Distribution, risk evaluation, and source allocation of cesium and strontium in surface soil in a mining city.

Radioactive nuclides cesium (Cs) and strontium (Sr) possess long half-lives, with 135Cs at approximately 2.3 million years and 87Sr at about 49 billion years. Their persistent accumulation can result in long-lasting radioactive contamination of soil ecosystems. This study employed geo-accumulation index (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI), potential ecological risk index (PEPI), health risk assessment model (HRA), and Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the pollution and health risks of Cs and Sr in the surface soil of different functional areas in a typical mining city in China. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to elucidate the potential sources of Cs and Sr and the respective contribution rates of natural and anthropogenic sources. The findings indicate that soils in the mining area exhibited significantly higher levels of Cs and Sr pollution compared to smelting factory area, agricultural area, and urban residential area. Strontium did not pose a potential ecological risk in any studied functional area. The non-carcinogenic health risk of Sr to the human body in the study area was relatively low. Because of the lack of parameters for Cs, the potential ecological and human health risks of Cs was not calculated. The primary source of Cs in the soil was identified as the parent material from which the soil developed, while Sr mainly originated from associated contamination caused by mining activities. This research provides data for the control of Cs and Sr pollution in the surface soil of mining city.

Ammonium Sulfate to Modulate Crystallization for High-Performance Rigid and Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are attracting widespread research and attention as highly promising candidates in the field of electronic photovoltaics owing to their exceptional power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, rigid or flexible PSCs still face challenges in preparing full-coverage and low-defect perovskite films, as well as achieving highly reproducible and highly stable devices. Herein, a multifunctional additive 2-aminoethyl hydrogen sulfate (AES) is designed to regulate the film crystallization and thereby form flat and pinhole-free perovskite films. It is found that the introduction of AES can effectively passivate defects, restrain charge carrier recombination, and then achieve a higher fill factor. As seen with grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), this approach does not affect the crystal orientation distribution. It is observed that AES addition shows a universality across different perovskite components since the PCE is improved up to 20.7% for FA0.97MA0.03Pb(I0.97Br0.03)3-AES, 22.85% for Cs0.05FA0.95PbI3-AES, 22.23% for FAPbI2.7Br0.3-AES, and 23.32% for FAPI-AES rigid devices. Remarkably, the non-encapsulated flexible Cs0.05 (FA0.85MA0.15)0.95Pb(I0.85Br0.15)3 device with AES additive delivers a PCE of 20.1% and maintains over 97% of its initial efficiency under ambient conditions (25 ± 5% relative humidity) over 2280 h of aging.

Highly Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Based on the Efficient Interaction between Pb2+ and Cyano Groups of 4-Aminophthalonitrile.

Defects present on the top surface of perovskite films have a pronounced detrimental impact on the photovoltaic performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Consequently, the development of effective defect passivation strategies has become key in enhancing both the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of PSCs. In this study, a small molecule material, 4-Aminophthalonitrile (4-APN), was introduced as a means to mitigate surface defects within perovskite films. Obviously, 4-APN effectively passivates the defects at grain boundaries by combining cyano groups (-C≡N) with Pb2+ , significantly reducing the density of defect states, inhibiting non-radiative recombination at the interface, and promoting the charge transfer efficiency from the perovskite layer to the hole transport layer. The 4-APN modification led to a significant upswing in the PCE, while concurrently bolstering the overall device stability. Importantly, the devices on 4-APN as passivation additive exhibited negligible performance degradation aging for 1200 h.

High-Fill-Factor Perovskite Solar Cells via Pseudohalide Salt Modification of the Substrate to Mitigate Nonradiative Recombination at the Interface.

The utilization of the sol-gel method for fabricating planar SnO2 as the electron transport layer (ETL) induces numerous defects on the SnO2 layer surface and perovskite film bottom, causing considerable deterioration of the device performance. Conventional inorganic salt-doped SnO2 precursor solutions used for passivation may cause incomplete substrate coverage due to the presence of inorganic salt crystals, further degrading the device performance. Here, a substrate modification approach involving the pretreatment of a fluorine-doped SnO2 (FTO) substrate with NH4PF6 is proposed. The interaction between PF6- ions and the FTO substrate enhances SnO2 film quality; excess PF6- ions decrease the number of defects on the film surface. NH4+ ions react with an -OH stabilizing agent in the SnO2 solution and are eliminated during annealing. The combined effects suppress nonradiative recombination and ion migration at the ETL-perovskite interface. The corresponding high-quality perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit a fill factor of ∼0.825; PSC efficiency increases from 19.59% to 22.32%.

Enhancing the Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells by Bidirectional Modification of the Perovskite and Electron Transport Layer.

In perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the numerous defects present on the surface of the SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL) and the bottom of the perovskite film limit their power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability. In view of this, a bidirectional modification strategy is designed using formamidine acetate (FAAc) to passivate the defects on the SnO2 ETL surface and bottom of the perovskite simultaneously. FA+ cations act on the harmful hydroxyl groups on the SnO2 ETL surface, whereas Ac- anions act on the iodine vacancy defect at the bottom of the perovskite. Because the interface defect is well passivated by FAAc, the interfacial charge recombination is restrained. This results in a significant increase in the filling factor of the PSC to ∼0.83 and the consequent increase in PCE to 23.05%, which considerably improves the stability. Bidirectional modification technology is an effective strategy for improving the PCE and stability of PSCs.

Molecular characterization of mutations associated with resistance among 72 multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by whole genome sequencing / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To understand the characteristics of mutations associated with resistance among 72 multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) strains using whole genome sequencing (WGS) and to evaluate the performance of WGS for predicting MDR-TB drug resistance. Methods　The clinical strains isolated from patients who visited the outpatient department of Tianjin Center for Tuberculosis Control from January to September in 2020 were collected. Identification tests using p-nitrobenzoic acid (PNB) medium were performed. Drug susceptibility tests (proportion method) on L-J medium were performed. After excluding duplicate strains, 72 MDR-TB strains were selected for WGS. Data were analyzed by using online databases and the phenotypic drug susceptibility test results were compared with resistance profiles predicted by WGS. Results　All of 72 MDR-TB strains belonged to linage 2, and there was no significant difference in rate of pre-extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis (pre-XDR-TB) between modern type and ancestral type (χ2=0.287, P=0.592). A total of 81 mutation types were found from resistance-related genes for 12 anti-tuberculosis drugs, and the common mutation types in different drug-resistant strains were: streptomycin (SM): rpsL Lys43Arg; isoniazid (INH): katG Ser315Thr; rifampicin (RIF): rpoB Ser450Leu; ethambutol (EMB): embB Met306Val; ofloxacin (OFX), levofloxacin (LFX), moxifloxacin (MFX): gyrA Asp94Gly; kanamycin (KAM), capreomycin (CAP), amikacin (AMK): rrs 1401a>g; para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS): folC Ile43Thr. Nine mutation types were found in 9 prothionamide (PTO)-resistant strains, one type for each strain. The sensitivity and specificity of WGS for predicting resistance to different drugs were SM: 98.15% and 88.89%, INH: 90.28% and -, RIF: 98.62% and -, EMB: 79.49% and75.76%, OFX: 97.30% and 85.71%, KAM: 85.71% and 98.46%, PAS: 27.27% and 95.08%, PTO: 81.82% and 60.66%, CAP: 60.00% and 98.51%, LFX: 97.22% and 83.33%, MFX: 97.30% and 85.71%, AMK:100.00% and 100.00%, respectively. Conclusion　WGS is a rapid and promising method which has high consistency with the phenotypic drug sensitivity test. Therefore, it has good application prospects in predicting drug resistance in MDR-TB.

Defect management by a cesium fluoride-modified electron transport layer promotes perovskite solar cells.

SnO2 is a candidate material for electron transport layers (ETLs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, a large number of defects at the SnO2/perovskite interface lead to notable non-radiative interfacial recombination. Moreover, the energy level arrangement between SnO2/perovskite does not match well. In this study, a SnO2/CsF-SnO2 double-layer ETL was prepared by doping CsF into SnO2, effectively passivating the defects of the SnO2 ETL and SnO2/perovskite interface. The formation of a good energy level arrangement with the perovskite layer reduces the interface non-radiative recombination and improves the performance of the interface charge extraction. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the optimal CsF-modified PSC reached 22.18%, owing to the significant increase in the open-circuit voltage to 1.180 V.

Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells via CsPF6 Passivation of Perovskite Film Defects.

Polycrystalline perovskite films have many fatal defects; defect passivation can improve the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, the defects in perovskite films are passivated by introducing the pseudohalide salt CsPF6 into the films. Because the ionic radii of Cs+ and PF6- are close to those of FA+ and I-, respectively, they can be uniformly doped into perovskite films to passivate the bulk, surface, and grain boundary defects. The photovoltaic performance of the PSCs significantly improved after passivation. Moreover, the photoelectric conversion efficiency increased significantly from 21.36% to 23.15% after passivation. Because of defect passivation, PSCs also exhibit good environmental stability. This study introduces a scheme for improving the photovoltaic performance of PSCs via passivation.

Electron transport layer assisted by nickel chloride hexahydrate for open-circuit voltage improvement in MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells.

SnO2 is a promising electron transport layer (ETL) material with important applications in planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, electron-hole recombination and charge extraction between SnO2 and the perovskite layer necessitates further exploration. Nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl2·6H2O) was introduced into the SnO2 ETL, which significantly increased the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 15.49 to 17.36% and the open-circuit voltage (V OC) from 1.078 to 1.104 V. The improved PCE and V OC were attributed to the reduced defect states and increased energy level of the conduction band minimum. This work provides new insights into optimizing the V OC and PCE of PSCs.

Characterization of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant and Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates Using Whole-Genome Sequencing in Tianjin, China.

Objective: Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a global concern. This study aimed to determine the molecular characteristics of fluoroquinolone-resistant and multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains using whole-genome sequencing to predict drug resistance in M. tuberculosis in Tianjin, China, which has not been established previously. Methods: Twenty-one fluoroquinolone-resistant and multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains were isolated from sputum samples. Phenotypic drug resistance against 12 anti-tuberculosis drugs was determined using drug susceptibility testing. Whole-genome sequencing was performed to predict drug resistance in M. tuberculosis based on genome regions associated with drug resistance. The sensitivity of whole-genome sequencing for predicting drug resistance was calculated based on phenotypic drug susceptibility testing information. Results: Among the 21 isolates, mutations in 15 genome regions associated with drug resistance, including rpoB for rifampicin; katG and inhA promoter for isoniazid; gyrA and gyrB for ofloxacin and moxifloxacin; rpsL for streptomycin; rrs for streptomycin, amikacin, kanamycin and capreomycin; pncA and panD for pyrazinamide; embB, embC-embA, aftA, and ubiA for ethambutol; ethA for protionamide; and folC for para-aminosalicylic acid, were detected. Compared with traditional drug susceptibility testing results, the sensitivities for whole-genome sequencing of rifampin, isoniazid, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin, streptomycin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, kanamycin, and amikacin resistance were 100%, 90.48%, 95.24%, 92.86%, 95.27%, 85.71%, 66.67%, 50%, and 50%, respectively. The sensitivities for whole-genome sequencing of capreomycin, protionamide, and para-aminosalicylic acid were not calculated because only one isolate showed phenotypic drug resistance. Mutations determined in drug susceptibility-associated genes can explain phenotypic drug resistance in most isolates. Notably, these mutations were absent in certain drug-resistant isolates, indicating other drug resistance mechanisms. Conclusion: Whole-genome sequencing represents an effective diagnostic tool for fluoroquinolone-resistant and multidrug-resistant TB though it has some obstacles. Whole-genome sequencing should be used to predict drug resistance prior to performing traditional phenotypic drug susceptibility testing in Tianjin, China.

The Influence of CsBr on Crystal Orientation and Optoelectronic Properties of MAPbI3-Based Solar Cells.

Crystal orientations are closely related to the behavior of photogenerated charge carriers and are vital for controlling the optoelectronic properties of perovskite solar cells. Herein, we propose a facile approach to reveal the effect of lattice plane orientation distribution on the charge carrier kinetics via constructing CsBr-doped mixed cation perovskite phases. With grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements, we investigate the crystallographic properties of mixed perovskite films at the microscopic scale and reveal the effect of the extrinsic CsBr doping on the stacking behavior of the lattice planes. Combined with transient photocurrent, transient photovoltage, and space-charge-limited current measurements, the transport dynamics and recombination of the photogenerated charge carriers are characterized. It is demonstrated that CsBr compositional engineering can significantly affect the perovskite crystal structure in terms of the orientation distribution of crystal planes and passivation of trap-state densities, as well as simultaneously facilitate the photogenerated charge carrier transport across the absorber and its interfaces. This strategy provides unique insight into the underlying relationship between the stacking pattern of crystal planes, photogenerated charge carrier transport, and optoelectronic properties of solar cells.

Electron Transport Assisted by Transparent Conductive Oxide Elements in Perovskite Solar Cells.

Fluorine and indium elements in F-doped SnO2 (FTO) and Sn-doped In2 O3 (ITO), respectively, significantly contribute toward enhancing the electrical conductivity of these transparent conductive oxides. In this study, fluorine was combined with indium to modify the SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL) through InF3 . Consequently, the modified perovskite solar cells (PSCs) showe the favorable alignment of energy levels, improved absorption and utilization of light, enhanced interfacial charge extraction, and suppressed interfacial charge recombination. After InF3 modification, the open circuit voltage (Voc ) and fill factor (FF) of the PSC were significantly improved, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) reached 21.39 %, far exceeding that of the control PSC (19.62 %).

Precursor Engineering of the Electron Transport Layer for Application in High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells.

The electron transport layer (ETL) is a key component of regular perovskite solar cells to promote the overall charge extraction efficiency and tune the crystallinity of the perovskite layer for better device performance. The authors present a novel protocol of ETL engineering by incorporating a composition of the perovskite precursor, methylammonium chloride (MACl), or formamidine chloride (FACl), into SnO2 layers, which are then converted into the crystal nuclei of perovskites by reaction with PbI2 . The SnO2 -embedded nuclei remarkably improve the morphology and crystallinity of the optically active perovskite layers. The improved ETL-to-perovskite electrical contact and dense packing of large-grained perovskites enhance the carrier mobility and suppress charge recombination. The power conversion efficiency increases from 20.12% (blank device) to 21.87% (21.72%) for devices with MACl (FACl) as an ETL dopant. Moreover, all the precursor-engineered cells exhibit a record-high fill factor (82%).

[Effect of acupoint application of Zhanjin Huoxue formula combined with local cold compress on swelling and pain after knee arthroscopy in patients with knee osteoarthritis].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect between acupoint application of Zhanjin Huoxue formula combined with local cold compress and simple local cold compress on swelling and pain after knee arthroscopy in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). METHODS: A total of 62 KOA patients with knee swelling after knee arthroscopy were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 31 cases in each group. In the control group, cold compress was adopted after surgery, 3 times a day. On the basis of the treatment as the control group, acupoint application of Zhanjin Huoxue formula (angelicae sinensis radix, chuanxiong rhizome, cinnamon twig, poria, etc.) was applied at Liangqiu (ST 34), Xuehai (SP 10), Zusanli (ST 36), Fenglong (ST 40), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Yinlingquan (SP 9), Yanglingquan (GB 34), Xuanzhong (GB 39) on the affected side in the observation group, 4 h each time, 2 times a day. The treatment was given 7 days in both groups. Before treatment and 1,3,5 and 7 days into treatment, the pain visual analogue scale (VAS) score and swelling value of knee joint (2 cm above the patella upper pole, patella midline, 5 cm below the patella lower pole) were compared in the two groups. RESULTS: The VAS scores 3, 5 and 7 days into treatment were lower than those before treatment in the two groups (P<0.05), and those in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.05). The swelling values of 2 cm above the patella upper pole 3, 5 and 7 days into treatment were lower those before treatment in the two groups (P<0.05), and those in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.05). The swelling values of patella midline 1, 3, 5 and 7 days into treatment were lower than those before treatment in the two groups (P<0.05), and except for 1 day into treatment, those in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.05). The swelling values of 5 cm below the patella lower pole 1 day into treatment in the observation group and 3, 5 and 7 days into treatment in the two groups were lower those before treatment (P<0.05), and except for 1 day into treatment, those in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.05). The total effective rate in the observation group was 93.5% (29/31), which was higher than 74.2% (23/31) in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Acupoint application of Zhanjin Huoxue formula combined with cold compress could effectively improve the knee joint swelling and pain after arthroscopy in KOA patients, and the curative effect is better than simple cold compress.

Electroacupuncture-Induced Muscular Inflammatory Pain Relief Was Associated With Activation of Low-Threshold Mechanoreceptor Neurons and Inhibition of Wide Dynamic Range Neurons in Spinal Dorsal Horn.

Acupuncture is an effective alternative therapy for pain management. Evidence suggests that acupuncture relieves pain by exciting somatic afferent nerve fibers. However, the mechanism underlying the interaction between neurons in different layers of the spinal dorsal horn induced by electroacupuncture (EA) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of EA relieving inflammatory muscle pain, which was associated with activation of the spontaneous firing of low-threshold mechanoreceptor (LTM) neurons and inhibition of wide dynamic range (WDR) neuronal activities in the spinal dorsal horn of rats. Inflammatory muscle pain was induced by injecting complete Freund's adjuvant into the right biceps femoris muscle. EA with intensity of threshold of A fibers (Ta) in Liangqiu (ST34) muscle considerably inhibited the abnormal spontaneous activities of electromyography (EMG) due to muscle inflammation. While EA with intensity of C-fiber threshold (Tc) increased the abnormal activities of EMG. EA with Ta also ameliorated the imbalance of weight-bearing behavior. A microelectrode array with 750-µm depth covering 32 channels was used to record the neuronal activities of WDR and LTM in different layers of the spinal dorsal horn. The spontaneous firing of LTM neurons was enhanced by EA-Ta, while the spontaneous firing of WDR neurons was inhibited. Moreover, EA-Ta led to a significant inverse correlation between changes in the frequency of WDR and LTM neurons (r = -0.64, p < 0.05). In conclusion, the results indicated that EA could alleviate inflammatory muscle pain, which was associated with facilitation of the spontaneous firing of LTM neurons and inhibition of WDR neuronal activities. This provides a promising evidence that EA-Ta could be applied to relieve muscular inflammatory pain in clinical practice.

Enhanced crystallization of solution-processed perovskite using urea as an additive for large-grain MAPbI3perovskite solar cells.

Perovskite crystal quality plays an important role in perovskite solar cells, given that multiple grain boundaries and trap states in the perovskite films hamper further enhancement of solar cell efficiency. Using the solution method to prepare perovskite films with large grains and high coverage requires further improvements. Herein, we introduce Lewis base urea as an additive into the precursor of perovskite to control the crystallization dynamics, allowing for large-grain crystal growth. As a result, MAPbI3films with urea as an additive are well crystallized with large crystal grains of sizes >3µm. The large-grain perovskite is found to simultaneously improve the power-conversion efficiency (PCE) and device stability. With an optimal urea additive of 20 mol%, the PCE is significantly increased from 15.47% for the reference MAPbI3solar cell to 18.53% for the device with MAPbI3with urea as an additive. Finally, the optimized device demonstrates excellent stability and maintains 80% of the initial PCE after 60 days.

See-through holographic display with randomly distributed partial computer generated holograms.

Holographic displays have the feature to show images out of the plane of the device itself, which is especially favored for augmented reality (AR) applications where the images need to be merged with the real world. In existing cases of AR holographic display, a combiner is used to converge the light path of the display image and surrounding scene toward the viewer's eye. In this paper, the idea of combining the holographic device and the combiner has been proposed, resulting in a see-through holographic display. In order to maintain the see-through quality of the device, the concept of partial hologram has been introduced, which means only a part of the area on the device has the holographic fringe pattern while leaving the rest fully transparent. Experiment and theoretical investigation shows that an evenly yet randomly distributed partial hologram provides the best holographic image quality assuming a fixed percentage of the holographic area on the device. A passive computer generated hologram (CGH) with two phase levels has been designed and fabricated for the verification. With partial hologram sharing 25% of the whole area, the CGH exhibits 90.9% of total transmission and 72.2% of parallel transmission. The demonstration shows a high see-through quality while providing a clear holographic image.

Zoomable head-up display with the integration of holographic and geometrical imaging.

Head-up displays (HUDs) have already penetrated into vehicle applications and demand keeps growing. Existing head-up displays have their image fixed at a certain distance in front of the windshield. New development could have two images displayed at two different yet fixed distances simultaneously or switchable upon request. The physical distance of HUD image is associated with the accommodation delay as a safety issue in driving, and could also be a critical parameter for augmented reality (AR) function. In this paper, a novel architecture for HUD has been proposed to make the image distance continuously tunable by exploiting the merit of both holographic and geometrical imaging. Holographic imaging is capable of changing image position by varying the modulation on a spatial light modulator (SLM) without any mechanical movement. Geometrical imaging can easily magnify longitudinal image position with short depth of focus by using large aperture components. A prototype based on liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) SLM has demonstrated the capability of changing image position from 3 m to 30 m verified with parallax method.

Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate Interface Modification of Methylammonium Lead Iodide for Surface Passivation of Perovskite Solar Cells.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been developed as a promising photovoltaic technology because of their excellent photovoltaic performance. However, interfacial recombination and charge carrier transport losses at the surface greatly limit the performance and stability of PSCs. In this work, the fabrication of high-quality PSCs based on methylammonium lead iodide with excellent ambient stability is reported. An anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), is introduced to simultaneously passivate the defect states and stabilize the cubic phase of the perovskite film. The SDBS located at grain boundaries and the surface of the active layer can effectively passivate under-coordinated lead ions and protect the perovskite components from water-induced degradation. As a result, a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.42% is achieved with an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.12 V, a short-circuit current (JSC) of 23.23 mA cm-2, and a fill factor (FF) of 74% in combination with superior moisture stability. The SDBS-passivated devices retain 80% of their initial average PCE after 2112 h of storage under ambient conditions.

Diffractive distortion of a pixelated computer-generated hologram with oblique illumination.

Computer-generated holograms (CGHs) have their phase and/or amplitude modulation pattern calculated rather than recorded as for traditional holograms. In practice, the CGH devices are normally pixelated, no matter if they are passive or active ones. In many cases, the reconstruction light illuminates on the CGH devices obliquely, and the pattern generated on the target plane will be distorted from the originally desired one, even if the modulation on the CGH devices has been calibrated for the corresponding illumination angle in CGH calculation and optimization. The distortion is purely related to the diffraction behavior resulting from the geometry of the pixel on the CGH, and therefore diffractive distortion has been coined for this specific phenomenon. In this paper, quantitative analysis of diffractive distortion and a corresponding scheme for correction have been given based on scalar diffraction theory. The proposed concept is that the distortion of the reconstructed image is proportional to the distortion of the signal window. An experiment has been conducted with a phase-type liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulator (SLM). Both the distortion analysis and the correction scheme have been verified quantitatively for various illumination angles and the direction of the reconstruction light.