Screening criteria for interstitial lung disease associated to rheumatoid arthritis: Expert proposal based on Delphi methodology.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a joint proposal for screening criteria of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and vice versa, which serves as a guidelines in patient referral between the Rheumatology and Pneumology departments to early detection of these patients. METHODS: A systematic literature review was carried out on the risk factors for the development of ILD in RA patients, and for the referral criteria to Rheumatology for suspected early RA. Based on the available evidence, screening criteria were agreed using the Delphi method by a panel of pneumologists and rheumatologists with expertise in these pathologies. RESULTS: Screening criteria for ILD in patients with RA and for the early detection of RA in cases with ILD of unknown etiology have been developed. In both cases, a detection strategy was based on clinical risk factors. Recommendations also included the complementary tests to be carried out in the different clinical scenarios and on the periodicity that screening should be repeated. CONCLUSION: A selective screening strategy is recommended for the first time in the early diagnosis of patients with ILD-RA. This multidisciplinary proposal aims to solve some common clinical questions and help decision-making, although its usefulness to identify these patients with good sensitivity must be confirmed in a validation study.

Eficacia de los fármacos antirreumáticos modificadores de la enfermedad sintéticos en artritis psoriásica: una revisión sistemática / Effectiveness of conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review

Antecedentes. Dada la heterogeneidad clínica de la artritis psoriásica (APs), se han elaborado recomendaciones por grupos internacionales para orientar las decisiones terapéuticas del reumatólogo. Esta revisión sistemática (RS) tiene el objetivo de evaluar la evidencia sobre la eficacia de los FAME en APs. Métodos. Búsqueda bibliográfica en Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, desde 2008 hasta 2014. Se incluyeron RS, EC y estudios observacionales, en pacientes con APs con evaluación de eficacia de FAME sintéticos (metotrexato, sulfasalazina y leflunomida), los siguientes desenlaces: síntomas periféricos; daño estructural radiológico periférico; síntomas axiales; entesopatía por ecografía o resonancia magnética (número de entesis antes y después del estudio); dactilitis, y uveítis. Resultados. Se recuperaron 1.662 documentos para revisar por título y «abstract» (Medline, n=433; Embase n=1.132; Cochrane, n=97), se seleccionaron 48 estudios para su lectura detallada, y se incluyeron 8 estudios. Conclusiones. Ya que los estudios incluidos no son consistentes, y hay argumentos para apoyar la eficacia del metotrexato, la evidencia observada con el tratamiento de FAME en APs no es concluyente (AU)

Background. Due to the clinical heterogeneity of psoriatic arthritis (PsA), recommendations have been developed by international groups to guide therapeutic decisions of the rheumatologist. The objective of the current systematic review (RS) was to evaluate the evidence of efficacy of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in PsA. Methods. Literature search in Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, from 2008 to 2014. We included RS, randomized clinical trials and observational studies, in patients with PsA and an evaluation of efficiency of conventional DMARDs (methotrexate, sulfasalazine, leflunomide), according to the following outcomes: peripheral and axial symptoms; peripheral radiological damage; enthesitis according to power Doppler ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (enthesitis count before and after therapy); dactylitis; uveitis. Results. Title and abstract were used to retrieve 1,662 documents for this review (Medline, n=433; EMBASE n=1,132; Cochrane, n=97), and 48 studies were selected for detailed reading; finally, 8 studies were included. Conclusions. Since the studies included are not robust, and there are arguments to support the effectiveness of methotrexate, the evidence observed with the treatment of DMARDs in PsA is not conclusive (AU)

Effectiveness of conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in psoriatic arthritis: A systematic review. / Eficacia de los fármacos antirreumáticos modificadores de la enfermedad sintéticos en artritis psoriásica: una revisión sistemática.

BACKGROUND: Due to the clinical heterogeneity of psoriatic arthritis (PsA), recommendations have been developed by international groups to guide therapeutic decisions of the rheumatologist. The objective of the current systematic review (RS) was to evaluate the evidence of efficacy of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in PsA. METHODS: Literature search in Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, from 2008 to 2014. We included RS, randomized clinical trials and observational studies, in patients with PsA and an evaluation of efficiency of conventional DMARDs (methotrexate, sulfasalazine, leflunomide), according to the following outcomes: peripheral and axial symptoms; peripheral radiological damage; enthesitis according to power Doppler ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (enthesitis count before and after therapy); dactylitis; uveitis. RESULTS: Title and abstract were used to retrieve 1,662 documents for this review (Medline, n=433; EMBASE n=1,132; Cochrane, n=97), and 48 studies were selected for detailed reading; finally, 8 studies were included. CONCLUSIONS: Since the studies included are not robust, and there are arguments to support the effectiveness of methotrexate, the evidence observed with the treatment of DMARDs in PsA is not conclusive.

Feasibility of the Medial Temporal lobe Atrophy index (MTAi) and derived methods for measuring atrophy of the medial temporal lobe.

INTRODUCTION: The Medial Temporal-lobe Atrophy index (MTAi), 2D-Medial Temporal Atrophy (2D-MTA), yearly rate of MTA (yrRMTA) and yearly rate of relative MTA (yrRMTA) are simple protocols for measuring the relative extent of atrophy in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) in relation to the global brain atrophy. Albeit preliminary studies showed interest of these methods in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal lobe degeneration (FTLD) and correlation with cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD), formal feasibility and validity studies remained pending. As a first step, we aimed to assess the feasibility. Mainly, we aimed to assess the reproducibility of measuring the areas needed to compute these indices. We also aimed to assess the efforts needed to start using these methods correctly. METHODS: A series of 290 1.5T-MRI studies from 230 subjects ranging 65-85 years old who had been studied for cognitive impairment were used in this study. Six inexperienced tracers (IT) plus one experienced tracer (ET) traced the three areas needed to compute the indices. Finally, tracers underwent a short survey on their experience learning to compute the MTAi and experience of usage, including items relative to training time needed to understand and apply the MTAi, time to perform a study after training and overall satisfaction. RESULTS: Learning to trace the areas needed to compute the MTAi and derived methods is quick and easy. RESULTS indicate very good intrarater Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for the MTAi, good intrarater ICC for the 2D-MTA, yrMTA and yrRMTA and also good interrater ICC for the MTAi, 2D-MTA, yrMTA and yrRMTA. CONCLUSION: Our data support that MTAi and derived methods (2D-MTA, yrMTA and yrRTMA) have good to very good intrarater and interrater reproducibility and may be easily implemented in clinical practice even if new users have no experience tracing the area of regions of interest.

Estudio sobre el manejo de la artritis reumatoide en España (emAR II). Características clínicas de los pacientes / Management of rheumatoid arthritis in Spain (emAR II). Clinical characteristics

Fundamento. Los resultados de estudios previos muestran una amplia variabilidad en los medios diagnósticos y terapéuticos en artritis reumatoide (AR) en España. La calidad asistencial se beneficiaría al aplicar estándares de práctica apropiados; se presenta un estudio sobre variabilidad en el manejo de la AR en España. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo de revisión de historias clínicas (HC) de pacientes con AR de edad mayor de 16 años, seleccionados por muestreo estratificado por comunidades autónomas y bietápico por centro hospitalario y paciente. Se recogió datos sociodemográficos, evolución, seguimiento, recuento articular, reactantes, función, vida laboral, escalas visuales analógicas (EVA) y otros. Resultados. Se obtuvo información válida de 1.272 pacientes con AR. Se empleó mayoritariamente la VSG, PCR y factor reumatoide (FR). Los porcentajes de ausencia de datos en los recuentos de articulaciones dolorosas (NAD) y tumefactas (NAT) son el 8,2 y el 9,6%; se utilizaron poco las EVA. Conclusiones. A pesar de tener una guía de práctica clínica sobre la AR, existe variabilidad en su manejo (AU)

Background: There is a wide variability in the diagnostic and therapeutic methods in rheumatoid arthritis (AR) in Spain, according to prior studies. The quality of care could benefit from the application of appropriate clinical practice standards; we present a study on the variability of clinical practice. Methods: Descriptive review of clinical records (CR) of patients aged 16 or older diagnosed with RA, selected by stratified sampling of the Autonomous Communities in two stages per Hospital Center and patient. Collected analysis of sociodemographic data, evolution, follow-up, joint count, reactants, function, job history, Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) and other. Results: We obtained valid information of 1,272 RA patients. The ESR, CRP and rheumatoid factor (RF) were regularly used parameters. The percentages of missing data in tender (TJN) and swollen (SJN) joint counts were 8.2% and 9.6% respectively; regarding the VAS we found 53.6% (patient), 59.1% (pain), and 72% in the physician VAS. Conclusions: Despite having clinical practice guidelines on RA, there still exists a significant variability in RA management in our country (AU)

Management of rheumatoid arthritis in Spain (emAR II). Clinical characteristics of the patients.

BACKGROUND: There is a wide variability in the diagnostic and therapeutic methods in rheumatoid arthritis (AR) in Spain, according to prior studies. The quality of care could benefit from the application of appropriate clinical practice standards; we present a study on the variability of clinical practice. METHODS: Descriptive review of clinical records (CR) of patients aged 16 or older diagnosed with RA, selected by stratified sampling of the Autonomous Communities in two stages per Hospital Center and patient. Collected analysis of sociodemographic data, evolution, follow-up, joint count, reactants, function, job history, Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) and other. RESULTS: We obtained valid information of 1,272 RA patients. The ESR, CRP and rheumatoid factor (RF) were regularly used parameters. The percentages of missing data in tender (TJN) and swollen (SJN) joint counts were 8.2% and 9.6% respectively; regarding the VAS we found 53.6% (patient), 59.1% (pain), and 72% in the physician VAS. CONCLUSIONS: Despite having clinical practice guidelines on RA, there still exists a significant variability in RA management in our country.

Systematic review on the effectiveness of immunosuppressants and biological therapies in the treatment of autoimmune posterior uveitis.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the effectiveness of immunosuppressants and biological therapies in autoimmune posterior uveitis, chronic anterior uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and macular edema. METHODS: Systematic review. We conducted a sensitive literature search in Medline (from 1961) and EMBASE (from 1980) until October 2007. Selection criteria were as follows: (1) population: autoimmune posterior uveitis, chronic anterior uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and macular edema; (2) intervention: immunosuppressive and biologic therapies; (3) outcomes: visual acuity, Tyndall, vitreous haze, macular edema, pars planitis, and retinal vasculitis. There were no limitations regarding study design. The quality of each study was evaluated using the Jadad's scale and Oxford Levels of Evidence. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty-five articles were selected for detailed review of the 4235 found in the initial search: 128 records were on immunosuppressants, 105 on biological therapies, and 32 on macular edema. Overall, both the immunosuppressive and the biologic therapies appeared effective in the treatment of autoimmune posterior uveitis, except for daclizumab in uveitis related to Behçet's disease, and for etanercept in any uveitis. In the treatment of macular edema, the drugs tested were also effective. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the evidence collated, immunosuppressants and biological therapies (except for daclizumab in Behçet and etanercept) may be effective in autoimmune uveitis and macular edema. No superiority may be inferred from this review.

Current evidence of the management of undifferentiated spondyloarthritis: a systematic literature review.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy of available drugs in undifferentiated spondyloarthritis (u-SpA). METHODS: Systematic review of studies retrieved from Medline (1961-July 2009), Embase (1961-July 2009), and Cochrane Library (up to July 2009). A complementary hand search was also performed. The selection criteria were as follows: (population) u-SpA patients; (intervention) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, anti-tumor necrosis factor α, anakinra, abatacept, biphosphonates, or thalidomide; (outcome) pain, function, structural damage and quality of life; (study design) randomized controlled trials (RCT), cohort studies, and case reports; (level of evidence) according to The Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine (update 2009). An additional narrative review was performed to analyze the effects of drug therapies in patients with spondyloarthritis according new Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society criteria. RESULTS: The following 7 studies were included: 2 RCT, 1 cohort study, and 4 case reports, which included 117 patients with u-SpA (mostly young men). No evidence related to the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs on u-SpA patients was found. Infliximab and etanercept showed some benefit regarding clinical outcomes, function, and quality of life. Two RCT reported important benefit of infliximab and adalimumab also in patients with predominantly axial spondyloarthritis. Rifampicin plus doxycycline improved some clinical outcomes but ciprofloxacin had no benefit. Anecdotal positive evidence was reported with pamidronate. No serious adverse events were reported in the retrieved studies. CONCLUSION: Low-quality evidence suggests a benefit of tumor necrosis factor α blockers in u-SpA and good-quality evidence in predominantly axial spondyloarthritis. The use of antibiotics remains controversial. High-quality trials are needed to definitively assess the effect of available drugs in these patients.

¿Cómo son los pacientes con artritis reumatoide de reciente comienzo en España? Descripción de la cohorte PROAR / What are patients with early rheumatoid arthritis like in Spain? Description of the PROAR cohort

Fundamento y objetivo Identificación de factores presentes en la artritis de reciente comienzo que puedan ayudar a predecir el desarrollo o no de artritis reumatoide (AR). Descripción de las características clínicas de una cohorte de AR de inicio. Pacientes y método Cohorte de inicio prospectiva de 5 años de duración en 34 servicios de reumatología españoles formada por pacientes con oligoartritis y poliartritis de menos de 1 año de evolución no tratados previamente. A todos los pacientes se les realizó al inicio una valoración de la actividad inflamatoria, capacidad funcional y factores de riesgo de AR. Además se realizaron radiografías de manos y pies y determinaciones de factor reumatoide (FR) y de anticuerpos anti-CCP. Tras 3 años, se evaluó el diagnóstico definitivo y las variables que determinaron la evolución hacia AR. Resultados Se incluyó a 171 pacientes, de los que 161 (94,2%) acabaron cumpliendo criterios diagnósticos de AR, la mayoría (157; 97,5%) en la visita inicial. Los factores relacionados con el diagnóstico de AR fueron: el FR positivo (odds ratio [OR]=8,5; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 1–69,8), los anti-CCP (OR=8,5; IC del 95%, 0,96–75,7) y el DAS28 (OR=1,9; IC del 95%, 1,1–3,3). El 65% de los pacientes presentaban erosiones en la visita basal. Conclusiones Tanto la extensión de la afección articular como tener un FR positivo y anticuerpos anti-CCP permiten predecir la evolución a AR. El daño radiológico, en muchos pacientes, ya está al inicio, por lo que es más importante un tratamiento contundente precoz que esperar a tener un diagnóstico de AR (AU)

Objective To identify factors present in recent onset arthritis that may help to predict rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to describe a cohort of recent onset RA. Patients and method A 5 year prospective cohort of patients with early oligo and polyarthritis (< 1 year of evolution) from 34 rheumatology units, was studied. Sociodemographic, clinical features and RA risk factors were recorded. Rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-CCP determinations and radiographs of hands and feet were analyzed too. After three years, a diagnosis of certainty and the variables that determined the evolution to RA, were evaluated. Results One hundred and seventy one patients were included; 161 (94.2%) fulfilled RA diagnostic criteria; most of them (157; 97.5%) in the first visit. Factors associated with RA diagnosis were: positive RF, anti-CCP and DAS-28; 65% of the patients had radiological erosions in the first visit. Conclusions Positive RF, anti-CCP and the disease activity are predictive factors of RA. Radiological damage exists very early in most of patients, that's why it is more important to treat the disease aggressively instead than achieving an RA diagnosis of certainty (AU)

Economic burden of knee and hip osteoarthritis in Spain.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the direct and indirect osteoarthritis (OA)-attributable costs and predictors of costs of knee and hip OA in Spain. METHODS: This study included consecutive patients age > or = 50 years with symptomatic and radiologic knee and/or hip OA who were seen at primary care centers in all provinces of Spain. Information on demographics, health status (Short Form 12 Health Survey), comorbidities (Charlson Index), clinical (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC]) and radiologic OA severity (Kellgren/Lawrence [K/L] scale), data related to OA health resources utilization (medical and nonmedical), and subjects' and caregivers' expenses and time lost in the previous 6 months were collected in 2 separate, structured, and detailed interviews. Costs in euros were assigned using market prices and official sources if available, and were annualized (to 2007). The predictors of costs were assessed in multivariate regression models. Costs were log-transformed before being modeled. RESULTS: A total of 1,071 subjects were analyzed (74% women, mean +/- SD age 71 +/- 9 years). Average total annual costs were euro1,502 per patient. Direct costs accounted for 86% of the total cost. We estimated a national cost of euro4,738 million, representing 0.5% of the gross national product. Higher total costs were associated with comorbidity (Charlson Index odds ratio [OR] 1.27, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.03-1.58), poorer health status (P < 0.050), worse WOMAC scores (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.08), and grade 4 K/L scores (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.15-2.69). CONCLUSION: The economic burden of knee and hip OA is substantial. Costs increased with comorbidity, poorer health status, and clinical and radiologic OA severity.

[What are patients with early rheumatoid arthritis like in Spain? Description of the PROAR cohort]. / ¿Cómo son los pacientes con artritis reumatoide de reciente comienzo en España? Descripción de la cohorte PROAR.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors present in recent onset arthritis that may help to predict rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to describe a cohort of recent onset RA. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A 5 year prospective cohort of patients with early oligo and polyarthritis (< 1 year of evolution) from 34 rheumatology units, was studied. Sociodemographic, clinical features and RA risk factors were recorded. Rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-CCP determinations and radiographs of hands and feet were analyzed too. After three years, a diagnosis of certainty and the variables that determined the evolution to RA, were evaluated. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy one patients were included; 161 (94.2%) fulfilled RA diagnostic criteria; most of them (157; 97.5%) in the first visit. Factors associated with RA diagnosis were: positive RF, anti-CCP and DAS-28; 65% of the patients had radiological erosions in the first visit. CONCLUSIONS: Positive RF, anti-CCP and the disease activity are predictive factors of RA. Radiological damage exists very early in most of patients, that's why it is more important to treat the disease aggressively instead than achieving an RA diagnosis of certainty.