[Determination of group affiliation of isolated spermatozoa after separation from squamous epithelium cells]. / Opredelenie gruppovoi prinadlezhnosti izolirovannykh spermatozoidov posle otdeleniia ikh ot kletok ploskogo épiteliia.

Outlined in the paper are outlooks for determining a group affiliation of sperm in traces, left in material evidence, within forensic biological expertise. A technique is suggested to separate the spermatozoids from the vaginal epithelium cells--it has been used up to now in genetics alone. The method involves the available reagents and does not need any extra training. Its elaboration and introduction would resolve one of the most often-encountered issues set by the investigating office.

[New possibilities of detecting blood and seminal fluid in traces on material evidence using Fluorat-02-3M analyzer]. / O novykh vozmozhnostiakh opredeleniia nalichiia krovi i spermy v sledakh na veshchestvennykh dokazatel'stvakh na analizatore zhidkosti "Fliuorat-02-3M".

Fluorat-02-3M liquid analyzer essentially extends the range of hemoglobin measurements, increasing its concentration in the studied extract from 0.1 to 100 micrograms in a 100 microliters sample (the lower threshold concentration remains unchanged: 0.005 in a 100-microliters sample) in detection of the blood in stains on material evidence pieces by fluorescent hemotest. This allows detection of blood in both washed and clearly seen blood stains on pieces of material evidence. Examples of using this method for measuring mass concentrations of zinc in water extracts on a Fluorat-02-3M analyzer are presented. The analyzer was developed at the Bureau of Forensic Medical Expert Evaluations of the Leningrad region for tentative detection of seminal fluid in stains on material evidence pieces. The results of this method are objectively recorded.

[Detection of semen in stains on material evidences by quantitative immunofluorescence test]. / Ustanovlenie nalichiia spermy v piatnakh na veshchestvennykh dokazatel'stvakh s pomoshch'iu reaktsii immunofliuorestsentsii v kolichestvennoi modifikatsii.

Russian and foreign methods used in forensic medicine for detection of the semen in stains on material evidences are compared. The potentialities of quantitative immunofluorescence test for detection of the semen in stains on material evidences, developed at Bureau for Forensic Medical Expert Evaluations of the Leningrad region, are described. Unlike other methods used in Russia, this method detects the semen in stains in the absence of spermatozoa and in stains with very low amount of the semen. Our modification allows objective recording of the results with computer processing. The method is cheaper than its foreign analogs and its sensitivity is similar to them.

[Detection of blood in stains on material evidence by fluorescent hemotest and spectrofluorometry]. / Ustanovlenie nalichiia krovi v piatnakh na veshchestvennykh dokazatel'stvakh s pomoshch'iu metodov liuminestsentnogo gemotesta i spektrofliuorimetrii.

The efficiency of detection of blood in stains on material evidence by spectrofluorometry and fluorescent hemotest developed at Bureau for Forensic Medical Expert Evaluations of the Leningrad region and by traditional methods used in Russia and abroad is compared. The proposed methods are 1000 times more effective than the methods routinely used in Russia; moreover, they allow objective computer recording and processing. These methods are 50-70 times cheaper than the methods used in foreign countries and are virtually as sensitive. Fluorescent hemotest persuasively proves the presence of blood in stains on material evidence under laboratory conditions, at the site of accident, and even under field conditions (express analysis).

[The advantages of establishing the species classification of blood and other biological objects by the IFR in a quantitative modification]. / Preimushchestva ustanovleniia vidovoi prinadlezhnosti krovi i drugikh biologicheskikh ob''ektov metodom RIF v kolichestvennoi modifikatsii.

A quantitative modification of immunofluorescent test (IFT) is described. It was used for species identification of blood stains on material evidence objects. This modification is 1000 times more sensitive than electrophoretic methods traditionally used for this purpose in forensic medicine. Computer processing of the results helps objectively and persuasively determine the species appurtenance of blood and other biological objects. Results of the test represented as histograms should be attached to forensic medical conclusions as proofs for the court.

[Establishing the presence of blood in stains for material evidence by using the luminescent blood test]. / Ob ustanovlenii nalichiia krovi v piatnakh na veshchestvennykh dokazatel'stvakh s pomoshch'iu liuminestsentnogo gemotesta.

Two methods for objective persuasive identification of blood stains on pieces of material evidence are offered. These methods are 1000 times more sensitive than other methods used in forensic medical practice. Computer processing of the results permits calculating the content of hemoglobin derivatives in the examined material in amounts as low as 5-100 ng/100 microliters extraction. Using these methods, it is possible to prove the presence of blood by rapid analysis directly at the site of the crime in washed traces and in traces formed long ago.

[The detection of the Glm(1) antigen by the indirect immunofluorescence reaction in a quantitative modification]. / Vyiavlenie antigens Glm(1) reaktsiei nepriamoi immunofliuorestsentsii v kolichestvennoi modifikatsii.

Quantitative modification of indirect immunofluorescence test permits the detection of Glm(1) antigen in spots on material evidence in much lower concentrations than are detectable by the routine method. Use of the Stat software helps objectively assess the test results after mathematical processing thereof and reliably judge about the presence of the Glm(1) antigen in the tested material.

[The detection of ABO system antigens in bone, nail and tooth fragments]. / Vyiavlenie antigenov sistemy ABO v fragmentakh kostei, nogtei i zubov.

Fragments of the bones, nails, and teeth were examined in 12 forensic biological departments of bureaus for forensic medical expert evaluation of the Russian Federation. A total of 790 experiments were carried out with 145 bones, 5 teeth, and nails from 12 cadavers. In the overwhelming majority of cases the experiments were carried out with control investigations of blood, hair, salivary, and sweat samples. Modifications of the absorption-elution method were used to detect the AB0 antigens, these modifications involving all stages of the test (fixation, fat extraction, medium for elution, reagents, time factors in absorption and elution, etc.). Analysis of the data permitted the authors to make some conclusions and offer recommendations for practical biological experts.

[The determination of the group classification of sperm by the ABO system by means of the immunofluorescence reaction in a quantitative modification]. / Ob opredelenii gruppovoi prinadlezhnosti spermy po sisteme ABO metodom reaktsii immunofliuorestsentsii v kolichestvennom modifikatsii.

Differentiating lysis with proteinase K helps purify the preparations from stains on material evidences and thus permits the detection of more spermatozoa. Quantitative immunofluorescence and the Stat software helps objectively assess the results of the test by mathematical processing and more reliably detect this or that AB0 antigen in the spermatozoa.