Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and neurological defects.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can be considered one of the most common causes of liver disease in our days and is regarded as one of the newest vascular risk factors for cerebrovascular and other neurological diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied a group of neurological outpatients, divided into two homogenous groups based on the presence or absence of NAFLD. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We testified an independent relationship between NAFLD and common vascular risk factors (age, sex, educational level, BMI, cholesterol and lipid assessment, Hb1ac). At the same time, we ascertained an independent relationship between NAFLD and more recently recognized vascular risk factors, such as lack of folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin D-OH25, and increased levels of homocysteine. Finally, we have documented that NAFLD showed worse executive and frontal functions, and behavioral changes, such as depressive mood and anxiety, and apathy.

Rapid identification system of frontal dysfunction in subclinical hepatic encephalopathy.

UNLABELLED:  Introduction and aim. Liver disease is associated with cognitive dysfunction also at early stages, and minimal hepatic encephalopathy, affecting 20-70% of patients, is frequently under-recognized. The main purpose of this work was to demonstrate that a substantial number of patients, enrolled due to an acute confusional state in absence of a diagnosis of liver disease, suffers of hepatic encephalopathy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Before a diagnosis of a well-compensated liver diseases was performed, 410 patients with an acute confusional state were enrolled in this study. RESULTS: Even in the presence of minimal alterations of hepatic function, the psychometric tests applied demonstrated early signs of cerebral frontal alteration. The alteration was associated with the severity of liver disease, paralleling the progression of the patient to minimal hepatic failure or chronic liver disease. CONCLUSIONS: These psychometric tests are essential to detect early and subclinical frontal failure. Frontal dysfunction may be a useful tool in the follow-up of these patients.

El papel de la rivastigmina en la demencia de origen vascular / The definition of its role in vascular dementia

Vascular dementia represents the second most common type of dementia. The classification of vascular dementia broadly follows three clinico-pathological processes: multi-infarct dementia, single strategic infarct dementia and subcortical dementia. Currently, no established standard treatment for vascular cognitive impairment exists. Reductions in acetylcholine and acetyltransferase activity are common to both Alzheimer's disease and vascular cognitive impairment raising the possibility that cholinesterase inhibitors may also be beneficial for the latter. This review has been conducted to assess the efficacy of rivastigmine in the treatment of people with vascular cognitive impairment. From existing trial data there is some evidence of benefit of rivastigmine in vascular cognitive impairment. However, this conclusion is based on studies which had small numbers of patients, which sought to compare rivastigmine to treatments other than placebo or which used data extrapolated post hoc from large studies involving patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular risk factors of unclear significance. From these perspectives, one can conclude that large placebocontrolled, double blind and adequately randomised trials are needed before firm conclusions can and should be drawn. The methodology of such trials should acknowledge the biological and clinical features unique to vascular cognitive impairment and its subtypes

La demencia vascular representa el segundo tipo más frecuente de demencia. La clasificación de la demencia vascular sigue tres procesos clínico-patológicos generales: demencia multiinfarto, demencia por infarto único ubicado en una zona estratégica y demencia subcortical. Actualmente no existen tratamientos estandarizados establecidos para los trastornos cognitivos de causa vascular. La disminución de la actividad de la acetilcolinesterasa es una estrategia habitualmente utilizada tanto para el tratamiento de los pacientes que presentan enfermedad de Alzheimer como para aquellos con trastornos cognitivos de causa vascular. En consecuencia, es posible que los inhibidores de la colinesterasa sean una opción conveniente. La presente revisión se llevó a cabo con el propósito de evaluar la eficacia de la rivastigmina para el tratamiento de los individuos que presentan trastornos cognitivos de origen vascular. De acuerdo con los datos provenientes de diferentes estudios, la rivastigmina sería útil para tratar pacientes con deterioro cognitivo de origen vascular. No obstante, esta conclusión se efectuó sobre la base de estudios en los cuales se incluyó un número reducido de pacientes, se buscó comparar la rivastigmina con agentes diferentes del placebo o se extrapolaron datos a partir de estudios de gran magnitud efectuados con pacientes que presentaban enfermedad de Alzheimer y factores de riesgo vasculares de relevancia poco clara. Desde ese punto de vista, se puede concluir que es necesario realizar estudios de gran tamaño, controlados con placebo a doble ciego y adecuadamente aleatorizados antes de poder alcanzar conclusiones sólidas. La metodología empleada en dichos estudios debería responder a las características biológicas y clínicas particulares del deterioro cognitivo vascular y sus subtipos