[Update in the clinical management of low renin hypertension]. / Actualización en el manejo clínico de la hipertensión hiporreninémica.

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system modulates volume, sodium and potassium homeostasis. In the setting of a high sodium diet, up to 30% of patients with hypertension have a low or suppressed renin and increased volume. This phenotype of low renin hypertension (LRH) is multifactorial and includes infrequent inherited genetic syndromes, milder phenotypes of classic diseases and environmental exposures. All these conditions have in common a higher cardiovascular risk mediated by the over activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), present not only in the kidney, but also in vasculature, myocardium and adipocytes. Consequently, the aim of LRH treatment goes beyond the control of blood pressure and requires antagonizing MR with specific pharmacologic agents, pursuing normalization of renin as a clinical objective. Due to the unusual evaluation of renin status by non-endocrinologists and lack of disease awareness, only a minority of hypertensive patients receive this pathophysiologically-driven treatment that should reduce cardiovascular outcomes.

Actualización en el manejo clínico de la hipertensión hiporreninémica / Update in the clinical management of low renin hypertension

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system modulates volume, sodium and potassium homeostasis. In the setting of a high sodium diet, up to 30% of patients with hypertension have a low or suppressed renin and increased volume. This phenotype of low renin hypertension (LRH) is multifactorial and includes infrequent inherited genetic syndromes, milder phenotypes of classic diseases and environmental exposures. All these conditions have in common a higher cardiovascular risk mediated by the over activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), present not only in the kidney, but also in vasculature, myocardium and adipocytes. Consequently, the aim of LRH treatment goes beyond the control of blood pressure and requires antagonizing MR with specific pharmacologic agents, pursuing normalization of renin as a clinical objective. Due to the unusual evaluation of renin status by non-endocrinologists and lack of disease awareness, only a minority of hypertensive patients receive this pathophysiologically-driven treatment that should reduce cardiovascular outcomes.

Depressive symptoms are associated with higher morning plasma cortisol in primary care subjects.

BACKGROUND: Cortisol dysregulation has a potential role in depression. AIM AND METHODS: We evaluated depressive symptoms using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression in 48 primary care subjects without history of previous or current depression and its association with cortisol dysregulation (morning plasma cortisol, 24-hour urinary free cortisol and cortisol metabolites). Presence of metabolic syndrome and inflammatory parameters were also assessed. RESULTS: Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression correlated significantly with morning cortisol, but not with urinary free cortisol or metabolites. A significant increase in morning cortisol by Hamilton groups (asymptomatic ≤8; mild to moderate: 9-18; moderate to severe: ≥19) was observed even when adjusted by age/gender. We observed no association of depressive symptoms with metabolic or inflammatory parameters. CONCLUSION: Depressive symptoms in primary care subjects not consulting for their mood are associated with higher morning plasma cortisol, but not urinary cortisol or its metabolites. These observations suggest that systemic hypercortisolism and related metabolic disorders are not observed in mild/initial states of depressive disorders.

[A study of hospital complaints and the role of the doctor-patient communication]. / Un estudio de reclamos hospitalarios: el rol de la relación médico-paciente.

BACKGROUND: Medical practice in Chile has changed dramatically over the last few years. Patients have raised their expectations and there is a growing number of complaints, and malpractice lawsuits. The doctor-patient relationship plays a fundamental role in patient satisfaction and has also been identified as an issue in most medical lawsuits. AIM: To analyze the importance of doctor-patient communication in the complaints received in a university hospital in Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review ofall complaints received at the office for quality of care at a university hospital. Complaints classified in delay, manners and information categories were selected for further analysis. RESULTS: Of a total of 8931 complaints registered between 2001 and 2008, 635 (19%) involved a doctor. Fifty one per cent of the latter, were related to the doctor-patient relationship. Of these, 146 cases (45%) were further classified as "Dysfunctional delivery of Information", 74 cases (23%) as "Not understanding the patient/'family's perspective", 54 cases (17%) as "Discrediting the patient or family's views" and 49 cases (15%) as "Lack of communication". CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of complaints related to communication with the doctor is high, though lower than cited in other studies. The most common complaint is the dysfunctional delivery of information.

Un estudio de reclamos hospitalarios: el rol de la relación médico-paciente / A study of hospital complaints and the role of the doctor-patient communication

Background: Medical practice in Chile has changed dramatically over the last few years. Patients have raised their expectations and there is a growing number of complaints, and malpractice lawsuits. The doctor-patient relationship plays a fundamental role in patient satisfaction and has also been identified as an issue in most medical lawsuits. Aim: To analyze the importance of doctor-patient communication in the complaints received in a university hospital in Chile. Material and Methods: Review ofall complaints received at the office for quality of care at a university hospital. Complaints classified in delay, manners and information categories were selected for further analysis. Results: Of a total of8931 complaints registered between 2001 and 2008, 635 (19 percent) involved a doctor. Fifty one per cent of the latter, were related to the doctor-patient relationship. Of these, 146 cases (45 percent) were further classified as "Dysfunctional delivery of Information", 74 cases (23 percent) as "Not understanding the patient/'family's perspective", 54 cases (17 percent) as "Discrediting the patient or family's views" and 49 cases (15 percent) as "Lack of communication". Conclusions: The percentage of complaints related to communication with the doctor is high, though lower than cited in other studies. The most common complaint is the dysfunctional delivery of information.

Overexpression of hepatic 5α-reductase and 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in visceral adipose tissue is associated with hyperinsulinemia in morbidly obese patients.

11-ß-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11ß-HSD1) converts cortisone to cortisol, mainly in the liver and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and has been implicated in several metabolic disorders. The absence of systemic hypercortisolism in central obesity could be due to increased inactivation of cortisol to its tetrahydrometabolites by the hepatic enzymes 5α- and 5ß-reductases. Our aim was to assess the expression of the reductases in the liver and of 11ß-HSD1 in the liver and VAT in morbidly obese patients and to analyze their association with clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical parameters. Hepatic and VAT samples were obtained during bariatric surgery. 5α- and 5ß-reductases, 11ß-HSD1, and 18S expression was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Anthropometric and biochemical variables were analyzed. Forty-one patients were recruited (age, 41.8 ± 10.6 years; body mass index, 42.1 ± 6.6 kg/m(2); 71% women). The expression of hepatic 5α- and 5ß-reductases was positively correlated (r = +0.53, P = .004), and their expression levels were correlated with hepatic 11ß-HSD1 expression (r = +0.61, P < .001 for 5α-reductase and r = +0.50, P < .001 for 5ß-reductase). Hepatic 5α-reductase was associated with insulin (r = +0.34, P = .015). Visceral adipose tissue 11ß-HSD1 expression was associated with glucose (r = +0.37, P = .025) and insulin (r = +0.54, P = .002). Our results showed that 5α-reductase and VAT 11ß-HSD1 expressions were associated with insulinemia. These findings suggest that overexpression of 5α-reductase, through a higher inactivation of cortisol in the liver, could have a protective role in preserving hepatic sensitivity to insulin. The overexpression of liver reductases in obesity could be an adaptive response to an increase in cortisol production by the liver and visceral 11ß-HSD1 to avoid systemic hypercortisolism.