Preparation of Dendrobium officinale Polysaccharide by Lactic Acid Bacterium Fermentation and Its Protective Mechanism against Alcoholic Liver Damage in Mice.

Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide (DP) was prepared with lactic acid bacterium fermentation to overcome the large molecular weight and complex structure of traditional DP for improving its functional activity and application range in this work. The structure was analyzed, and then the functional activity was evaluated using a mouse model of alcoholic liver damage. The monosaccharide compositions were composed of four monosaccharides: arabinose (0.13%), galactose (0.50%), glucose (24.38%), and mannose (74.98%) with a molecular weight of 2.13 kDa. The connection types of glycosidic bonds in fermented D. officinale (KFDP) were →4)-ß-D-Manp(1→, →4)-ß-Glcp(1→, ß-D-Manp(1→, and ß-D-Glcp(1→. KFDP exhibited an excellent protective effect on alcoholic-induced liver damage at a dose of 80 mg/kg compared with polysaccharide separated and purified from D. officinale without fermentation (KDP), which increased the activity of GSH, GSH-Px, and GR and decreased the content of MDA, AST, T-AOC, and ALT, as well as regulated the level of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1ß to maintain the normal functional structure of hepatocytes and retard the apoptosis rate of hepatocytes. The results proved that fermentation degradation is beneficial to improving the biological activity of polysaccharides. The potential mechanism of KFDP in protecting alcoholic liver damage was inhibiting the expression of miRNA-150-5p and targeting to promote the expression of Pik3r1. This study provides an important basis for the development of functional foods.

Development and validation of a predictive model for PACU hypotension in elderly patients undergoing sedated gastrointestinal endoscopy.

BACKGROUND: Hypotension, characterized by abnormally low blood pressure, is a frequently observed adverse event in sedated gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures. Although the examination time is typically short, hypotension during and after gastroscopy procedures is frequently overlooked or remains undetected. This study aimed to construct a risk nomogram for post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) hypotension in elderly patients undergoing sedated gastrointestinal endoscopy. METHODS: This study involved 2919 elderly patients who underwent sedated gastrointestinal endoscopy. A preoperative questionnaire was used to collect data on patient characteristics; intraoperative medication use and adverse events were also recorded. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the risk of PACU hypotension in these patients. To achieve this, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis method was used to optimize variable selection, involving cyclic coordinate descent with tenfold cross-validation. Subsequently, multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to build a predictive model using the selected predictors from the LASSO regression. A nomogram was visually developed based on these variables. To validate the model, a calibration plot, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used. Additionally, external validation was conducted to further assess the model's performance. RESULTS: The LASSO regression analysis identified predictors associated with an increased risk of adverse events during surgery: age, duration of preoperative water abstinence, intraoperative mean arterial pressure (MAP) <65 mmHg, decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP), and use of norepinephrine (NE). The constructed model based on these predictors demonstrated moderate predictive ability, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.710 in the training set and 0.778 in the validation set. The DCA indicated that the nomogram had clinical applicability when the risk threshold ranged between 20 and 82%, which was subsequently confirmed in the external validation with a range of 18-92%. CONCLUSION: Incorporating factors such as age, duration of preoperative water abstinence, intraoperative MAP <65 mmHg, decreased SBP, and use of NE in the risk nomogram increased its usefulness for predicting PACU hypotension risk in elderly patient undergoing sedated gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Case Report: Isolated Vertigo as the Sole Manifestation of Left Lateral Medullary Infarction Following Contralateral Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection.

Background: Cerebral infarct associated with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) has been reported in the literature, while isolated central dizziness due to lateral medullary infarct (LMI) following VZV infection is rarely reported. Case report: We report the case of a 65-year-old man who presented to the neurology department because of herpes zoster on the right trigeminal nerve distribution. At 12 hours after admission, he developed transient vertigo along with nausea and unsteady walking and left-sided spontaneous horizontal nystagmus, gaze-evoked nystagmus, and upbeat nystagmus. The other usual signs of LMI including Horner syndrome, dysarthria, swallowing difficulty, and hemibody sensory change were absent. Video head impulse indicated decreased head impulse gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex for the bilateral horizontal, anterior, and posterior semicircular canals with abnormal saccade waves. Suppression head impulse paradigm showed few downward saccades reflecting anti-compensatory saccades after the end of the head impulse back to the head-fixed target and decreased vestibulo-ocular reflex gain values of bilateral semicircular canals. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a small infarct in the far dorsolateral portion of the left rostral medulla. The cerebrospinal fluid was positive for VZV DNA. Conclusions: In patients with VZV infection who develop dizziness, the possibility of cerebral infarct should be considered. Patients with facial herpes zoster and neurological symptoms always be screened for stroke using MRI and lumbar puncture should be performed and acyclovir administered empirically.

Endovascular thrombectomy versus medical management on outcomes with infarct volumes more than 70 mL.

OBJECTIVE: Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in patients with large infarct volume remains controversial. The aim of this study is to compare clinical outcomes between EVT and medical management in acute large vessel occlusion with infarct volumes larger than 70 mL on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI). METHODS: A prospective observational cohort study was conducted, including patients with anterior cerebral circulation occlusion due to ischemic stroke with infarct volumes larger than 70 mL within 24 h of onset between July 2018 and June 2023. Eligible patients were divided into two groups: the EVT group and the medical management (non-EVT) group. The main outcomes were functional independence and mortality at 90 days. To assess clinical endpoints, we selected variables including age, NIHSS score, infarct volume, and occlusion location for 1:1 propensity score (PS) matching and PS adjustment using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). RESULTS: Among the 131 identified patients (mean [SD] age, 69.9 [13.7] years; 58 female), the median infarct volume was 123.6 mL. Of these patients, 75 (57.3%) underwent EVT. After PS adjustment, EVT was not associated with functional independence (10.9% vs. 10.9%; p = 1.000) or mortality (43.5% vs. 47.8%; p = 0.675). Additionally, after PS adjustment using IPTW, EVT was also not associated with a functional independence (15.8% vs. 13.7%; p = 0.767) or mortality (46.8% vs. 44.0%; p = 0.762). CONCLUSION: This study provides real-world evidence regarding infarct volumes larger than 70 mL, indicating that EVT does not provide benefits compared to medical management alone when considering age, NIHSS score, infarct volume, and occlusion location.

Construction of a Membrane Yeast Two-Hybrid Library and Screening of MsPYR1-Like Interacting Proteins in Malus sieversii.

To investigate the biological effects of the ABA receptor pyrabactin resistance 1-like (PYR1-like) in Malus sieversii seeds, the proteins interacting with MsPYR1-like were screened by the membrane yeast two-hybrid library based on the split-ubiquitin system, and to construct the bait vector pBT3-SUC-PYR1 for Malus sieversii cDNA library, which had no self-activating effect on the yeast cells of the pPR3-N membrane yeast two-hybrid library. The library titer assay showed that it could meet the requirements for membrane yeast two-hybrid library screening. After sequencing, GenBank database blast, and yeast rotary validation, 28 candidate proteins interacting with MsPYR1-like were obtained, including ribosomal proteins, late embryogenesis abundant proteins, F-actin-capping proteins, phytochrome-interacting proteins, low-temperature-inducible 65 kDa protein-like, senescence-associated, PP2C and SnRK2 family members, and unknown proteins. Gene ontology analysis of the interaction proteins was related to plant hormone response and negative regulation of seed germination, overexpression of MsPYR1-like in Arabidopsis negatively regulates seed germination, and the study of the biological roles of MsPYR1-like interacting proteins lays the foundation for revealing the lifting of seed dormancy in Malus sieversii.

Chemotherapy resistance in acute myeloid leukemia is associated with decreased anti-tumor immune response through MHC molecule and B7 family members.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains challenging due to chemotherapeutic drug-resistance (CDR). Aberrant expression B7 family proteins are involved in tumors evasion. We wonder whether B7 family protein alteration in AML CDR further supports tumor escape. Here, we establish AML cytarabine-resistant cell line U937/Ara-C and report on the expression MHC molecule and B7 family member. HLA-ABC was highly expressed similarly on both cell lines. MIC (MHC class I chain related) A/B and B7-H6 was moderately expressed on the surface of U937 and decreased dramatically by U937/Ara-C. In contrast, enhanced expression of B7-H1 and B7-H7 by U937/Ara-C was observed. HLA-DR and other B7 family members including CD80, CD86, B7-DC, B7-H2, B7-H3, B7-H4, and B7-H5 were not detected by both cell lines. Compared co-cultured with U937, peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed a decreased cytotoxicity when incubated with U937/Ara-C, as indicated by decreased levels of granzyme B and perforin production, accompanied with less TNF-α and lactate dehydrogenase secretion. In conclusion, AML CDR further evades the anti-tumor immune response which may through MHC molecule and B7 family members.

Multiple Perspectives of Study on the Potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JB20221020 for Alleviating Nutrient Stress in Lettuce.

Soil nutrient deficiency has become a key factor limiting crop growth. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are vital in resisting abiotic stress. In this study, we investigated the effects of inoculation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JB20221020 on the physiology, biochemistry, rhizosphere microorganisms, and metabolism of lettuce under nutrient stress. Pot experiments showed that inoculation with B. amyloliquefaciens JB20221020 significantly promoted lettuce growth under nutrient deficiency. At the same time, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase and the content of proline increased, and the content of Malondialdehyde decreased in the lettuce inoculated with B. amyloliquefaciens JB20221020. Inoculation with B. amyloliquefaciens JB20221020 altered the microbial community of the rhizosphere and increased the relative abundances of Myxococcales, Deltaproteobacteria, Proteobacteria, Devosia, and Verrucomicrobia. Inoculation also altered the rhizosphere metabolism under nutrient deficiency. The folate metabolism pathway was significantly enriched in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis. This study explored the interaction between plants and microorganisms under nutrient deficiency, further explained the critical role of rhizosphere microorganisms in the process of plant nutrient stress, and provided a theoretical basis for the use of microorganisms to improve plant resistance.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of panaxadiol ester derivatives possessing pyrazole and pyrrole moiety as HIF-1α inibitors.

Hypoxia-inducing factor-1α (HIF-1α) is overexpressed in variety of tumor patients and plays an important role in the regulation of hypoxia response in tumor cells. Therefore, its inhibitors have become one of the targets for the treatment of a variety of cancers. Two series of panaxadiol (PD) ester derivatives containing pyrazole (18a-j) and pyrrole (19a-n) moiety were synthesized and their HIF-1α inhibitory activities were evaluated. Among all the target compouds, compounds 18c, 19d, and 19n (IC50 = 8.70-10.44 µM) showed better HIF-1α inhibitory activity than PD (IC50 = 13.35 µM). None of these compounds showed cytotoxicity above 100 µM and inhibited HIF-1α transcription in a dose-dependent manner. These compounds showed good antitumor activity and provide lead compounds for further design and activity study of PD ester derivatives.

Association between homocysteine and blood pressure in the NHANES 2003-2006: the mediating role of Vitamin C.

Background: The yearly escalation in hypertension prevalence signifies a noteworthy public health challenge. Adhering to a nutritious diet is crucial for enhancing the quality of life among individuals managing hypertension. However, the relationship between vitamin C and hypertension, as well as homocysteine, remains unclear. Objective: The primary aim of this investigation was to scrutinize the potential mediating role of Vitamin C in the association between homocysteine levels and blood pressure, utilizing data extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Methods: A total of 7,327 participants from the NHANES 2003-2006 were enrolled in this cross-sectional survey. The main information was obtained using homocysteine, Vitamin C, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Correlation analysis was used to assess the correlation between homocysteine, SBP, DBP and vitamin C. Linear regression analysis was utilized to determine the ß value (ß) along with its 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Mediation analysis was performed to investigate whether the relationship between homocysteine and blood pressure was mediated by Vitamin C, and to quantify the extent to which Vitamin C contributed to this association. Results: The results manifested that the homocysteine was positively associated with SBP (r = 0.24, p < 0.001) and DBP (r = 0.03, p < 0.05), while negatively correlated with Vitamin C (r = -0.008, p < 0.001). Vitamin C was found to be negatively associated with SBP (r = -0.03, p < 0.05) and DBP (r = 0.11, p < 0.001). Mediation effect analysis revealed that a partial mediation (indirect effect: 0.0247[0.0108-0.0455], p < 0.001) role accounting for 11.5% of total effect, among homocysteine and SBP. However, the mediating effect of Vitamin C between homocysteine and DBP was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Hypertension patients should pay attention to homocysteine and Vitamin C level. What is more, hypertension patients ought to formulate interventions for Vitamin C supplementation as well as homocysteine reduce strategies to lower blood pressure.

Process Optimization of Scaled-Up Production and Biosafety Evaluation of the Dimethyl-Dioctadecyl-Ammonium Bromide/Poly(lactic acid) Nano-Vaccine.

Nano-adjuvant vaccines could induce immune responses and enhance immunogenicity. However, the application and manufacturing of nano-adjuvant is hampered by its challenging scale-up, poor reproducibility, and low security. Therefore, the present study aimed to optimize the preparation nanoparticles (NPs) using FDA-approved biopolymer materials poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and cationic lipid didodecyl-dimethyl-ammonium bromide (DDAB), develop the scale-up process, and evaluate the stability and biosafety of it. The optimum preparation conditions of DDAB/PLA NPs on a small scale were as follows: DDAB amount of 30 mg, aqueous phase volume of 90 mL, stirring rate at 550 rpm, and solidifying time of 12 h. Under the optimum conditions, the size of the NPs was about 170 nm. In scale-up preparation experiments, the vacuum rotary evaporation of 6 h and the Tangential flow ultrafiltration (TFU) method were the optimum conditions. The results suggested that DDAB/PLA NPs exhibited a uniform particle size distribution, with an average size of 150.3 ± 10.4 nm and a narrow polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.090 ± 0.13, coupled with a high antigen loading capacity of 85.4 ± 4.0%. In addition, the DDAB/PLA NPs can be stored stably for 30 days and do not have side effects caused by residual solvents. For biosafety, the acute toxicity experiments showed good tolerance of the vaccine formulation even at a high adjuvant dose. The local irritation experiment demonstrated the reversibility of muscular irritation, and the repeated toxicity experiment revealed no significant necrosis or severe lesions in mice injected with the high-dose vaccine formulation. Overall, the DDAB/PLA NPs exhibit potential for clinical translation as a safe candidate vaccine adjuvant.

Isthmin-1 promotes growth and progression of colorectal cancer through the interaction with EGFR and YBX-1.

While previous studies have indicated the involvement of Isthmin 1 (ISM1), a secreted protein, in cancer development, the precise mechanisms have remained elusive. In this study, we unveiled that ISM1 is significantly overexpressed in both the blood and tissue samples of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, correlating with their poor prognosis. Functional experiments demonstrated that enforced ISM1 expression significantly enhances CRC proliferation, migration, invasion and tumor growth. Notably, our investigation reveals an interaction of ISM1 with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family of CRC cells. The binding of ISM1 triggered EGFR activation and initiate downstream signaling pathways. Meanwhile, intracellular ISM1 interacted with Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX1), enhancing its transcriptional regulation on EGFR. Furthermore, our research uncovered the regulation of ISM1 expression by the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF-1α in CRC cells. Mechanistically, we identified HIF-1α as a direct regulator of ISM1, binding to a hypoxia response element on its promoter. This novel mechanism illuminated potential therapeutic targets, offering insights into restraining HIF-1α/ISM1/EGFR-driven CRC progression and metastasis.

Using multi-omics to explore the effect of Bacillus velezensis SAAS-63 on resisting nutrient stress in lettuce.

To avoid the unreasonable use of chemical fertilizer, an environmentally friendly means of improving soil fertility is required. This study explored the role of the plant growth-promoting rhizosphere bacteria (PGPR) strain Bacillus velezensis SAAS-63 in improving nutrient stress in lettuce. Compared with no inoculation, B. velezensis SAAS-63 inoculants exhibited significantly increased fresh weight, root length, and shoot height under nutrient deficiency, as well as improved antioxidant activities and proline contents. The exogenous addition of B. velezensis SAAS-63 also significantly increased the accumulation of macroelements and micronutrients in lettuce. To elucidate the resistance mechanisms induced by B. velezensis SAAS-63 under nutrient stress, high-throughput sequencing and multi-omics analysis were performed. Inoculation with B. velezensis SAAS-63 altered the microbial community of the rhizosphere and increased the relative abundances of Streptomyces, Actinoallomurus, Verrucomicrobia, and Chloroflexi. It is worth noting that the inoculant SAAS-63 can affect plant rhizosphere metabolism. The inoculant changed the metabolic flow of phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway under nutrient deficiency and promoted phenylalanine to participate more in the synthesis of lignin precursors and coumarin substances by inhibiting the synthesis of flavone and isoflavone, thus improving plant resistance. This study showed that the addition of inoculant SAAS-63 could help plants recruit microorganisms to decompose and utilize trehalose and re-established the carbon metabolism of the plant rhizosphere. Additionally, microbes were found to be closely related to the accumulation of metabolites based on correlation analysis. The results indicated that the addition of PGPRs has an important role in regulating soil rhizosphere microbes and metabolism, providing valuable information for understanding how PGPRs affect complex biological processes and enhance plant adaptation to nutrient deficiency. KEY POINTS: • Inoculation with SAAS-63 significantly promoted plant growth under nutrient-deficient conditions • Inoculation with SAAS-63 affected rhizosphere microbial diversity and community structure • Inoculation with SAAS-63 affected plant rhizosphere metabolism and induced plants to synthesize substances that resist stress.

Predictive effect of triglyceride-glucose index on No-Reflow Phenomenon in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

OBJECTIVE: Triglyceride glucose (TyG) index is considered as a new alternative marker of insulin resistance and a clinical predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with coronary artery disease. However, the prognostic value of TyG index on No-Reflow (NR) Phenomenon in T2DM patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains unclear. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 1683 patients with T2DM and AMI underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were consecutively included between January 2014 and December 2019. The study population was divided into two groups as follows: Reflow (n = 1277) and No-reflow (n = 406) group. The TyG index was calculated as the ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dL)×fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)/2].Multivariable logistic regression models and receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis were conducted to predict the possible risk of no-reflow. Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI) and Integrated Discrimination Improvement (IDI) were calculated to determine the ability of the TyG index to contribute to the baseline risk model. RESULTS: Multivariable logistic regression models revealed that the TyG index was positively associated with NR[OR,95%CI:5.03,(2.72,9.28),p<0.001] in patients with T2DM and AMI. The area under the curve (AUC) of the TyG index predicting the occurrence of NR was 0.645 (95% CI 0.615-0.673; p < 0.001)], with the cut-off value of 8.98. The addition of TyG index to a baseline risk model had an incremental effect on the predictive value for NR [net reclassification improvement (NRI): 0.077(0.043to 0.111), integrated discrimination improvement (IDI): 0.070 (0.031to 0.108), all p < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS: High TyG index was associated with an increased risk of no-reflow after PCI in AMI patients with T2DM. The TyG index may be a valid predictor of NR phenomenon of patients with T2DM and AMI. Early recognition of NR is critical to improve outcomes with AMI and T2DM patients.

Cell-free DNA methylation profiles enable early detection of colorectal and gastric cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) and gastric cancer (GC) rank the top five common and lethal cancers worldwide. Early detection can significantly reduce the mortality of CRC and GC. However, current clinical screening methods including invasive endoscopic techniques and noninvasive fecal occult blood test screening tests/fecal immunochemical test have shown low sensitivity or unsatisfactory patient's compliance. Aberrant DNA methylation occurs frequently in tumorigenesis and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) methylation has shown the potential in multi-cancer detection. Herein, we aimed to explore the value of cfDNA methylation in the gastrointestinal cancer detection and develop a noninvasive method for CRC and GC detection. We applied targeted methylation sequencing on a total of 407 plasma samples from patients diagnosed with CRC, GC, and noncancerous gastrointestinal benign diseases (Non-Ca). By analyzing the methylation profiles of 34 CRC, 62 GC and 107 Non-Ca plasma samples in the training set (n=203), we identified 40,110 gastrointestinal cancer-specific markers and 63 tissue of origin (TOO) prediction markers. A new integrated model composed of gastrointestinal cancer detection and TOO prediction for three types of classification of CRC, GC and Non-Ca patients was further developed through logistic regression algorithm and validated in an independent validation set (n=103). The model achieved overall sensitivities of 83% and 81.3% at specificities of 81.5% and 80% for identifying gastrointestinal cancers in the test set and validation set, respectively. The detection sensitivities for GC and CRC were respectively 81.4% and 83.3% in the cohort of the test and validation sets. Among these true positive cancer samples, further TOO prediction showed accuracies of 95.8% and 95.8% for GC patients and accuracies of 86.7% and 93.3% for CRC patients, in test set and validation set, respectively. Collectively, we have identified novel cfDNA methylation biomarkers for CRC and GC detection and shown the promising potential of cfDNA as a noninvasive gastrointestinal cancer detection tool.

Interfacial Polarization Locked Flexible ß-Phase Glycine/Nb2CTx Piezoelectric Nanofibers.

Biomolecular piezoelectric materials show great potential in the field of wearable and implantable biomedical devices. Here, a self-assemble approach is developed to fabricating flexible ß-glycine piezoelectric nanofibers with interfacial polarization locked aligned crystal domains induced by Nb2CTx nanosheets. Acted as an effective nucleating agent, Nb2CTx nanosheets can induce glycine to crystallize from edges toward flat surfaces on its 2D crystal plane and form a distinctive eutectic structure within the nanoconfined space. The interfacial polarization locking formed between O atom on glycine and Nb atom on Nb2CTx is essential to align the ß-glycine crystal domains with (001) crystal plane intensity extremely improved. This ß-phase glycine/Nb2CTx nanofibers (Gly-Nb2C-NFs) exhibit fabulous mechanical flexibility with Young's modulus of 10 MPa, and an enhanced piezoelectric coefficient of 5.0 pC N-1 or piezoelectric voltage coefficient of 129 × 10-3Vm N-1. The interface polarization locking greatly improves the thermostability of ß-glycine before melting (≈210°C). A piezoelectric sensor based on this Gly-Nb2C-NFs is used for micro-vibration sensing in vivo in mice and exhibits excellent sensing ability. This strategy provides an effective approach for the regular crystallization modulation for glycine crystals, opening a new avenue toward the design of piezoelectric biomolecular materials induced by 2D materials.

Understanding immune microenvironment alterations in the brain to improve the diagnosis and treatment of diverse brain diseases.

Abnormal inflammatory states in the brain are associated with a variety of brain diseases. The dynamic changes in the number and function of immune cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are advantageous for the early prediction and diagnosis of immune diseases affecting the brain. The aggregated factors and cells in inflamed CSF may represent candidate targets for therapy. The physiological barriers in the brain, such as the blood‒brain barrier (BBB), establish a stable environment for the distribution of resident immune cells. However, the underlying mechanism by which peripheral immune cells migrate into the brain and their role in maintaining immune homeostasis in CSF are still unclear. To advance our understanding of the causal link between brain diseases and immune cell status, we investigated the characteristics of immune cell changes in CSF and the molecular mechanisms involved in common brain diseases. Furthermore, we summarized the diagnostic and treatment methods for brain diseases in which immune cells and related cytokines in CSF are used as targets. Further investigations of the new immune cell subtypes and their contributions to the development of brain diseases are needed to improve diagnostic specificity and therapy.

Lactate administration improves laboratory parameters in murine models of iron overload.

ABSTRACT: Current iron overload therapeutics have inherent drawbacks including perpetuated low hepcidin. Here, we unveiled that lactate, a potent hepcidin agonist, effectively reduced serum and hepatic iron levels in mouse models of iron overload with an improved erythropoiesis in ß-thalassemic mice.

ZNF70 regulates IL-1ß secretion of macrophages to promote the proliferation of HCT116 cells via activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and STAT3 pathway in colitis-associated colorectal cancer.

Chronic inflammation is a key driver for colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). It has been reported that inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1ß, could promote CAC. Zinc finger protein 70 (ZNF70) is involved in multiple biological processes. Here, we identified a previously unknown role for ZNF70 regulates macrophages IL-1ß secretion to promote HCT116 proliferation in CAC, and investigated its underlying mechanism. We showed ZNF70 is much higher expressed in CAC tumor tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues in clinical CAC samples. Further experiments showed ZNF70 promoted macrophages IL-1ß secretion and HCT116 proliferation. In LPS/ATP-stimulated THP-1 cells, we found ZNF70 activated NLRP3 inflammasome, resulting in robust IL-1ß secretion. Interestingly, we discovered the ZnF domain of ZNF70 could interact with NLRP3 and decrease the K48-linked ubiquitination of NLRP3. Moreover, ZNF70 could activate STAT3, thereby promoting IL-1ß synthesis. Noteworthy, ZNF70 enhanced proliferation by upregulating STAT3 activation in HCT116 cells cultured in the conditioned medium of THP-1 macrophages treated with LPS/ATP. Finally, the vivo observations were confirmed using AAV-mediated ZNF70 knockdown, which improved colitis-associated colorectal cancer in the AOM/DSS model. The correlation between ZNF70 expression and overall survival/IL-1ß expression in colorectal cancer was verified by TCGA database. Taken together, ZNF70 regulates macrophages IL-1ß secretion to promote the HCT116 cells proliferation via activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and STAT3 pathway, suggesting that ZNF70 may be a promising preventive target for treating in CAC.

Progress on the mechanism of natural products alleviating androgenetic alopecia.

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) has become a widespread problem that leads to considerable impairment of the psyche and daily life. The currently approved medications for the treatment of AGA are associated with significant adverse effects, high costs, and prolonged treatment duration. Therefore, natural products are being considered as possible complementary or alternative treatments. This review aims to enhance comprehension of the mechanisms by which natural products treat AGA. To achieve this, pertinent studies were gathered and subjected to analysis. In addition, the therapeutic mechanisms associated with these natural products were organized and summarized. These include the direct modulation of signaling pathways such as the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, the PI3K/AKT pathway, and the BMP pathway. Additionally, they exert effects on cytokine secretion, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant capabilities, as well as apoptosis and autophagy. Furthermore, the review briefly discusses the relationship between signaling pathways and autophagy and apoptosis in the context of AGA, systematically presents the mechanisms of action of existing natural products, and analyzes the potential therapeutic targets based on the active components of these products. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for the development of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, or dietary supplements.