SR-BI), a high-affinity receptor for apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL), inhibits nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) translocation and decreases the plasma levels of inflammatory mediators via the PI3K/Akt pathway. We hypothesized that the inflammatory effects of S1P/S1PR2 on ECs may be regulated by apoA-I/SR-BI. The results showed that ox-LDL, a pro-inflammatory factor, augmented the S1PR2 level in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, S1P/S1PR2 signaling influenced the levels of inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and IL-10, aggravating inflammation in HUVECs. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory effects induced by S1P/S1PR2 were attenuated by SR-BI overexpression and enhanced by an SR-BI inhibitor, BLT-1. Further experiments showed that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was involved in this process. Taken together, these results demonstrate that apoA-I/SR-BI negatively regulates S1P/S1PR2-mediated inflammation in HUVECs by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
Subject(s)
Apolipoprotein A-I/metabolism , Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism , Lysophospholipids/metabolism , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/metabolism , Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/agonists , Scavenger Receptors, Class B/agonists , Signal Transduction , Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives , Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects , Apolipoprotein A-I/genetics , Cells, Cultured , Cyclopentanes/pharmacology , Endothelium, Vascular/cytology , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Endothelium, Vascular/immunology , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/cytology , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/immunology , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Humans , Interleukin-10/agonists , Interleukin-10/metabolism , Interleukin-1beta/agonists , Interleukin-1beta/metabolism , Kinetics , Lipoproteins, LDL/adverse effects , Lipoproteins, LDL/genetics , Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/agonists , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/genetics , Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Scavenger Receptors, Class B/antagonists & inhibitors , Scavenger Receptors, Class B/genetics , Scavenger Receptors, Class B/metabolism , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Sphingosine/metabolism , Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors , Thiosemicarbazones/pharmacology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/agonists , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolismABSTRACT
The X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is not only an important component of the unfolded protein response (UPR), but also an important nuclear transcription factor. Upon endoplasmic reticulum stress, XBP1 is spliced by inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), thereby generating functional spliced XBP1 (XBP1s). XBP1s functions by translocating into the nucleus to initiate transcriptional programs that regulate a subset of UPR- and non-UPR-associated genes involved in the pathophysiological processes of various diseases. Recent reports have implicated XBP1 in metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the effects of XBP1-mediated regulation on lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, obesity, and atherosclerosis. Additionally, for the first time, we present XBP1s-dependent transcriptional reprogramming in metabolic diseases under different conditions, including pathology and physiology. Understanding the function of XBP1 in metabolic diseases may provide a basic knowledge for the development of novel therapeutic targets for ameliorating these diseases.