Surgical and minimally invasive treatment of ischaemic and non-ischaemic priapism: a systematic review by the EAU Sexual and Reproductive Health Guidelines panel.

Surgical treatments for ischemic priapism (IP) include shunts or penile implants. Non-ischemic priapism (NIP) is usually the result of penile/perineal trauma causing an arterial fistula and embolisation may be required. We conducted a systematic review on behalf of the EAU Sexual and Reproductive health Guidelines panel to analyse the available evidence on efficacy and safety of surgical modalities for IP and NIP. Outcomes were priapism resolution, sexual function and adverse events following surgery. Overall, 63 studies (n = 923) met inclusion criteria up to September 2021. For IP (n = 702), surgery comprised distal (n = 274), proximal shunts (n = 209) and penile prostheses (n = 194). Resolution occurred in 18.7-100% for distal, 5.7-100% for proximal shunts and 100% for penile prostheses. Potency rate was 20-100% for distal, 11.1-77.2% for proximal shunts, and 26.3-100% for penile prostheses, respectively. Patient satisfaction was 60-100% following penile prostheses implantation. Complications were 0-42.5% for shunts and 0-13.6% for IPP. For NIP (n = 221), embolisation success was 85.7-100% and potency 80-100%. The majority of studies were retrospective cohort studies. Risk of bias was high. Overall, surgical shunts have acceptable success rates in IP. Proximal/venous shunts should be abandoned due to morbidity/ED rates. In IP > 48 h, best outcomes are seen with penile prostheses implantation. Embolisation is the mainstay technique for NIP with high resolution rates and adequate erectile function.

What is the effectiveness of surgical and non-surgical therapies in the treatment of ischemic priapism in patients with sickle cell disease? A systematic review by the EAU Sexual and Reproductive Health Guidelines Panel.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited hemoglobin disorder characterized by the occlusion of small blood vessels by sickle-shaped red blood cells. SCD is associated with a number of complications, including ischemic priapism. While SCD accounts for at least one-third of all priapism cases, no definitive treatment strategy has been established to specifically treat patients with SC priapism. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy and safety of contemporary treatment modalities for acute and stuttering ischemic priapism associated with SCD. The primary outcome measures were defined as resolution of acute priapism (detumescence) and complete response of stuttering priapism, while the primary harm outcome was as sexual dysfunction. The protocol for the review has been registered (PROSPERO Nr: CRD42020182001), and a systematic search of Medline, Embase, and Cochrane controlled trials databases was performed. Three trials with 41 observational studies met the criteria for inclusion in this review. None of the trials assessed detumescence, as a primary outcome. All of the trials reported a complete response of stuttering priapism; however, the certainty of the evidence was low. It is clear that assessing the effectiveness of specific interventions for priapism in SCD, well-designed, adequately-powered, multicenter trials are strongly required.

What role do pharmaceuticals play in the treatment of Peyronie's disease and is there a need for new emerging drugs?

INTRODUCTION: Finding novel medical treatment for Peyronie's disease (PD) has suffered from similar limitations and difficulties as other fibrotic diseases.Areas covered: Underlying fibrosis, there is a vastly complex intertwining of several pathways. Focusing on a single target during antifibrotic drug development has not led to the development of many efficacious drugs, especially in PD. Inhibiting one cog in this large machinery usually leads to activation of compensatory mechanisms.Expert opinion: Novel strategies in drug discovery such as phenotypical drug screening and gene expression profiling technologies could provide a solution for this impasse.

An update on emerging drugs for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction is an extremely frequent and extensively studied condition, currently affecting the lives of tens of millions of men around the globe. The extensive knowledge of its pathophysiology has led to the development of phosphodiesterase 5-inhibitors, which can facilitate sexual intercourse in a large number of patients. However, an ever-increasing number of patients is unresponsive to these drugs due to underlying comorbidities or previous surgery. Different molecular pathways need to be addressed to provide treatment for a larger patient population. Areas covered: In this paper, we will review the underlying molecular pathways, discuss already available treatment options and their limitations and provide an overview of the newest therapeutics in development. Centrally and peripherally acting agents will be discussed separately. Additionally, newest advances in regenerative medicine options will be discussed. Expert opinion: Even though novel drugs have not been tested in a phase III setting, several phase II clinical trial results are eagerly awaited. These newest therapeutics could be applied as monotherapy or combination therapy in the subset of patients unresponsive to traditional treatment options.