Irrational Use of Medications among Adults with Insomnia: An Observational Study at a Sleep Clinic in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: To determine the patterns of irrational use of medications among a sample of adult patients with insomnia. METHODS: We included 89 adult patients diagnosed with chronic insomnia who had consumed medications for this disorder during the 12 months prior to admission to a specialized Sleep Disorders Clinic (SDC) in Mexico City. With a 13-item survey, information was gathered on patterns of medication use and irrational use, considering therapeutic indications, dose, route of administration, and duration of treatment. RESULTS: The participants had taken hypnotics (65%), antidepressants (21%), anticonvulsants (8%), and antipsychotics (6%), and 92% had irrational use of their medication. Irrational use was greatest with benzodiazepines and antipsychotics. There were two main types of irrational use: (1) 47% of participants had consumed a drug unsuitable for their condition, although it was almost always prescribed by a doctor, and (2) 43% had consumed a drug for longer than the maximum time recommended. CONCLUSION: It is worrisome to find that the irrational use of medications to treat insomnia, especially benzodiazepines and antipsychotics is widespread. Although most participants had acquired their medication by prescription, for many the drug was inappropriate to treat their condition. It should be mandatory that patients with insomnia receive specialized medical attention in primary clinical care.

Análisis de reacciones adversas a medicamentos por fármacos antipsicóticos en un instituto de salud mexicano / Analysis of adverse drug reactions caused by antipsychotic drugs in a mexican health institute

RESUMEN Introducción: Las reacciones adversas a medicamentos (RAM) son manifestaciones clínicas o de laboratorio no deseadas que se relacionan con el consumo de medicamentos. Las RAM se asocian con un riesgo significativo de morbimortalidad e ingresos hospitalarios. Los antipsicóticos poseen una reducida ventana terapéutica y se han relacionado con la manifestación de una diversidad de RAM. Objetivo: Evaluar el patrón de las RAM debido a fármacos antipsicóticos, detectadas en pacientes atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz entre diciembre de 2021 y mayo de 2022. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo y transversal de una serie de casos. La gravedad, la severidad y la calidad de la información de la notificación de las RAM se definieron conforme a la NOM-220-SSA1-2016, instalación y operación de la farmacovigilancia, mientras que la causalidad se determinó mediante el algoritmo de Naranjo. Resultados: La incidencia de las RAM fue del 59% y se detectó una o más RAM en 52 de los 88 pacientes que estaban en tratamiento antipsicótico durante el periodo de estudio. El 45% de las RAM tuvo una causalidad probable y el 55%, posible; únicamente tres RAM se clasificaron como graves, debido a que prolongaron la estancia hospitalaria y pusieron en peligro la vida del paciente. Conclusiones: Las RAM de los sistemas gastrointestinal y endocrino fueron las más incidentes, y la hiperprolactinemia fue la más frecuente. La olanzapina y clozapina fueron los medicamentos que más RAM provocaron. Se recomienda fomentar la cultura de notificación y seguimiento de RAM causadas por fármacos antipsicóticos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) are unwanted clinical or laboratory manifestations that are related to drug use. ADR are common and are associated with significant risk of morbidity, mortality and hospital admissions. Antipsychotics have a reduced therapeutic window, and have been related to the manifestation of a variety of ADR. Objetive: To evaluate the pattern of ADRs due to antipsychotic drugs detected in patients treated at the Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry between December 2021 and May 2022. Methods: Observational, descriptive, prospective and cross-sectional study of a series of cases. The seriousness, severity, and quality of the information in the notification of the ADR were defined in accordance with NOM-220-SSA1-2016, Installation and Operation of Pharmacovigilance, while causality was determined using the Naranjo algorithm. Results: The incidence of ADRs was 59%, with one or more ADR detected in 52 of the 88 patients who were receiving antipsychotic treatment during the study period. Forty-five percent of the ADR had probable causality and 55% possible; only three ADR were classified as serious as they prolonged the hospital stay and endangered the patient's life. Conclusions: The ADR of the gastrointestinal and endocrine systems were the most incidental, with hyperprolactinemia being the most frequent. Olanzapine and clozapine were the medications that caused the most ADR. It is recommended to promote the culture of notification and follow-up of ADR caused by antipsychotic drugs.

Effect of prevalence of alcohol consumption and tobacco use in Mexican municipalities on early childhood development.

One of the most critical time periods in childhood is from birth to five years of age. Children exposed to alcohol and/or tobacco via family members and neighborhood are at risk for childhood developmental delays. This study evaluated the association of early childhood development with the prevalence of alcohol consumption and tobacco use in Mexican municipalities. This is a cross-sectional study. Early childhood development information from 2,345 children aged from 36 to 59 months was obtained from the 2015 Mexican National Survey of Boys, Girls, and Women (ENIM). Data on alcohol consumption and tobacco use come from the 2016 Mexican National Survey on Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco Consumption (ENCODAT). Multilevel logistic models were fitted to evaluate the association of the prevalence of alcohol consumption and tobacco use with the inadequacy of early childhood development. Children living in municipalities with high prevalence of alcohol consumption (OR = 13.410; 95%CI: 2.986; 60.240) and tobacco use (OR = 15.080; 95%CI: 2.040; 111.400) were less likely to be developmentally on track regarding early childhood development after adjustment for individual variables related to the child's development and other environmental variables at municipal level. Childhood exposure to alcohol and tobacco in the neighborhood may directly contribute to inadequate early childhood development. These findings suggest that there is an urgent need to develop effective interventions aimed at reducing alcohol consumption and tobacco use in municipalities to ensure adequate early childhood development.

Release Kinetics of Monomers from Dental Composites Containing Fluoride-Doped Calcium Phosphates.

This study analyse the type of release kinetic of specific monomers from dental resin composites containing various fluoride-doped calcium phosphates. The release behavior of urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), ethoxylated bisphenol-A dimethacrylate (bis-EMA) and 1.6-hexanediol ethoxylate diacrylate (HEDA) was evaluated over a period of 35 days. Two tailored calcium phosphates doped with different concentrations of fluoride salts (VS10% and VS20%) were prepared and incorporated in the dimethacrylate matrix at various concentrations to generate a range of experimental composites. The release kinetics were characterized using mathematical models such as zero-order, first-order, Peppas and Higuchi models. The results showed that the first-order model best described the release kinetics. UDMA and HEDA exhibited significant differences in release compared to bis-EMA from day 1, while no significant differences were observed between UDMA and HEDA, except on day 35, when UDMA exhibited a higher release rate than HEDA. When comparing the release of each monomer, VS20-R20% had the highest total release percentage, with 3.10 ± 0.25%, whereas the composite VS10-R5% showed the lowest release percentage, with a total of 1.66 ± 0.08%. The release kinetics were influenced by the composition of the resin composites and the presence of calcium fluoride and sodium fluoride in the calcium phosphate played a role in the maximum amounts of monomer released. In conclusion, the release of monomers from the tested resin composites followed a first-order kinetic behaviour, with an initial rapid release that decreased over time. The composition of the resin monomers and the presence of fluoride salts influenced the release kinetics. The VS10-R5% and VS10-R10% resin composites exhibited the lowest total monomer release, suggesting its potential favourable composition with reduced monomer elution. These findings contribute to understanding the release behavior of dental resin composites and provide insights for the development of resin-based bioactive dental materials.

Economic Cost of the Waste of Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Drugs in Mexico City.

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic medications (AAMs) are widely used in Mexico and the rest of the world. Their excessive acquisition can lead to waste, representing an unnecessary expense for families and the public health system. The aim of this study was to estimate the economic cost of the waste of unused AAMs collected by the National System for the Collection of Residues of Containers and Medications (SINGREM, the acronym in Spanish) in Mexico City during 2019. Data from SINGREM on discarded AAMs in Mexico City were classified by the type and quantity of drug, pharmaceutical dosage form, origin, dose, and the complete or incomplete condition of the package. The unitary cost for each medication was based on public tenders of the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) for the public sector and the prices in large drug store franchises for the private sector. A decision-making model was constructed to appraise the total cost of discarded AAMs. The economic cost of the 48924 units of discarded AAMs in SINGREM containers in Mexico City during 2019 was approx. USD$143500, of which over USD$127000 corresponded to the private health sector. The current findings evidence an enormous accumulation of unneeded or expired AAMs in Mexico City. According to the present data, the cost of such waste is substantial. The estimated cost was 8-fold higher for discarded medications originating from the private versus the public healthcare sector. It is important to implement measures to prevent this waste and increase awareness of the consequences of inadequate drug disposal.

Emergence and clonal spread of KPC-2-producing clinical Klebsiella aerogenes isolates in a hospital from northwest Argentina.

Introduction. Klebsiella aerogenes is a nosocomial pathogen associated with drug resistance and healthcare-associated infections.Gap Statement. K. aerogenes is associated with hospital-acquired infections with the ability to acquire mechanisms of resistance to reserve antimicrobials; its clinical behaviour has been poorly documented.Objective. We proposed to investigate an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant K. aerogenes in a hospital that persisted for 4 months.Methods. The primary aim was to evaluate the molecular characteristics and the clonal relationships among the isolates. We characterized isolates by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The information was integrated with clinical and epidemiological data.Results. Fourteen strains were disseminated in an intensive care unit and different wards at the hospital. The overall mortality was 42.8 %, and mortality attributed to infection was 21.4 %; strains showed high rates of resistance to most of the antimicrobials tested and carried bla KPC-2, bla SHV-2 and bla CTXM-15 genes. PFGE analysis indicated 2 PFGE groups; 12/14 isolates were associated with subgroup A and were likely to be primarily responsible for the first isolation and subsequent dissemination. The outbreak characteristics data showed prolonged hospitalization and previous use of antibiotics as potential risk factors.Conclusion. We consider that it is essential to perform phenotypic and genotypic identification of early genetic resistance mechanisms in K. aerogenes isolates, not only from infection sites but also from colonization, to prevent the spread of these multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates.

The economic costs of insomnia comorbid with depression and anxiety disorders: an observational study at a sleep clinic in Mexico.

Significant advances documenting the costs associated with insomnia have been achieved. However, those related to insomnia associated with mood disorders remain understudied, even though insomnia is more severe in the presence of comorbid conditions such as depression and anxiety. The aim of this study was to determine the direct and indirect costs of insomnia associated with depression and anxiety disorders (DAD) from the perspective of the patient in a private healthcare system. This was an observational study of chronic insomnia associated with DAD at a private Sleep Disorders Clinic in Mexico City between 2019 and 2020. Patients were followed for up to one year. Healthcare resource utilization data were collected through clinical records. Direct and indirect costs associated with insomnia treatment were estimated through micro-costing. The estimated economic burden was projected to 5 years adjusting for inflation and discounting future costs. A deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed. The median cost of the first year of insomnia treatment associated with DAD was US$3537.57 per patient. The work productivity loss represented the highest economic burden (63.84%) followed by direct medical costs (28.32%), and the direct non-medical costs (7.85%). The estimated annual economic burden for patients treated in the private healthcare system in Mexico was US$293 million. The costs of insomnia associated with DAD at a private clinic in México were found to be high. The burden of the costs faced by these patients is substantial relative to the median income of the population. The economic costs at an individual and societal levels are substantial. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41105-022-00412-6.

Effect of prevalence of alcohol consumption and tobacco use in Mexican municipalities on early childhood development / Efecto de la prevalencia del consumo de alcohol y tabaco en municipios mexicanos sobre el desarrollo durante la primera infancia / Efeito da prevalência do consumo de álcool e tabaco em municípios mexicanos sobre o desenvolvimento durante a primeira infância

Abstract: One of the most critical time periods in childhood is from birth to five years of age. Children exposed to alcohol and/or tobacco via family members and neighborhood are at risk for childhood developmental delays. This study evaluated the association of early childhood development with the prevalence of alcohol consumption and tobacco use in Mexican municipalities. This is a cross-sectional study. Early childhood development information from 2,345 children aged from 36 to 59 months was obtained from the 2015 Mexican National Survey of Boys, Girls, and Women (ENIM). Data on alcohol consumption and tobacco use come from the 2016 Mexican National Survey on Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco Consumption (ENCODAT). Multilevel logistic models were fitted to evaluate the association of the prevalence of alcohol consumption and tobacco use with the inadequacy of early childhood development. Children living in municipalities with high prevalence of alcohol consumption (OR = 13.410; 95%CI: 2.986; 60.240) and tobacco use (OR = 15.080; 95%CI: 2.040; 111.400) were less likely to be developmentally on track regarding early childhood development after adjustment for individual variables related to the child's development and other environmental variables at municipal level. Childhood exposure to alcohol and tobacco in the neighborhood may directly contribute to inadequate early childhood development. These findings suggest that there is an urgent need to develop effective interventions aimed at reducing alcohol consumption and tobacco use in municipalities to ensure adequate early childhood development.

Resumen: El grupo de edad que se extiende desde el nacimiento hasta los 5 años es uno de los periodos más críticos en la infancia. Niños expuestos al alcohol y/o al tabaco a través de la familia y vecinos corren el riesgo de sufrir un retraso en el desarrollo infantil. Este estudio evaluó la asociación del desarrollo durante la primera infancia con la prevalencia del consumo de alcohol y tabaco en municipios mexicanos. Se trata de un estudio transversal. Las informaciones sobre el desarrollo durante la primera infancia de 2.345 niños de 36 a 59 meses se obtuvieron a través de la Encuesta Nacional de los Niños, Niñas y Mujeres en México (ENIM) de 2015. Los datos sobre el consumo de alcohol y tabaco son de la Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Drogas, Alcohol y Tabaco en México (ENCODAT) de 2016. Se ajustaron los modelos logísticos multiniveles para evaluar la asociación de la prevalencia de consumo de alcohol y tabaquismo con desarrollo durante la primera infancia inadecuado. Los niños que viven en municipios que tienen una alta prevalencia de consumo de alcohol (OR = 13,410; IC95%: 2,986; 60,240) y tabaquismo (OR = 15,080; IC95%: 2,040; 111,400) se asociaron con la probabilidad más alta de tener un desarrollo durante la primera infancia inadecuado tras el ajuste de las variables individuales relacionadas al desarrollo del niño y a otras variables ambientales en nivel municipal. La exposición infantil al alcohol y al tabaco en la vecindad puede contribuir directamente a un desarrollo durante la primera infancia inadecuado. Estos hallazgos indican una necesidad urgente de desarrollar intervenciones eficaces destinadas a reducir el consumo de alcohol y tabaquismo en los municipios para asegurar un desarrollo durante la primera infancia adecuado.

Resumo: A faixa etária que se estende do nascimento aos 5 anos de idade é um dos períodos mais críticos na infância. Crianças expostas ao álcool e/ou tabaco por meio de familiares e vizinhos estão em risco de atraso no desenvolvimento infantil. Este estudo avaliou a associação do desenvolvimento durante a primeira infância com a prevalência do consumo de álcool e tabaco em municípios mexicanos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal. As informações sobre o desenvolvimento durante a primeira infância de 2.345 crianças de 36 a 59 meses foram obtidas pela Pesquisa Nacional Sobre Crianças e Mulheres no México (ENIM) de 2015. Os dados sobre consumo de álcool e tabaco são da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Consumo de Drogas, Álcool e Tabaco no México (ENCODAT) de 2016. Modelos logísticos multiníveis foram ajustados para avaliar a associação da prevalência de consumo de álcool e tabagismo com desenvolvimento durante a primeira infância inadequado. Crianças que vivem em municípios com alta prevalência de consumo de álcool (OR = 13,410; IC95%: 2,986; 60,240) e tabagismo (OR = 15,080; IC95%: 2,040; 111,400) foram associadas à maior probabilidade de ter um desenvolvimento durante a primeira infância inadequado após ajuste às variáveis individuais relacionadas ao desenvolvimento da criança e a outras variáveis ambientais em nível municipal. A exposição infantil ao álcool e tabaco na vizinhança pode contribuir diretamente para o desenvolvimento durante a primeira infância inadequado. Estas descobertas demonstram uma necessidade urgente de desenvolver intervenções eficazes destinadas a reduzir o consumo de álcool e tabagismo nos municípios para garantir um desenvolvimento durante a primeira infância adequado.

Changes in Food Environment Patterns in the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico, 2010-2020.

The concept of food environment refers to the opportunities; environments; and physical, economic, political, and socio-cultural conditions that frame the interaction of people with the food system and shape decisions about food acquisition and consumption. This study analyzes the relationships between the characteristics of urban environments and the availability of retail food through the evaluation of physical and financial access to food in the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico (MAVM) between 2010 and 2020. Using Geographic Information Systems (GISs), both physical access through network distance to economic food retail units and financial access through socioeconomic status at the block scale were evaluated. The network distance and socioeconomic status results were used as criteria for the spatially explicit classification of the MAVM into food deserts, oases, and swamps. Food deserts are the most abundant food environments but only increased in the third and fourth metropolitan contours. Swamps have increased throughout the city, related to the proliferation of convenience stores that have replaced grocery stores. This study contributes evidence at a local and regional scale required for the future urban planning of the MAVM and for public health and sustainability programs focusing on treating food-related diseases.

Impacto de un programa de vigilancia activa y medidas de control de infecciones sobre la incidencia de bacilos gram negativos resistentes a carbapenems en una unidad de cuidados intensivos

Resumen Las infecciones hospitalarias causadas por bacilos gram negativos resistentes a carbapenems (BGNCR) están asociadas al aumento de morbimortalidad y gasto sanitario. La identificación mediante cultivos de vigilancia y las medidas de control de infecciones permiten reducir su diseminación. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el impacto de un programa de vigilancia integrado a protocolos de control de infecciones sobre la incidencia de BGNCR y conocer su epidemiología molecular en una unidad de cuidados intensivos. Se realizaron auditorías seguidas de un programa de cultivo de vigilancia activa y caracterización molecular de BGNCR, antes y después de la implementación de programas de prevención y control de infecciones. El screening microbiológico se realizó en medios cromogénicos; la caracterización molecular de p-lactamasas (blaKPC, bla0XA-48-like, blaVIM, blaiMP, blaNDM, blaSHV y blaCTx-M) por PCR y la tipificación molecular por PFGE y MLST para Klebsiella pneumoniae. El protocolo desarrollado permitió reducir la colonización global de 16,92% al 9,67%. La diseminación de K. pneumoniae fue a expensas de diversos clones portadores de KPC-2 asociada a BLEE SHV-2 y CTX-M-15, y distribuidos en varios secuenciotipos (ST17, ST13, ST2256, ST353); no se observó persistencia de un clon particular y ningún aislamiento presentó factores de virulencia asociados a hipervi-rulencia. Los aislamientos de Acinetobacter baumannii fueron mayoritariamente productores de IMP-1. El análisis PFGE individualizó 3 clusters, asumiendo que la diseminación fue clonal.

Abstract Hospital-acquired infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CRGNB) have been increasingly reported worldwide and are associated with high rates of mortality especially in intensive care units(ICUs). Early identification through rectal surveillance cultures and implementation of infection control measures(ICM) including contact precautions, staff education on cleaning and hand hygiene may reduce the spread of these microorganisms. The aim of this work was to assess the impact of enhanced ICM on CRGNB colonization and to describe the molecular epidemiology of these bacteria in a polyvalent ICU in a tertiary level hospital. A prospective study including audits and active surveillance culture program, with molecular characterization, was conducted before and after the implementation of prevention programs and infection control measures. Microbiological screening was performed in chromogenic media; PCR targeting p-lactamases genes (ó/qkpc, óíQndm, blaviM and blaoxA-48, blasHv and ó/qctx-m), molecular typing by PFGE; and MLST in K. pneumoniae were performed. CRGNB colonization was reduced from 16.92% to 9.67% upon implementing the infection control measures. In K. pneumoniae the most frequent carbapenemase type was KPC-2 associated with SHV-2 and CTX-M-15, and was disseminated in various STs (ST17, ST13, ST2256, ST353); there was no persistence of particular clones and virulence factors showed no association with hypervirulence. IMP-1 carbapenemase predominated in A. baumannii and the PFGE analysis individualized 3 clusters, assuming that the dissemination in the ICU was clonal. The early detection of patients colo-nized with CRBGN by using epidemiological surveillance cultures and the implementation of prophylactic measures are key to reducing the incidence of these microorganisms.

Inferring pollution records in sediment cores from transitional environments of Marquelia coast, Guerrero, Mexico.

The vertical distribution pattern and concentrations of elements (Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Co, Pb, Zn, and As) in the estuarine and lagoon region of Marquelia coast, Guerrero, Mexico, were studied to comprehend the origin and pollutant phases of geochemical elements. Henceforth, two sediment core samples [C1 (127 cm) and C2 (110 cm)] were collected to assess the pollution status using geochemical indices, namely anthropogenic factor (AF), enrichment factor (EF), and geoaccumulation index (Igeo). Additionally, the elemental concentrations were compared with the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) to examine the potential risks to biota. Among the two depositional environments, the sediments of lagoon Apozahualco exhibited higher concentrations of elements. The granulometry characteristics of sediment grains also attested that the concentration and mobilization of metals are largely governed by the fine-grained fractions. Major elemental concentration and grain size changes were identified at several depths (30-40, 60-70, and 90-100 cm) revealing the internal hydrodynamic condition. The overall assessment of geochemical indices revealed that the sediments were unpolluted to moderately polluted. The anthropogenic factor indicated that the upper portion of the sediments were affected by anthropogenic influences. The comparison of trace element concentration with SQGs denoted that Cr, Ni, and As could pose potential adverse effect to the organisms that live in and near the sedimentary environment. Factor analysis revealed the origin and behaviour of the studied elements during transportation and deposition processes in both the ecosystems (i.e. estuary and lagoon). The results of this study provided an in-depth understanding of variations in elemental concentration and pollution status of sediment profile in coastal transitional environments that would aid in sustainable management.

[Impact of an active surveillance program and infection control measures on the incidence of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli in an intensive care unit]. / Impacto de un programa de vigilancia activa y medidas de control de infecciones sobre la incidencia de bacilos gram negativos resistentes a carbapenems en una unidad de cuidados intensivos.

Hospital-acquired infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CRGNB) have been increasingly reported worldwide and are associated with high rates of mortality especially in intensive care units(ICUs). Early identification through rectal surveillance cultures and implementation of infection control measures(ICM) including contact precautions, staff education on cleaning and hand hygiene may reduce the spread of these microorganisms. The aim of this work was to assess the impact of enhanced ICM on CRGNB colonization and to describe the molecular epidemiology of these bacteria in a polyvalent ICU in a tertiary level hospital. A prospective study including audits and active surveillance culture program, with molecular characterization, was conducted before and after the implementation of prevention programs and infection control measures. Microbiological screening was performed in chromogenic media; PCR targeting ß-lactamases genes (blaKPC, blaNDM, blaVIM and blaOXA-48, blaSHV and blaCTX-M), molecular typing by PFGE; and MLST in K. pneumoniae were performed. CRGNB colonization was reduced from 16.92% to 9.67% upon implementing the infection control measures. In K. pneumoniae the most frequent carbapenemase type was KPC-2 associated with SHV-2 and CTX-M-15, and was disseminated in various STs (ST17, ST13, ST2256, ST353); there was no persistence of particular clones and virulence factors showed no association with hypervirulence. IMP-1 carbapenemase predominated in A. baumannii and the PFGE analysis individualized 3 clusters, assuming that the dissemination in the ICU was clonal. The early detection of patients colonized with CRBGN by using epidemiological surveillance cultures and the implementation of prophylactic measures are key to reducing the incidence of these microorganisms.

Influence of Prevalence of Psychoactive Substance Use in Mexican Municipalities on Early Childhood Development.

Children's early development is influenced by characteristics of the child, family, and environment, including exposure to substance abuse. The aim was to examine the association of early childhood development (ECD) with the prevalence of psychoactive substance use in Mexican municipalities. We obtained ECD data from the 2015 Survey of Boys, Girls, and Women (ENIM, for its Spanish acronym), measured with the ECD Index. The prevalence of psychoactive substance use was estimated at the municipal level, using the 2016 National Survey of Drug, Alcohol, and Tobacco Use (ENCODAT, for its Spanish acronym). Multilevel logistic models were fitted to evaluate the association between drug use and inadequacies in ECD overall and in four specific ECD domains: socio-emotional, literacy-numeric, learning, and physical. Inadequate ECD was directly associated with illegal drug use (OR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.17). For the specific ECD domains, inadequate socio-emotional development was directly associated with illegal drug use (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.15). These findings suggest that exposure to illegal drug use may influence ECD, and especially can lead to socio-emotional problems, although this cannot be considered the unanimous determinant of the problems presented. The implementation of evidence-based interventions to prevent drug abuse is necessary.

Quality of life in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), assessed using the IBS-Quality of Life (IBS-QOL) measure after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment with mebeverine hydrochloride or pinaverium bromide: results of an international prospective observational cohort study in Poland, Egypt, Mexico and China.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) has a substantial impact on health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) but high-quality data pre- and post-treatment using the IBS-Quality of Life (IBS-QOL) measure are limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes from baseline of the IBS-QOL scores, symptom scores and health economic data in IBS patients, after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment with mebeverine hydrochloride or pinaverium bromide. METHODS: This was a prospective observational cohort study in patients with IBS, diagnosed using the Rome III criteria in four countries (Poland, Egypt, Mexico and China). RESULTS: A total of 607 patients were enrolled. At baseline, the IBS-QOL total scores were 52.0 in Poland, 48.9 in Egypt, 51.9 in Mexico, 76.4 in China and 56.4 overall. Increases in IBS-QOL total score were statistically significant at Weeks 4 and 8 overall and in each country (overall: 11.8 at Week 4, 24.3 at Week 8; p < 0.001). Improvements were shown in all IBS-QOL subscales and scores. Symptoms and health economic outcomes were improved. Furthermore, the favourable safety profile of these treatments was confirmed in this study. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that IBS patients have a substantially reduced HR-QoL and that treatment with mebeverine hydrochloride or pinaverium bromide improved HR-QoL.

Evaluation of the Stroke-Specific Quality-of-Life (SSQOL) Scale in Mexico: A Preliminary Approach.

OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of stroke survivors with incomplete recovery in society has been estimated at 460/100,000 people, and one third of them require help in at least one daily activity. Two thirds of all deaths related to stroke in the world occur in low- and middle-income countries. The objective of the present work was to assess the reliability and validity of the previously translated Spanish Stroke-Specific Quality-of-Life (SSQOL) version 2.0 scales in Mexican stroke survivors. METHODS: An observational and cross-sectional pilot study was conducted. Thirty-one patients who suffered stroke up to 1 year prior to the present study were included. Patients were interviewed twice in a 7-day period; other indexes and scales were applied. The reliability was assessed by using Cronbach's alpha (internal consistency) and test-retest by using Spearman's rho scores; the acceptability was evaluated by the floor and ceiling effects. RESULTS: Ceiling and floor effects were observed for fewer than 20% of the patients. The overall internal consistency of the questionnaire was greater than 0.7 (Cronbach's α), with only two domains (family roles and personality) having lower internal consistency values. The results displayed high test-retest reliability: all domains had Spearman's rho scores of over 0.8. The questionnaire has adequate construct validity. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary results showed that the psychometric properties (acceptability and reliability) of the Spanish SSQOL questionnaire are good, encouraging, and comparable to those of other similar studies. This study is the first approach to validate the Spanish version of the SSQOL questionnaire in Mexican stroke survivors.

Evaluation of completeness of suspected adverse drug reaction reports submitted to the mexican national pharmacovigilance centre: a cross-sectional period-prevalence study.

BACKGROUND: The Mexican National Centre of Pharmacovigilance (CNFV) receives suspected adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports from the pharmaceutical industry, Federal States Centre of Pharmacovigilance (CEFV) and Healthcare Institution Centres of Pharmacovigilance (CIFV). The completeness of these suspected ADR reports is particularly important for the proper evaluation of drug safety. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the completeness of the information reported in a representative sample of suspected ADR reports submitted to the CNFV during 2007 and 2008, to evaluate the completeness of the suspected ADR reports submitted to the CNFV from different sources during these 2 years and to identify the therapeutic subgroups with the highest number of suspected ADR reports during the study years. METHODS: A cross-sectional period-prevalence study was conducted at the CNFV. Only reports of suspected ADRs submitted by the CEFV, pharmaceutical industry and CIFV during 2007 and 2008 were included in the present study (reports related to vaccines were excluded). The sample sizes to be used for each year were determined using the formula for population rate at 95% significance level. The samples for each year were randomly selected from the reports related to synthetic drugs submitted that year. The suspected ADR reports were classified according to the standing Mexican Official Norm (Norma Oficial Mexicana [NOM]) guidelines, which were used to divide the reports into four categories (0, 1, 2 and 3) based on their completeness. The seriousness of the suspected ADRs reported was also evaluated; a suspected ADR was classified as 'non-serious' when signs and symptoms are likely to be tolerated, 'moderate' when ADR is not life threatening and needs pharmacological treatment, 'serious' when ADR is life threatening and leads to hospitalization and 'fatal' when ADR contributes directly or indirectly to the patient's death. RESULTS: A total sample size of 370 and 371 suspected ADR reports from 2007 and 2008, respectively, were examined. Our analysis revealed that the pharmaceutical industry sent the highest number of suspected ADR reports for both years (58% and 63%, respectively). Results of the information completeness analysis by using the NOM categories showed that, in both study years, among the total suspected ADR reports about 32% (119) and 40% (148), respectively, were categorized as grade 0 (information insufficient to generate risk signals). Analyses of the seriousness of all suspected ADR reports revealed that 2% of reports were classified as fatal each year, whereas 6% and 5% were classified as serious and 25% and 29% were classified as moderate in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The therapeutic subgroups, according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification, with the highest frequencies of suspected ADR reports in both study years were sex hormones and modulators of the genital system, antibacterial for systemic use, antiepileptics and psychoanaleptics, and antihypertensives. CONCLUSIONS: The completeness of the information provided in the suspected ADR reports submitted during the sample study years was incomplete and, in general, did not fulfil the requirements established by the NOM guidelines. Among the pharmaceutical industry, CEFV and CIFV, the suspected ADR reports were mainly provided by the pharmaceutical industry. It is necessary to improve the pharmacovigilance system in Mexico to achieve a high level of completeness of suspected ADR reports that totally fulfil the standing regulations.

Cost-effectiveness study of oral hypoglycemic agents in the treatment of outpatients with type 2 diabetes attending a public primary care clinic in Mexico City.

INTRODUCTION: Worldwide, diabetes mellitus presents a high burden for individuals and society. In Latin America, many people with diabetes have limited access to health care, which means that indirect costs may exceed direct health care cost. Diabetes is Mexico's leading cause of death. PURPOSE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness ratios of the most used oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) in the treatment of outpatients with type 2 diabetes attending a public primary care clinic in Mexico City. DESIGN: A cross-sectional and analytic study was conducted in Mexico City. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-seven adult outpatients with type 2 diabetes who were treated either with metformin or glibenclamide were included. Acarbose was used as an alternative strategy. The study was carried out from the perspective of Mexican society. Direct medical and nonmedical costs as well as indirect costs were evaluated using a structured questionnaire. Efficacies of all drug treatments were evaluated retrospectively. A systematic search was conducted to select published randomized clinical trials based on predetermined inclusion criteria, and treatment success was defined as glycosylated hemoglobin factor ≤ 7%. Efficacy data of each drug and/or combination were analyzed using meta-analysis. The Monte Carlo Markov model was used. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) were used as the unit of effectiveness; incremental and sensitive analyses were performed and a 5% discount rate was calculated. A hypothetical cohort of 10,000 patients was modeled. RESULTS: The odds ratios of the success of each drug treatment were obtained from the meta-analyses, and were the following: 5.82 (glibenclamide), 3.86 (metformin), 3.5 (acarbose), and 6.76 (metformin-glibenclamide). The cost-effectiveness ratios found were US$272.63/QALY (glibenclamide), US$296.48/QALY (metformin), and US$409.86/QALY (acarbose). Sensitivity analysis did not show changes for the most cost-effective therapy when the effectiveness probabilities or treatment costs were modified. CONCLUSION: Glibenclamide is the most cost-effective treatment for the present study outpatient population diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in the early stages.

Attitudes of adolescent Spanish Roma toward noninjection drug use and risky sexual behavior.

Our objective with this study was to analyze the opinions of a potentially socially marginalized group of Spanish Roma adolescents and young adults about noninjection drug use, HIV infection, and risky sexual behavior. Descriptive qualitative research was conducted through focus groups with Roma participants and semistructured interviews with professionals who work with them in areas such as education and health promotion. Results were triangulated by cross analysis among researchers. Declared drug consumption is lower among females than males. The former claim they do not maintain sporadic sexual relations, and link risky sexual practices to being in love and involved in a stable relationship. Males only use condoms in sporadic sexual relations. They attribute their lack of condom use to lost sensitivity, perceiving sex as something uncontrollable, and not having condoms available when using drugs. Results suggest the need to improve actions aimed at preventing the sexual transmission of HIV among the Roma population.

Escherichia coli: an unknown and infrequent cause of community acquired pneumonia.

Our aim was to describe the incidence, clinical characteristics and outcome of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by Escherichia coli through the analysis of a cohort of patients with this condition. This study includes all the patients who were admitted to our hospitals because of CAP caused by E. coli, diagnosed with highly reliable microbiological techniques, such as blood culture, bronchoscopic protected specimen brush (PSB) or transthoracic needle aspiration (TNA). 29 patients were enrolled, representing 0.4% of CAP cases admitted. Main symptoms were fever and dyspnoea. 18 patients were classified into class IV and class V of the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI). Diagnosis was based on blood culture in 24 cases, PSB in 4 cases and by TNA in 1 case. Three of the patients died, the longer time evolution of the symptoms being the only factor related to higher mortality (p<0.05). Mean hospitalization time was 7.1+/-3.1 d, and correlated with severity at admission (r=0.43; p<0.003). This study demonstrates that CAP caused by E. coli is infrequent. It has an unspecific presentation and mortality rate is 10.3%, associated with longer time before admission to hospital.