Development, validation, and usability evaluation of machine learning algorithms for predicting personalized red blood cell demand among thoracic surgery patients.

INTRODUCTION: Preparing appropriate red blood cells (RBCs) before surgery is crucial for improving both the efficacy of perioperative workflow and patient safety. In particular, thoracic surgery (TS) is a procedure that requires massive transfusion with high variability for each patient. Hence, the precise prediction of RBC requirements for individual patients is becoming increasingly important. This study aimed to 1) develop and validate a machine learning algorithm for personalized RBC predictions for TS patients and 2) assess the usability of a clinical decision support system (CDSS) integrating this artificial intelligence model. METHODS: Adult patients who underwent TS between January 2016 and October 2021 were included in this study. Multiple models were developed by employing both traditional statistical- and machine-learning approaches. The primary outcome evaluated the model's performance in predicting RBC requirements through root mean square error and adjusted R2. Surgeons and informaticians determined the precision MSBOS-Thoracic Surgery (pMSBOS-TS) algorithm through a consensus process. The usability of the pMSBOS-TS was assessed using the System Usability Scale (SUS) survey with 60 clinicians. RESULTS: We identified 7,843 cases (6,200 for training and 1,643 for test sets) of TSs. Among the models with variable performance indices, the extreme gradient boosting model was selected as the pMSBOS-TS algorithm. The pMSBOS-TS model showed statistically significant lower root mean square error (mean: 3.203 and 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.186-3.220) compared to the calculated Maximum Surgical Blood Ordering Schedule (MSBOS) and a higher adjusted R2 (mean: 0.399 and 95% CI: 0.395-0.403) compared to the calculated MSBOS, while requiring approximately 200 fewer packs for RBC preparation compared to the calculated MSBOS. The SUS score of the pMSBOS-TS CDSS was 72.5 points, indicating good acceptability. CONCLUSIONS: We successfully developed the pMSBOS-TS capable of predicting personalized RBC transfusion requirements for perioperative patients undergoing TS.

Assessing different brain oxygenation components in elderly patients under propofol or sevoflurane anesthesia: A randomized controlled study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Elderly patients undergoing pathophysiological changes necessitate clinical tools for cerebral monitoring. This prospective randomized controlled study aimed to explore how cerebral monitoring using Δo2Hbi, ΔHHbi, and ΔcHbi manifests in elderly patients under either propofol or sevoflurane anesthesia. DESIGN: Single-center, prospective, randomization. SETTING: A single tertiary hospital (Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea). PATIENTS: Enrolled 100 patients scheduled for urologic surgery under general anesthesia. Inclusion criteria were (a) age 70-80 years, (b) American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II. INTERVENTION: Patients were double-blind randomized to receive propofol-based or sevoflurane anesthesia. Cerebral oximetry-related parameters were measured at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 min in a setting devoid of surgery-related factors. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome focused on the Δo2Hbi pattern in the left and right sides within the propofol and sevoflurane groups. MAIN RESULTS: We analyzed 100 patients, 50 patients in each group. In the propofol group, the left Δo2Hbi decreased from 1.4 (3.7) at 5 min to -0.1 (1.8) at 30 min (P < 0.0001), and the right Δo2Hbi decreased from 2.9 (4.2) at 5 min to -0.06 (2.3) at 30 min (P < 0.0001). In the sevoflurane group, the left Δo2Hbi decreased from 1.1 (3.4) at 5 min to -1.4 (4.4) at 30 min (P < 0.0001), and the right Δo2Hbi decreased from 2.0 (3.2) at 5 min to -1.2 (3.9) at 30 min (P < 0.0001). There were no significant differences between the two groups. ΔHHbi did not exhibit significant changes after an initial decrease at 5 min and showed no significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In cerebral oximetry, Δo2Hbi and ΔHHbi could emerge as a valuable approach for discerning changes in the underlying baseline status of the brain in elderly patients during anesthesia.

A stepwise lung recruitment maneuver using I-gel can improve respiratory parameters: A prospective observational study.

I-gel has been used in various clinical situations. The study investigated alterations in respiratory parameters following a stepwise lung recruitment maneuver (LRM) using the i-gel. The research involved 60 patients classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists class I-II, aged 30 to 75 years, undergoing elective urologic surgery. Various respiratory parameters, including lung compliance, airway resistance, leak volume, airway pressure, and oxygen reserve index, were recorded at different time points: before LRM, immediately after LRM, and at 5, 15, and 30 minutes after LRM, as well as at the end of the surgery. The primary outcome was to assess an improvement in lung compliance. Dynamic lung compliance (mean ±â€…SD) was significantly increased from 49.2 ±â€…1.8 to 70.15 ±â€…3.2 mL/cmH2O (P < .05) after LRM. Static lung compliance (mean ±â€…SD) was increased considerably from 52.4 ±â€…1.7 to 65.0 ±â€…2.5 mL/cmH2O (P < .05) after the LRM. Both parameters maintained a statistically significant increased status for a certain period compared to baseline despite a decreased degree of increment. Airway resistance (mean ±â€…SD) was significantly reduced after the LRM from 12.05 ±â€…0.56 to 10.41 ±â€…0.64 L/cmH2O/s (P < .05). Stepwise LRM using i-gel may improve lung compliance and airway resistance. Repeated procedures could lead to prolonged improvements in respiratory parameters.

Ultrahigh Photoresponsivity of W/Graphene/ß-Ga2O3 Schottky Barrier Deep Ultraviolet Photodiodes.

The integration of graphene with semiconductor materials has been studied for developing advanced electronic and optoelectronic devices. Here, we propose ultrahigh photoresponsivity of ß-Ga2O3 photodiodes with a graphene monolayer inserted in a W Schottky contact. After inserting the graphene monolayer, we found a reduction in the leakage current and ideality factor. The Schottky barrier height was also shown to be about 0.53 eV, which is close to an ideal value. This was attributed to a decrease in the interfacial state density and the strong suppression of metal Fermi-level pinning. Based on a W/graphene/ß-Ga2O3 structure, the responsivity and external quantum efficiency reached 14.49 A/W and 7044%, respectively. These values were over 100 times greater than those of the W contact alone. The rise and delay times of the W/graphene/ß-Ga2O3 Schottky barrier photodiodes significantly decreased to 139 and 200 ms, respectively, compared to those obtained without a graphene interlayer (2000 and 3000 ms). In addition, the W/graphene/ß-Ga2O3 Schottky barrier photodiode was highly stable, even at 150 °C.

Prediction of hypotension during the alveolar recruitment maneuver in spine surgery: a prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Atelectasis can occur in many clinical practices. One way to prevent this complication is through the alveolar recruitment maneuver (ARM). However, hemodynamic compromise can accompany ARM. This study aims to predict ARM-induced hypotension using a non-invasive method. METHODS: 94 American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-II patients aged 19 to 75 with scheduled spinal surgery were enrolled. After anesthesia, we performed a stepwise ARM. Data on perfusion index, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, pleth variability index, cardiac index, and stroke volume variation was collected before induction of anesthesia (T0), just before ARM (T1), at the start of ARM (T2), 0.5 min (T3), 1 min (T4), 1.5 min (T5, end of ARM), and 2 min after the beginning of ARM (T6). Hypotension was defined as when the mean arterial pressure at T5 decreased by 20% or more compared to the baseline. The primary endpoint is that the perfusion index measuring before induction of anesthesia, which reflects the patients' own vascular tone, was correlated with hypotension during ARM. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients (79.8%) patients developed hypotension during ARM. The pre-induction persufion index (Pi) (95% confidence interval) was 1.7(1.4-3.1) in the non-hypotension group and 3.4(2.4-3.9) in the hypotension group. (p < 0.004) The hypotension group showed considerably higher Pi than the non-hypotension group before induction. The decrease of Pi (%) [IQR] in the non-hypotensive group (52.8% [33.3-74.7]) was more significant than in the hypotensive group. (36% [17.6-53.7]) (p < 0.05) The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of Pi for predicting hypotension during ARM was 0.718 (95% CI 0.615-0.806; p = 0.004), and the threshold value of the Pi was 2.4. CONCLUSION: A higher perfusion index value measuring before induction of anesthesia can be used to predict the development of hypotension during ARM. Prophylactic management of the following hypotension during ARM could be considered in high baseline Pi patients.

Rapid discovery and classification of inhibitors of coronavirus infection by pseudovirus screen and amplified luminescence proximity homogeneous assay.

To identify potent antiviral compounds, we introduced a high-throughput screen platform that can rapidly classify hit compounds according to their target. In our platform, we performed a compound screen using a lentivirus-based pseudovirus presenting a spike protein of coronavirus, and we evaluated the hit compounds using an amplified luminescence proximity homogeneous assay (alpha) test with purified host receptor protein and the receptor binding domain of the viral spike. With our screen platform, we were able to identify both spike-specific compounds (class I) and broad-spectrum antiviral compounds (class II). Among the hit compounds, thiosemicarbazide was identified to be selective to the interaction between the viral spike and its host cell receptor, and we further optimized the binding potency of thiosemicarbazide through modification of the pyridine group. Among the class II compounds, we found raloxifene and amiodarone to be highly potent against human coronaviruses including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2. In particular, using analogs of the benzothiophene moiety, which is also present in raloxifene, we have identified benzothiophene as a novel structural scaffold for broad-spectrum antivirals. This work highlights the strong utility of our screen platform using a pseudovirus assay and an alpha test for rapid identification of potential antiviral compounds and their mechanism of action, which can lead to the accelerated development of therapeutics against newly emerging viral infections.

The Perfusion Index of the Ear as a Predictor of Hypotension Following the Induction of Anesthesia in Patients with Hypertension: A Prospective Observational Study.

Patients with hypertension develop hemodynamic instability more frequently during anesthesia-particularly post-induction. Therefore, different monitoring methods may be required in patients with hypertension. Perfusion index-the ratio of the pulsatile blood flow to the non-pulsatile static blood flow in a patient's peripheral tissues, such as the fingers or ears-can show the hemodynamic status of the patient in a non-invasive way. Among the sites used for measuring the perfusion index, it is assumed that the ear is more reliable than the finger for hemodynamic monitoring, because proximity to the brain ensures appropriate perfusion. We hypothesized that the low value of preoperative ear PI could be a predictor of post-induction hypotension in patients with hypertension. Thirty patients with hypertension were enrolled. The perfusion index and pleth variability index were measured using the ear, finger, and blood pressure, and heart rate was recorded to monitor hypotension. After insertion of the supraglottic airway, 20 patients developed post-induction hypotension. Those who developed hypotension showed a significantly lower preoperative perfusion index of the ear. The preoperative perfusion index of the ear could predict post-induction hypotension in patients with hypertension.

Temperature-Dependent Self-Powered Solar-Blind Photodetector Based on Ag2O/ß-Ga2O3 Heterojunction.

In this study, a high-photoresponsivity self-powered deep ultraviolet (DUV) photodetector based on an Ag2O/ß-Ga2O3 heterojunction was fabricated by depositing a p-type Ag2O thin film onto an n-type ß-Ga2O3 layer. The device characteristics after post-annealing at temperatures ranging from 0 to 400 °C were investigated. Our DUV devices exhibited typical rectification characteristics. At a post-annealing temperature of 300 °C, the as-fabricated device had a low leakage current of 4.24 × 10-11 A, ideality factor of 2.08, and a barrier height of 1.12 eV. Moreover, a high photo-responsivity of 12.87 mA/W was obtained at a 100 µW/cm2 light intensity at a 254 nm wavelength at zero bias voltage, the detectivity was 2.70 × 1011 Jones, and the rise and fall time were 29.76, 46.73 ms, respectively. Based on these results, the Ag2O/ß-Ga2O3 heterojunction photodetector operates without an externally applied voltage and has high responsivity, which will help in the performance improvement of ultraviolet sensing systems.

A Novel Propofol Dosing Regimen for Pediatric Sedation during Radiologic Tests.

The dose of propofol for pediatric sedation during radiologic tests has been proposed as an equation of 0.75 + 0.14 × age (months) + 45.82 × body surface area (m2) based on results in a previous study. We compared this equation and the conventional dosing strategy for sedation in children undergoing radiologic tests. An amount of 180 children scheduled for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were randomized to experimental and control groups. The initial induction dose of propofol calculated using the equation was administered in the experimental group. In the control group, children received 1 mg/kg of the initial induction dose of propofol. Then, 0.5 mg/kg of the additional dose was followed to induce sedation in both groups. When awake or moving, a rescue injection of 0.5 mg/kg propofol was given. The total induction dose was more significant in the experimental group. The number of injections for induction in the experimental group was lesser. The dose and number of rescue injections in the experimental group were significantly less. The equation for the induction dose of propofol in a previous study could achieve quick induction of sedation and prevent a rescue injection during sedation. However, caution is needed when using the equation.

Development of an Interoperable and Easily Transferable Clinical Decision Support System Deployment Platform: System Design and Development Study.

BACKGROUND: A clinical decision support system (CDSS) is recognized as a technology that enhances clinical efficacy and safety. However, its full potential has not been realized, mainly due to clinical data standards and noninteroperable platforms. OBJECTIVE: In this paper, we introduce the common data model-based intelligent algorithm network environment (CANE) platform that supports the implementation and deployment of a CDSS. METHODS: CDSS reasoning engines, usually represented as R or Python objects, are deployed into the CANE platform and converted into C# objects. When a clinician requests CANE-based decision support in the electronic health record (EHR) system, patients' information is transformed into Health Level 7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) format and transmitted to the CANE server inside the hospital firewall. Upon receiving the necessary data, the CANE system's modules perform the following tasks: (1) the preprocessing module converts the FHIRs into the input data required by the specific reasoning engine, (2) the reasoning engine module operates the target algorithms, (3) the integration module communicates with the other institutions' CANE systems to request and transmit a summary report to aid in decision support, and (4) creates a user interface by integrating the summary report and the results calculated by the reasoning engine. RESULTS: We developed a CANE system such that any algorithm implemented in the system can be directly called through the RESTful application programming interface when it is integrated with an EHR system. Eight algorithms were developed and deployed in the CANE system. Using a knowledge-based algorithm, physicians can screen patients who are prone to sepsis and obtain treatment guides for patients with sepsis with the CANE system. Further, using a nonknowledge-based algorithm, the CANE system supports emergency physicians' clinical decisions about optimum resource allocation by predicting a patient's acuity and prognosis during triage. CONCLUSIONS: We successfully developed a common data model-based platform that adheres to medical informatics standards and could aid artificial intelligence model deployment using R or Python.

Ag2O/ß-Ga2O3 Heterojunction-Based Self-Powered Solar Blind Photodetector with High Responsivity and Stability.

Self-powered deep-ultraviolet photodetectors have received considerable attention in recent years because of their efficiency, reliability, and various applications in civilian and military fields. Herein, a Ag/Ag2O layer is continuously deposited on a ß-Ga2O3 epitaxial layer by a facing target sputtering system without opening the chamber, which has an advantage in time and cost. A p-n junction photodetector was constructed through the Ag2O/ß-Ga2O3 heterojunction and by varying the thickness of the Ag film, which was controlled by the sputtering time. The effect of top electrode thickness on the photoresponse characteristics of photodetectors was studied. Because thin Ag films have low surface roughness, indicating low optical loss and good interfacial conditions, photodetectors using a thin Ag film as the top electrode exhibit high photoresponsivity. However, Ag films that were thinner than the threshold thickness, which is the minimum thickness required to form a continuous, homogeneous surface film, exhibited rather low performance owing to the high reflection and scattering caused by the inhomogeneous surface morphology. The as-fabricated photodetector with a 20 nm Ag film presents a high on/off ratio of 3.43 × 108, responsivity and detectivity of 25.65 mA/W and 6.10 × 1011 Jones, respectively, and comparable rise and decay times of 108 and 80 ms, respectively. Additionally, even after three months of storage in an ambient environment, the photoresponse of the photodetector was maintained, indicating good stability in air. These results suggest that Ag2O/ß-Ga2O3 heterojunction-based photodetectors with thin Ag films can be used in various applications requiring deep-ultraviolet detection without an external power supply.

Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on pulmonary atelectasis after paediatric laparoscopic surgery as assessed by ultrasound: A randomised controlled study.

INTRODUCTION: Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) following alveolar recruitment manoeuvre (RM) can effectively prevent anaesthesia-induced atelectasis in children. We aimed to evaluate the individual effect of PEEP following RM on atelectasis at the end of laparoscopic surgery in infants and small children. METHODS: Children undergoing laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair aged 5 weeks to 2 years were randomly allocated to either the PEEP or control group. A progressive RM was performed after intubation in all cases. The PEEP group received PEEP of 5 cmH2O until the end of mechanical ventilation, while the control group did not receive any PEEP. Lung ultrasonography was performed to compare the number of atelectatic regions between the two groups after anaesthesia induction, after RM, and at the end of surgery in 12 thoracic regions. RESULTS: Overall, 432 ultrasonographic images were acquired from 36 children. At the end of surgery, the number of atelectatic regions (median [interquartile range]) was significantly lower in the PEEP group compared to the control group (2.0 [1.0-3.0] versus 4.0 [3.0-4.0] out of 12 regions, respectively; p = 0.02). While no difference was observed between the number of atelectatic regions after induction and at the end of surgery in the control group (p = 0.30), a decrease was observed in the PEEP group (3.0 [2.0-4.0] to 2.0 [1.0-3.0], respectively; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: RM followed by a PEEP of 5 cmH2O can effectively reduce the regions of pulmonary atelectasis at the end of laparoscopic surgery in infants and small children.

The adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine co-administered with the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in adults aged ≥50 years: A randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Herpes zoster (HZ) results from reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus. Adults at increased risk of HZ (due to immunocompromising conditions or older age) are also at risk of pneumococcal disease, both of which are preventable by vaccination. We evaluated simultaneous versus sequential administration of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) and the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in adults aged ≥50 years. METHODS: In this phase IIIB multinational trial (NCT03439657), participants were randomized 1:1 to receive either the first RZV dose and PCV13 simultaneously followed by the second RZV dose two months later (Co-Ad, N = 449), or at two-month intervals, PCV13, the first RZV dose, and the second RZV dose sequentially (Control, N = 463). Objectives were to demonstrate that immune responses to both vaccines are non-inferior when co-administered compared to sequential administration and to evaluate the safety of their co-administration. RESULTS: The RZV vaccine response rate (VRR) in the Co-Ad group was 99.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 97.6-99.7), meeting the VRR success criterion. Non-inferiority criteria for the Co-Ad versus Control group were also met for anti-glycoprotein E antibodies (adjusted geometric mean concentration Control/Co-Ad ratio 1.07 [95%CI: 0.99-1.16]) and all PCV13 serotypes (adjusted antibody geometric mean titer Control/Co-Ad ratios 1.02 [95%CI: 0.86-1.22] to 1.36 [95%CI: 1.07-1.73]). Upon co-administration, the frequency of solicited local adverse events was consistent with the known safety profile of each individual vaccine, whereas solicited general adverse events were within the same range as for RZV alone. CONCLUSIONS: RZV co-administered with PCV13 had an acceptable safety profile. Humoral immune responses to both vaccines were non-inferior when co-administered compared to sequential administration. These results suggest that adults may benefit from receiving RZV and a PCV at the same healthcare visit.

The effect of oxygen concentration on atelectasis formation during induction of general anesthesia in children: A prospective randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: In adults, the use of lower oxygen concentration during induction is associated with less atelectasis formation without an increase in incidence of hypoxia. However, it is unknown whether this remains true in the pediatric patients. METHODS: Fifty-four pediatric patients who were scheduled to undergo elective lower abdominal surgery were randomized to one of three oxygenation groups: 100%, 80%, or 60% oxygen (in air). During anesthesia induction, patients were ventilated with sevoflurane in 100%, 80%, or 60% oxygen. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation were performed. Atelectasis was diagnosed using LUS, which was performed after anesthetic induction and at the end of surgery. RESULTS: We assessed atelectasis after anesthetic induction and at the end of surgery. After anesthetic induction, the number of atelectatic lung regions was significantly different among the three groups (median [IQR], 2.0 [1.0-2.5], 2.0 [1.0-2.8], and 3.0 [2.0-3.0] in the 60%, 80%, and 100% oxygen groups, p = .033) and between the 60% and 100% groups (p = .015), but not between 80% and 100% groups (p = .074). However, no differences in the number of atelectatic lung regions were found among the three groups at the end of surgery (2.0 [1.3-3.8], 3.0 [1.8-3.0], and 4.0 [2.0-4.0] in the 60%, 80%, and 100% oxygen groups; p = .169). CONCLUSION: Lower oxygen concentration during anesthetic induction is associated with less atelectasis formation immediately after anesthetic induction in children. In addition, applying 80% oxygen instead of 100% oxygen is not enough to prevent atelectasis formation, and 60% oxygen should be applied to prevent atelectasis. However, this effect does not last until the end of surgery.

Delayed-onset malignant hyperthermia in the postanesthetic care unit: a case report.

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a potentially fatal hypermetabolic syndrome that occurs when susceptible individuals are exposed to triggering agents. Variability in the order and time of occurrence of symptoms often makes clinical diagnosis difficult. A late diagnosis or misdiagnosis of delayed-onset MH may lead to fatal complications. We herein report a case of delayed-onset MH in the postoperative recovery room. A 77-year-old man awoke from anesthesia and was transferred to the recovery room. Ten minutes after his arrival, his mental status became stuporous and he developed masseter muscle rigidity, hyperventilation, and a body temperature of 39.8°C. The patient was suspected to have MH, and 60 mg of dantrolene sodium (1 mg/kg) was administered via intravenous drip with symptomatic treatment. Within 10 minutes of dantrolene administration, the patient's clinical signs subsided. This case report demonstrates that rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial to ensure a good prognosis for patients with MH. A high level of suspicion based on clinical symptoms and early administration of therapeutic drugs such as dantrolene will also improve the clinical course. Therefore, suspicion and prompt diagnosis are absolutely essential. This case report emphasizes the importance of continuous education in the diagnosis and treatment of MH.

Development and Validation of Unplanned Extubation Prediction Models Using Intensive Care Unit Data: Retrospective, Comparative, Machine Learning Study.

BACKGROUND: Patient safety in the intensive care unit (ICU) is one of the most critical issues, and unplanned extubation (UE) is considered the most adverse event for patient safety. Prevention and early detection of such an event is an essential but difficult component of quality care. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop and validate prediction models for UE in ICU patients using machine learning. METHODS: This study was conducted in an academic tertiary hospital in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The hospital had approximately 2000 inpatient beds and 120 ICU beds. As of January 2019, the hospital had approximately 9000 outpatients on a daily basis. The number of annual ICU admissions was approximately 10,000. We conducted a retrospective study between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2018. A total of 6914 extubation cases were included. We developed a UE prediction model using machine learning algorithms, which included random forest (RF), logistic regression (LR), artificial neural network (ANN), and support vector machine (SVM). For evaluating the model's performance, we used the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and F1 score were also determined for each model. For performance evaluation, we also used a calibration curve, the Brier score, and the integrated calibration index (ICI) to compare different models. The potential clinical usefulness of the best model at the best threshold was assessed through a net benefit approach using a decision curve. RESULTS: Among the 6914 extubation cases, 248 underwent UE. In the UE group, there were more males than females, higher use of physical restraints, and fewer surgeries. The incidence of UE was higher during the night shift as compared to the planned extubation group. The rate of reintubation within 24 hours and hospital mortality were higher in the UE group. The UE prediction algorithm was developed, and the AUROC for RF was 0.787, for LR was 0.762, for ANN was 0.763, and for SVM was 0.740. CONCLUSIONS: We successfully developed and validated machine learning-based prediction models to predict UE in ICU patients using electronic health record data. The best AUROC was 0.787 and the sensitivity was 0.949, which was obtained using the RF algorithm. The RF model was well-calibrated, and the Brier score and ICI were 0.129 and 0.048, respectively. The proposed prediction model uses widely available variables to limit the additional workload on the clinician. Further, this evaluation suggests that the model holds potential for clinical usefulness.

Prediction of hypotension after postural change in robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy using esophageal Doppler monitoring: a prospective observational trial.

Postural change from a steep Trendelenburg position to a supine position (T-off) during robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) induces a considerable abrupt decrease in the mean arterial pressure (MAP). We investigated the variables for predicting postural hypotension induced by T-off using esophageal Doppler monitoring (EDM). One hundred and twenty-five patients undergoing RALP were enrolled. Data on the MAP, heart rate, stroke volume index (SVI), cardiac index, peak velocity, corrected flow time, stroke volume variation, pulse pressure variation, arterial elastance (Ea), and dynamic arterial elastance were collected before T-off and at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 min after T-off using EDM. MAP < 60 mmHg within 10 min after T-off was considered to indicate hypotension, and 25 patients developed hypotension. The areas under the curves of the MAP, SVI, and Ea were 0.734 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.623-0.846; P < 0.001), 0.712 (95% CI 0.598-0.825; P < 0.001), and 0.760 (95% CI 0.646-0.875; P < 0.001), respectively, with threshold values of ≤ 74 mmHg, ≥ 42.5 mL/m2, and ≤ 1.08 mmHg/mL, respectively. If patients have MAP < 75 mmHg with SVI ≥ 42.5 mL/m2 or Ea ≤ 1.08 mmHg/mL before postural change from T-off during RALP, prompt management for ensuing hypotension should be considered.Trial registration: NCT03882697 (ClinicalTrial.gov, March 20, 2019).

Screening of FDA-Approved Drugs Using a MERS-CoV Clinical Isolate from South Korea Identifies Potential Therapeutic Options for COVID-19.

Therapeutic options for coronaviruses remain limited. To address this unmet medical need, we screened 5406 compounds, including United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs and bioactives, for activity against a South Korean Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) clinical isolate. Among 221 identified hits, 54 had therapeutic indexes (TI) greater than 6, representing effective drugs. The time-of-addition studies with selected drugs demonstrated eight and four FDA-approved drugs which acted on the early and late stages of the viral life cycle, respectively. Confirmed hits included several cardiotonic agents (TI > 100), atovaquone, an anti-malarial (TI > 34), and ciclesonide, an inhalable corticosteroid (TI > 6). Furthermore, utilizing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), we tested combinations of remdesivir with selected drugs in Vero-E6 and Calu-3 cells, in lung organoids, and identified ciclesonide, nelfinavir, and camostat to be at least additive in vitro. Our results identify potential therapeutic options for MERS-CoV infections, and provide a basis to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other coronavirus-related illnesses.

Pediatric characteristics and the dose of propofol for sedation during radiological examinations: a retrospective analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate patients' characteristics that can affect the dose of propofol required to sedate children undergoing imaging. METHODS: In this retrospective, observational study, we reviewed medical records of children aged 0 to 18 years who were classified as having American Society of Anesthesiologists status 1 or 2 and they underwent imaging under propofol sedation between January 2011 and August 2016. Collected data included patients' demographics, propofol doses, duration of sedation, and complications. Regression analysis was performed to determine patients' characteristics that may affect the dose of propofol required to induce sedation. RESULTS: A total of 925 patients were included. Simple linear regression showed that the dose of propofol was correlated with age, height, weight, and body surface area. Using the results of multiple linear regression, the following formula was used to estimate the dose of propofol (mg) for sedation: 0.75 + 0.14 × age (months) + 45.82 × body surface area (m2). CONCLUSION: A child's age, height, and body surface area should be considered when deciding the induction dose of propofol. Additionally, the formula that we have proposed can be used to estimate the dose of propofol required to induce sedation in children undergoing imaging.

Massive venous air embolism with bleeding caused by femoral vein injury during total hip arthroplasty: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Venous air embolism (VAE) from vascular injuries, is of rare occurrence but can result in catastrophic complications during total hip arthroplasty (THA). Early recognition and prompt management of vascular injury are required to avoid severe complications. Especially, bleeding is generally associated with profound hypotension in venous injury. We report an unusual complication of venous air embolism induced by femoral vein rupture during THA. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 54-year-old male patient with a history of old left acetabular fracture was scheduled for THA. We experienced massive bleeding and VAE induced by femoral vein rupture during total hip arthroplasty. The BP suddenly dropped from 100/70 mm Hg to 80/50 mm Hg with massive bleeding. ETCO2 and SaO2 decreased profoundly. DIAGNOSIS: The VAE was diagnosed by the change in end- tidal CO2 (ETCO2) and change of vital signs, so we performed ABGA and inserted TEE for confirmination. INTERVENTIONS: For treatment, patient was managed by oxygen therapy, inotropics, vasopressor, transfusion and surgical repair. OUTCOMES: Upon consulting with a cardiologist, the patient was extubated the next day and was transferred to the general ward and recovered without serious complications. He stayed for 17 days until finally discharged without complications. CONCLUSION: Preoperative vascular imaging may be recommended in the revisional case of THA or in patients with the history of hip trauma. The monitoring of ETCO2 and TEE might be helpful to recognize VAE earlier and therefore to avoid catastrophic complications through adequate treatment.