Management and outcome of oncological patients under immune checkpoint inhibitors presenting at the emergency department.

INTRODUCTION: With the rising use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in oncology, emergency physicians are increasingly confronted with their immune-related adverse events (irAEs). We described the types of irAEs presenting to the ED of a Belgian cancer centre and determined associations with the development of an irAE and other patient's characteristics. Secondary objectives describe the therapeutic management and determine 7 and 30-day mortality. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of ED visits of patients on ICI from 15 December 2016 to 6 December 2020 was performed. Clinical presentation, cancer characteristics and type of ICI were extracted by a single abstractor. We recorded any suspicion of irAE in the ED and confirmation of an irAE was based on the patient's oncologist report. Outcome was based on mortality at date of last follow-up. RESULTS: 227 patients on ICI presented to the ED, with a total of 451 visits. 54 (12%) of the visits resulted in a diagnosis of irAE. Four clinical features were associated with an irAE: gastrointestinal complaints (p=0.01), skin rashes (p=0.02), acute renal failure (p=0.002) and abnormal liver function (p=0.04). An irAE was also associated with three different factors: a cancer status in remission (OR=5.33, 95% CI 2.57 to 11.04), a combination of two ICIs (OR=4.43, 95% CI 2.09 to 9.42) and a medical history of irAE (OR=2.44, 95% CI 1.27 to 4.68). 30-day mortality was lower in the irAE group (0%) than in the non-irAE group (13%, 95% CI 9% to 19%). CONCLUSIONS: Oncological patients under ICI presenting in the ED are more likely to have an irAE if they present with gastrointestinal and dermatological complaints, acute renal failure and abnormal liver function. This is also true for patients with any history of irAE, a concomitant use of two ICIs and with a cancer status in remission.

Leukemia cutis revealing relapse of a chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report.

Key Clinical Message: Clinical presentation of leukemia cutis (LC) is polymorphic and can reveal a malignant hemopathy. More commonly described in cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), LC can also occur in case of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Abstract: Leukemia cutis is a rare form of extramedullary feature of malignant hemopathy, seldom associated with CML. Its clinical presentation is pleiotropic and differential diagnosis is broad. It relies on clinical and typical histological and biomolecular concordance. Once confirmed, treatment is based on that of the primary condition. We present a case of a leukemia cutis revealing a relapse of a CML successfully treated by tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Etiologies and Outcome of Patients with Solid Tumors Admitted to ICU with Acute Respiratory Failure: A Secondary Analysis of the EFRAIM Study.

BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory failure (ARF) remains the most frequent reason for ICU admission in patients who are immunocompromised. This study reports etiologies and outcomes of ARF in subjects with solid tumors. METHODS: This study was a post hoc analysis of the EFRAIM study, a prospective multinational cohort study that included 1611 subjects who were immunocompromised and with ARF admitted to the ICU. Subjects with solid tumors admitted to the ICU with ARF were included in the analysis. RESULTS: Among the subjects from the EFRAIM cohort, 529 subjects with solid tumors (32.8%) were included in the analysis. At ICU admission, the median (interquartile range) Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score was 5 (3-9). The types of solid tumor were mostly lung cancer (n = 111, 21%), breast cancer (n = 52, 9.8%), and digestive cancer (n = 47, 8.9%). A majority, 379 subjects (71.6%) were full code at ICU admission. The ARF was caused by bacterial or viral infection (n = 220, 41.6%), extrapulmonary sepsis (n = 62, 11.7%), or related to cancer or treatment toxicity (n = 83, 15.7%), or fungal infection (n = 23, 4.3%). For 63 subjects (11.9%), the ARF etiology remained unknown after an extensive diagnostic workup. The hospital mortality rate was 45.7% (n = 232/508). Hospital mortality was independently associated with chronic cardiac failure (odds ratio 1.78, 95% CI 1.09-2.92; P = .02), lung cancer (odds ratio 2.50, 95% CI 1.51-4.19; P < .001), day 1 Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (odds ratio 1.97, 95% CI 1.32-2.96; P < .001). ARF etiologies other than infectious, related to cancer, or treatment toxicity were associated with better outcomes (odds ratio 0.32, 95% CI 0.16-0.61; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Infectious diseases remained the most frequent cause of ARF in subjects with solid tumors admitted to the ICU. Hospital mortality was related to severity at ICU admission, previous comorbidities, and ARF etiologies related to non-malignant causes or pulmonary embolism. Lung tumor was also independently associated with higher mortality.

ICU admission for solid cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the management of cancer. They can induce immune-related adverse events (irAE) leading to intensive care unit (ICU) admission. We aimed to describe irAEs for ICU admissions in solid cancer patients treated with ICIs. METHODS: This prospective multicenter study was conducted in France and Belgium. Adult patients with solid tumor and treated with systemic ICIs within the last 6 months, requiring non-programmed ICU admission were included. Patients admitted for microbiologically documented sepsis were excluded. Imputability of irAEs in ICU admissions was described according to the WHO-UMC classification system at ICU admission and at ICU discharge. The use of immunosuppressant treatment was reported. RESULTS: 115 patients were eligible. Solid tumor was mainly lung cancer (n = 76, 66%) and melanoma (n = 18, 16%). They were mainly treated with an anti-PD-(L)1 alone (n = 110, 96%). Main ICU admission reasons were acute respiratory failure (n = 66, 57%), colitis (n = 14, 13%), and cardiovascular disease (n = 13, 11%). ICU admission was considered "likely" associated with irAE for 48% (n = 55) of patients. Factors independently associated with irAE were a good ECOG performance status (PS) (ECOG-PS of 0 or 1 vs. ECOG-PS of 2-3, odds ratio [OR] = 6.34, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.13-18.90, and OR = 3.66, 95% CI 1.33-10.03, respectively), and a history of irAE (OR = 3.28, 95% CI 1.19-9.01). Steroids were prescribed for 41/55 (75%) patients with ICU admission "likely" related to irAE. Three patients were subsequently treated with immunosuppressants. CONCLUSION: IrAEs accounted for half of ICU admissions in cancer patients receiving ICIs. They could be treated with steroids. Identifying the imputability of irAEs in ICU admissions remains a challenge.

European Respiratory Society guideline on various aspects of quality in lung cancer care.

This European Respiratory Society guideline is dedicated to the provision of good quality recommendations in lung cancer care. All the clinical recommendations contained were based on a comprehensive systematic review and evidence syntheses based on eight PICO (Patients, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes) questions. The evidence was appraised in compliance with the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach. Evidence profiles and the GRADE Evidence to Decision frameworks were used to summarise results and to make the decision-making process transparent. A multidisciplinary Task Force panel of lung cancer experts formulated and consented the clinical recommendations following thorough discussions of the systematic review results. In particular, we have made recommendations relating to the following quality improvement measures deemed applicable to routine lung cancer care: 1) avoidance of delay in the diagnostic and therapeutic period, 2) integration of multidisciplinary teams and multidisciplinary consultations, 3) implementation of and adherence to lung cancer guidelines, 4) benefit of higher institutional/individual volume and advanced specialisation in lung cancer surgery and other procedures, 5) need for pathological confirmation of lesions in patients with pulmonary lesions and suspected lung cancer, and histological subtyping and molecular characterisation for actionable targets or response to treatment of confirmed lung cancers, 6) added value of early integration of palliative care teams or specialists, 7) advantage of integrating specific quality improvement measures, and 8) benefit of using patient decision tools. These recommendations should be reconsidered and updated, as appropriate, as new evidence becomes available.

Sepsis-associated coagulopathy in onco-hematology patients presenting with thrombocytopenia: a multicentric observational study.

Coagulation disorders increase mortality rate during septic shock, but the impact of concomitant hematological malignancies remains unknown. The study assessed coagulation disorders in onco-hematological patients with thrombocytopenia (<100 G/L) admitted to ICU for septic shock. Among 146 included patients, 50 patients had lymphoma and 49 patients had acute leukemia. ICU mortality rate was 43.8% (n = 64). Median increase in prothrombin time (PT) at day(d) 1 was 4.7 s (IQR 3.2-7.9) in ICU survivors vs. 6.4 s (IQR 4.5-13.7; p < 0.01) in non-survivors. Fibrinogen kinetics (increase in fibrinogen levels between d1 and d2) was +0.55 (-0.22-1.55) vs. +0.10 g/L (-0.40-0.50; p = 0.03) in surviving and non-surviving patients, respectively. PT increase ≥6 s at d1 (OR 5.5; 95% CI 1.1-6.0; p = 0.03) and mechanical ventilation (OR 7.4; 95% CI 3.3-17.7; p < 0.001) were independently associated with ICU mortality. This study provides information and new ways to identify hematological patients with high-risk mortality.

Optic neuritis in lung adenocarcinoma: A challenging diagnosis.

Optic neuritis with CRMP-5 IgG is a paraneoplastic inflammation of the optic nerve associated with lung cancer, mostly small-cell lung cancer. We present the case of a patient with lung adenocarcinoma who developed progressive bilateral visual loss a few months after immune-chemotherapy with pembrolizumab and after Covid-19 vaccination. Positive CRMP-5 IgG were detected in blood sample and complete work-up - including brain MRI - did not show any progression. High dose systemic corticoids were administered with transient improving, followed by intravenous immunoglobulins, methotrexate and rituximab but despite negativization of CRMP-5 IgG, the patient had a progressive visual loss.

PARIS score for evaluation of probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients.

Control of transmissible diseases as COVID-19 needs a testing and an isolation strategy. The PARIS score developed by Torjdman et al. was aimed at improving patient selection for testing and quarantining but was derived from a general population. We performed a retrospective analysis of the validity of the PARIS score in a cancer patient population. We included 164 patients counting for 181 visits at the emergency department of the Jules Bordet Institute between March 10th and May 18th which had a SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test at admission. Twenty-six cases (14.3%) were tested positive with a higher proportion of positive tests among hematological patients compared to those with solid tumors (26% vs 11% p = 0.02). No clinical symptoms were associated with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR. No association between anticancer treatment and SARS-CoV-2 infection was found. The PARIS score failed to differentiate SARS-CoV-2-positive and SARS-CoV-2-negative groups (AUC 0.61 95% CI 0.48-0.73). The negative predictive value of a low probability PARIS score was 0.89 but this concerned only 11% of the patients. A high probability PARIS score concerned 49% patients but the positive predictive value was 0.18. CT scan had a sensitivity of 0.77, specificity 0.51, a positive predictive value of 0.24, and a negative predictive value of 0.92. The performance of the PARIS score is thus very poor in this cancer population. A low-risk score can be of some utility but this concerns a minority of patients.

When targeted therapy for cancer leads to ICU admission. RETRO-TARGETICU multicentric study.

PURPOSE: To study prevalence of targeted therapy (TT)-related adverse events requiring ICU admission in solid tumor patients. METHODS: Retrospective multicenter study from the Nine-i research group. Adult patients who received TT for solid tumor within 3 months prior to ICU admission were included. Patients admitted for TT-related adverse event were compared to those admitted for other reasons. RESULTS: In total, 140 patients, median age of 63 (52-69) years were included. Primary cancer site was mostly digestive (n=27, 19%), kidney (n=27, 19%), breast (n=24, 17%), and lung (n=20, 14%). Targeted therapy was anti-VEGF/VEGFR for 27% (n=38) patients, anti-EGFR for 22% (n=31) patients, anti-HER2 for 14% (n=20) patients and anti-BRAF for 9% (n=5) patients. ICU admission was related to TT adverse events for 30 (21%) patients. The most frequent complications were interstitial pneumonia (n=7), cardiac failure (n=5), anaphylaxis (n=4) and bleeding (n=4). At ICU admission, no significant difference was found between patients admitted for a TT-related adverse event and the other patients. One-month survival rate was higher in patients admitted for TT adverse event (OR=5.733 [2.031-16.182] P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Adverse events related to targeted therapy accounted for 20% of ICU admission in our population and carried a 16% one-month mortality. Outcome was associated with admission for TT related to adverse event, breast cancer and good performance status.

Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients in the ICU With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Compared With Those With Influenza Infection: A Multicenter Matched Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The characteristics and outcomes of adult patients with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection who require ICU admission are poorly defined. Although several studies in adults with RSV infection have been published in recent years, they did not focus specifically on patients with critical illness. RESEARCH QUESTION: What are the characteristics and outcomes of adult patients in the ICU with RSV infection and how do they compare with those of patients in the ICU with influenza infection? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This retrospective, multicenter study in France and Belgium (17 sites) compared the characteristics and outcomes of adult patients in the ICU with RSV infection vs those with influenza infection between November 2011 and April 2018. Each patient with RSV infection was matched by institution and date of diagnosis with a patient with influenza infection. In-hospital mortality was compared between the two groups, with adjustment for prognostic factors in a multivariate model (sex, age, main underlying conditions, and concurrent bloodstream infection). RESULTS: Data from 618 patients (309 with RSV infection and 309 with influenza infection) were analyzed. Patients with RSV infection were significantly more likely to have an underlying chronic respiratory condition (60.2% vs 40.1%; P < .001) and to be immunocompromised (35% vs 26.2%; P = .02) than patients with influenza infection. Several differences in clinical signs and biological data at diagnosis were found between the groups. In-hospital mortality was not significantly different between the two groups (23.9% in the RSV group vs 25.6% in the influenza group; P = .63), even after adjustment for prognostic factors in a multivariate model. INTERPRETATION: Adult patients in the ICU with RSV infection differ from adult patients in the ICU with influenza in terms of comorbidities and characteristics at diagnosis. RSV infection was associated with high in-hospital mortality, approaching 25%. In multivariate analysis, RSV infection was associated with a similar odds of in-hospital death compared with influenza infection.

Initiation of a new anti-cancer medical treatment in ICU: a retrospective study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of our study is to evaluate the characteristics of patients whose medical anti-cancer treatment has been initiated at the ICU and to release prognostic factors for hospital mortality in these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively all the records of cancer patients admitted between 01/01/2007 and 31/12/2017 in our ICU and for whom a new anti-cancer medical treatment was initiated during their ICU stay. RESULTS: Our study includes 147 patients, 78 men (53%) and 69 women (47%), with a median age of 58 years. Eighty patients (54%) had a solid tumor and 67 (46%) a hematological malignancy. ICU mortality was 23% and hospital mortality 32%. The poor prognostic factors for hospital mortality were: higher SOFA, higher Charslon comorbidity index and the presence of a therapeutic limitation (introduced at the time of admission or within 24 hours of admission to the ICU). One-year survival for patients who survived hospital stay was 37% (17% for those with a solid tumor and 61% for the ones with a hematological malignancy). CONCLUSION: Initiation of an anti-cancer medical treatment is feasible and can lead to good 1 year survival rate, especially for those with a hematological tumor.

Critically ill cancer patient's resuscitation: a Belgian/French societies' consensus conference.

To respond to the legitimate questions raised by the application of invasive methods of monitoring and life-support techniques in cancer patients admitted in the ICU, the European Lung Cancer Working Party and the Groupe de Recherche Respiratoire en Réanimation Onco-Hématologique, set up a consensus conference. The methodology involved a systematic literature review, experts' opinion and a final consensus conference about nine predefined questions1. Which triage criteria, in terms of complications and considering the underlying neoplastic disease and possible therapeutic limitations, should be used to guide admission of cancer patient to intensive care units?2. Which ventilatory support [High Flow Oxygenation, Non-invasive Ventilation (NIV), Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (IMV), Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)] should be used, for which complications and in which environment?3. Which support should be used for extra-renal purification, in which conditions and environment?4. Which haemodynamic support should be used, for which complications, and in which environment?5. Which benefit of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in cancer patients and for which complications?6. Which intensive monitoring in the context of oncologic treatment (surgery, anti-cancer treatment …)?7. What specific considerations should be taken into account in the intensive care unit?8. Based on which criteria, in terms of benefit and complications and taking into account the neoplastic disease, patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit (or equivalent) should receive cellular elements derived from the blood (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets)?9. Which training is required for critical care doctors in charge of cancer patients?

Outcomes of ICU patients with and without perceptions of excessive care: a comparison between cancer and non-cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Whether Intensive Care Unit (ICU) clinicians display unconscious bias towards cancer patients is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of critically ill patients with and without perceptions of excessive care (PECs) by ICU clinicians in patients with and without cancer. METHODS: This study is a sub-analysis of the large multicentre DISPROPRICUS study. Clinicians of 56 ICUs in Europe and the United States completed a daily questionnaire about the appropriateness of care during a 28-day period. We compared the cumulative incidence of patients with concordant PECs, treatment limitation decisions (TLDs) and death between patients with uncontrolled and controlled cancer, and patients without cancer. RESULTS: Of the 1641 patients, 117 (7.1%) had uncontrolled cancer and 270 (16.4%) had controlled cancer. The cumulative incidence of concordant PECs in patients with uncontrolled and controlled cancer versus patients without cancer was 20.5%, 8.1%, and 9.1% (p < 0.001 and p = 0.62, respectively). In patients with concordant PECs, we found no evidence for a difference in time from admission until death (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.60-1.72 and HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.49-1.54) and TLDs (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.33-1.99 and HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.27-1.81) across subgroups. In patients without concordant PECs, we found differences between the time from admission until death (HR 2.23, 95% CI 1.58-3.15 and 1.66, 95% CI 1.28-2.15), without a corresponding increase in time until TLDs (NA, p = 0.3 and 0.7) across subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of a difference in time from admission until TLDs and death in patients with concordant PECs makes bias by ICU clinicians towards cancer patients unlikely. However, the differences between the time from admission until death, without a corresponding increase in time until TLDs, suggest prognostic unawareness, uncertainty or optimism in ICU clinicians who did not provide PECs, more specifically in patients with uncontrolled cancer. This study highlights the need to improve intra- and interdisciplinary ethical reflection and subsequent decision-making at the ICU.

Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and outcome in patients with solid tumors or hematological malignancies: a single-center study.

BACKGROUND: Immunocompromised cancer patients are presumed to be at high risk of developing COVID-19 infection. Predisposing factors to contracting COVID-19 and to severe outcomes have been described in registries but were not compared between solid tumors and hematological malignancies. METHOD: This retrospective single oncologic center study included adults with solid tumors or hematological malignancies referred to testing by naso-pharyngeal swab for a SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR from March 10 to May 18, 2020. RESULTS: A total of 212 patients were included in the study. Forty-five (21%) were tested positive with SARS-CoV-2. The univariate analysis with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR as a dependent variable reveals significant odds ratios (ORs) for age-with a mean of 62.5 years-(OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02-1.08), performance status ≥2 (OR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.22-4.70), inpatient status (OR: 2.36, 95%CI: 1.11-4.91), and hematological malignancies (OR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.23-4.96). In contrast, OR for solid tumors reveals a negative association (OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.20-0.81). When integrating severe outcome (ICU admission or COVID-19-related death) as a dependent variable, the univariate logistic regression model shows significant ORs for pre-existing lymphopenia (OR: 4.0, 95% CI: 1.17-15.04), hematological malignancies (OR: 3.73, 95% CI: 1.09-13.80), and a negative association for solid tumors (OR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.07-0.92). CONCLUSION: In patients referred for SARS-CoV-2 testing, hematological malignancies were associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 infection and severe outcomes. Other factors were age and inpatient status.

Performance of the ROX index to predict intubation in immunocompromised patients receiving high-flow nasal cannula for acute respiratory failure.

BACKGROUND: Delayed intubation is associated with high mortality. There is a lack of objective criteria to decide the time of intubation. We assessed a recently described combined oxygenation index (ROX index) to predict intubation in immunocompromised patients. The study is a secondary analysis of randomized trials in immunocompromised patients, including all patients who received high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC). The first objective was to evaluate the accuracy of the ROX index to predict intubation for patients with acute respiratory failure. RESULTS: In the study, 302 patients received HFNC. Acute respiratory failure was mostly related to pneumonia (n = 150, 49.7%). Within 2 (1-3) days, 115 (38.1%) patients were intubated. The ICU mortality rate was 27.4% (n = 83). At 6 h, the ROX index was lower for patients who needed intubation compared with those who did not [4.79 (3.69-7.01) vs. 6.10 (4.48-8.68), p < 0.001]. The accuracy of the ROX index to predict intubation was poor [AUC = 0.623 (0.557-0.689)], with low performance using the threshold previously found (4.88). In multivariate analysis, a higher ROX index was still independently associated with a lower intubation rate (OR = 0.89 [0.82-0.96], p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: A ROX index greater than 4.88 appears to have a poor ability to predict intubation in immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure, although it remains highly associated with the risk of intubation and may be useful to stratify such risk in future studies.

Drug-related problems and risk factors related to unplanned hospital readmission among cancer patients in Belgium.

INTRODUCTION: There are about 60,000 diagnoses of cancer per year in Belgium. After hospital care, about 12-13% of cancer patients are readmitted within 30 days after discharge. These readmissions are partly related to drug-related problems (DRP), such as interactions or adverse drug effects (ADE). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to quantify and to classify DRP readmissions within 30 days for cancer patients and to highlight risk factors potentially correlated to readmissions. METHODS: This study is a 6-month observational retrospective study in two care facilities in Brussels: an academic general hospital and an academic oncology center. Patients readmitted within 30 days after their last hospital care for a potential DRP were included. Patient files were evaluated with an intermediate medication review that included interactions analysis (Lexicomp®). The probability of DRP readmission was assessed using the World Health Organization's Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO-UMC) system. RESULTS: The final population included 299 patients; among them, 123 (41.1%) were readmitted due to DRP (certain DRP (4.9%), probable DRP (49.6%), and possible DRP (45.5%)). Risks factors linked to these DRP were a low Charlson Comorbidity Index, polypharmacy, the kind of hospital, and some chemotherapies (platinum preparations). Among all readmitted patients, the D-type interactions were the most common (44.8%), which suggest a possible therapy modification. However, around 10% of interactions were X-type (drug combination to avoid). CONCLUSION: Almost 10% of patient readmitted within 30 days were potentially related to a DRP, most of them from adverse drug effects. Four risk factors (low Charlson Comorbidity Index, polypharmacy, the hospital, and some chemotherapies) were highlighted to prevent these readmissions.

Sepsis and Septic Shock Definitions in Patients With Cancer Admitted in ICU.

INTRODUCTION: In 2016, a new definition of sepsis and septic shock was adopted. Some studies based on the general population demonstrated that the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score is more accurate than the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria to predict hospital mortality of infected patients requiring intensive care. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We have analyzed all the records of patients with cancer admitted for a suspected infection between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2016, in our oncological intensive care unit (ICU). Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and quick SOFA (qSOFA) score as well as SIRS criteria were calculated. We analyzed the accuracy of each score to predict hospital mortality in the setting of the new and old definitions of septic shock. RESULTS: Our study includes 241 patients with a solid tumor and 112 with a hematological malignancy. The hospital mortality rate is 37% (68% in patients with septic shock according to the new definition and 60% according to old definition) between 2013 and 2016. To predict hospital mortality, the SOFA score has an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.74 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68-0.79), the qSOFA of 0.65 (95% CI, 0.59-0.70), and the SIRS criteria of 0.58 (95% CI, 0.52-0.63). In multivariate analysis, a higher SOFA score or a higher qSOFA score indicates poor prognosis: odds ratio (OR) per 1-point increase by 1.28 (95% CI, 1.18-1.39) and 1.48 (95% CI, 1.04-2.11), respectively. Complete remission is a good prognostic factor for hospital mortality: OR 0.39 (95% CI, 0.22-0.67). CONCLUSION: The new definition of sepsis and septic shock is applicable in an ICU oncological population with the same reliability as in the general population. The SOFA score is more accurate than qSOFA and SIRS criteria to predict hospital mortality.

Acute Respiratory Failure Outcomes in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Cell Transplant: A Secondary Analysis of the EFRAIM Study.

Patients with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) who develop acute respiratory failure (ARF) are perceived to have worse outcomes than autologous HCT recipients and non-transplant patients with hematologic malignancy (HM). Within a large international prospective cohort, we evaluated clinical outcomes in these 3 populations. We conducted a secondary analysis of the EFRAIM study, a multicenter observational study of immunocompromised adults with ARF admitted to 62 intensive care units (ICUs) in 16 countries. We described characteristics and compared outcomes of patients with HM who did not undergo transplantation and patients who underwent autologous or allogeneic HCT using multivariable logistic regression and propensity score-matched analyses. A total of 801 patients were included: 570 who did not undergo transplantation, 86 autologous HCT recipients and 145 allogeneic HCT recipients. Acute myelogenous leukemia (171 of 570; 30%) was the most common HM and most common indication for allogeneic HCT (76 of 145; 52%). Compared with the patients who did not undergo HCT and autologous HCT recipients, allogeneic HCT recipients were younger, had fewer comorbid conditions, and were more likely to undergo diagnostic bronchoscopy in the ICU. Unadjusted ICU and hospital mortality were 35% and 45%, respectively, across the entire cohort. In multivariable regression analysis, autologous HCT (odds ratio [OR], 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], .57 to 2.03; P = .82) and allogeneic HCT (OR, .99; 95% CI, .60 to 1.66; P = .98) were not associated with higher hospital mortality compared with the no-HCT cohort, adjusting for demographic, functional, clinical, malignancy, and ARF characteristics. The results were similar when analyzed using propensity score-matching techniques. Our findings indicate that autologous and allogeneic HCT recipients who develop ARF and require ICU admission have similar hospital mortality as patients with HM not treated with HCT.