Flunixin meglumine improves pregnancy rate in embryo recipient beef cows with an excitable temperament.

Objectives were to determine effects of: 1) handling temperament and administration of flunixin meglumine, an inhibitor of prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) synthesis, given at the time of embryo transfer, on pregnancy rates in beef cattle embryo transfer recipients; 2) handling temperament and flunixin meglumine on peripheral concentrations of progesterone, cortisol, substance-P, prostaglandin F metabolites (PGFM, (13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2a) and isoprostane 8-epi PGF2a; and 3) flunixin meglumine treatment on proportion of non-pregnant recipient cows returning to estrus within an expected interval. Angus cross beef cows (n = 710) at 7 locations were assigned a body condition score (BCS: 1, emaciated; 9, obese) and a temperament score [0, calm, slow chute exit; walk (n = 352), 1, excited, fast chute exit; jump, trot or run (n = 358)] and were synchronized with Select-Synch with a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) protocol. Estrus detection aids were applied at CIDR removal and cows were observed thrice daily for estrus until 72 h. Recipient cows that expressed estrus and had a corpus luteum received a frozen-thawed embryo on Day 7 after estrus. At the time of transfer, recipient cows were randomly allocated to receive 10 mL of flunixin meglumine im, immediately after transfer (n = 365) or served as an untreated control (n = 345). In a subset of cows (n = 80), ovarian ultrasonography was performed on the day of embryo transfer to determine corpus luteum volume and blood samples were collected twice, at the time of embryo transfer and 7 d later. All cows received estrus detection aids again on Day 14 (7 d after embryo transfer) and were observed for estrus twice daily until Day 24. Accounting for treatment (P > 0.1), embryo transfer difficulty score (P < 0.1), temperament by treatment interaction (P < 0.05), recipient cows with calm temperament had a higher pregnancy rate compared to those with an excited temperament [59.4 (209/352) vs 51.7% (185/358)]. The pregnancy rate for excitable cows without flunixin meglumine was lower (46.3% 81/175) compared to excitable cows that did received flunixin meglumine [56.8% (104/183)], and calm cows that did [59.3% (108/182)] or did not [59.4% (104/170)] receive flunixin meglumine. Proportions of non-pregnant recipient cows returning to estrus on Days 18-24 were not different between flunixin meglumine and control groups, 87.6% (134/153) and 84.0% (137/163), respectively (P > 0.1). At the time of embryo transfer and 7 d later, there were moderate to strong correlations among circulating concentrations of progesterone, cortisol, substance-P, PGFM and isoprostane 8-epi PGF2a. Among excitable cows, progesterone concentrations were lower and cortisol, substance-P, PGFM and isoprostane 8-epi PGF2a concentrations were greater for cows in the control group compared to cows that received flunixin meglumine. In conclusion, administration of flunixin meglumine improved pregnancy rates in excitable recipient cows following embryo transfer without affecting the proportion of non-pregnant cows returning to estrus.

Immunocharacterization of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in canine transmissible venereal tumors.

Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are endogenous proteases that are responsible for degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and cell surface antigens. The breakdown of ECM participates in the local invasion and distant metastases of malignant tumors. Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a naturally occurring contagious round cell neoplasm of dogs that affects mainly the external genitalia of both sexes. CTVT generally is a locally invasive tumor, but distant metastases also are common in puppies and immunocompromised dogs. We investigated the immune expressions and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in CTVT. The presence of these enzymes in tumor cells and tissue homogenates was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. We used gelatin substrate zymography to evaluate the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzymes in tumor homogenates. We found that tumor cells expressed both MMP-2 and MMP-9. Electrophoretic bands corresponding to MMP-9 and MMP-2 were identified in immunoblots and clear bands that corresponded to the active forms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 also were detected in gelatin zymograms. Our study is the first detailed documentation of MMPs in CTVT.

Comparison of the use of cabergoline and gonadotrophin to treat primary and secondary anoestrus in bitches.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and reliability of cabergoline and pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) for induction of oestrus in bitches with primary or secondary anoestrus. PROCEDURES: We studied 39 healthy bitches of various breeds aged 2-6 years and in primary or secondary anoestrus: 20 bitches were administered 5 µg/kg/day cabergoline orally until day 2 after the onset of pro-oestrus or for a maximum of 42 days, and 19 bitches were administered 20 IU/kg/day PMSG intramuscularly for 5 consecutive days, followed by an additional single injection of 25 IU/kg of human chorionic gonadotrophin on the fifth day. RESULTS: The rates of oestrus induction in the primary and secondary anoestrous bitches treated with cabergoline and PMSG were found to be similar. Pregnancy and whelping rates in the cabergoline group were statistically different from the rates in the PMSG group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Cabergoline is more effective and reliable for the induction of a fertile oestrus in bitches with primary or secondary anoestrous.

Course and severity of postpartum metritis cases following antibiotic and PGF2α administration in postpartum metritis cows infected with BoHV-4.

Forty cows between day 1 and day 21 post-calving were examined for the presence of postpartum metritis in a dairy herd that had recently experienced an increase in metritis and that had previously tested positive against bovine herpes virus 4 (BoHV-4) by various methods. Antibodies against BoHV-4 were detected in sera from 15 of 22 cows. For the virological study, uterine swab samples of 22 cows with metritis were used and tested for BoHV-4 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), virus isolation (VI), and immunofluorescence techniques. Twenty-two point seven per cent (5/22) of the vaginal discharge samples obtained from cows with metritis were found positive for BoHV-4 DNA by PCR. All of these samples were also positive in VI and/or immune fluorescence assay (IF). Swab samples were also tested for bacteria. Empirical therapy with a broad spectrum antibiotic (oxytetracycline) was administrated, pending culture and antibiotic sensitivity result. All cows with puerperal metritis or clinical metritis (CM) were treated with intra-uterine (i.u.) administration of oxytetracycline and with intramuscular (i.m.) injections of dinoprost tromethamine (PGF(2)α) for three consecutive days. Concurrently, with the administration of oxytetracycline and PGF(2)α, cows with a rectal temperature >39.5°C received an additional treatment with oxytetracycline (i.m) for three consecutive days. According to the antibiotic test result, on day 3 after the last oxytetracycline and PGF(2)α administrations, all cows were treated with a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (i.u.) for three consecutive days. All cows with metritis and that were positive for BoHV-4 recovered clinically after the administration of antibiotic and PGF(2)α. In conclusion, postpartum metritis cases in cows infected BoHV-4 recovered clinically following early diagnosis and prolonged treatments with a combination of antibiotics and PGF(2)α.

Steroid receptor expression and HER-2/neu (c-erbB-2) oncoprotein in the uterus of cats with cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex.

The presence of oestrogen-alpha receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER-2/neu (c-erbB-2) oncoprotein in the uterine walls of 10 healthy cats and 20 subjects with cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra (CEH-P) were evaluated. Lesions were graded according to the severity of cystic dilation, hyperplasia and inflammation, and were classified as normal, mild uterine hyperplasia and severe uterine hyperplasia. The ER, PR and c-erbB-2 expression in the endometrium, glandular epithelium, stromal fibroblasts and myometrial smooth muscle cells was quantified by immunohistochemistry. The ER, PR and c-erbB-2 staining patterns differed between normal uteri and uteri with CEH-P. The ER expression was tended to be higher in the endometrial surface and glandular epithelium in the severe hyperplasia group (P > 0.05) and significantly lower in the mild hyperplasia cases compared with normal endometrium (P < 0.05), whereas the PR expression in both severe and mild hyperplasia cases tended to be higher in stromal cells and glandular epithelium than those in the normal uteri. C-erbB-2 immunoreactivity was observed only in the endometrial surface and glandular epithelium of the uterine wall and immunostaining was found to be highest in cases with severe hyperplasia. As a conclusion, we suggest that c-erbB-2 oncoprotein may play a role in the pathogenesis of the CEH together with the ER and PR in cats, and that ER does not have a role in the mechanism of pyometra, whereas PR plays a role in the pathogenesis of both CEH and pyometra.

A Clinico-pathological study on the effect of vincristine on transmissible venereal tumour in dogs.

Transmissible venereal tumour (TVT) is a coitally transmitted neoplasm of dogs and is common among sexually active dogs, where sexual behaviour is not under control. Several treatment options are available for the treatment of the tumour, with chemotherapy being the most commonly employed. In this study, we investigated the clinical and cytological changes after weekly vincristine sulphate administration in 38 cases of naturally occurring TVT. Tumours totally regressed in 31 dogs after two to seven doses (mean 3.54 +/- 1.01) of vincristine. One dog died after the fifth dose of vincristine, and in six dogs, an additional treatment with doxorubicin was needed. Masses were still present in four dogs and the histopathological examination revealed small nodules of granulation tissue in two dogs, while viable tumour cells were identified in the remaining two cases. No recurrences were observed in a follow-up period of 7-49 months (mean 13.64 +/- 9.66); in one dog, granulation tissue was detected in the surgery site after 2 months. Treatment success could easily be followed by the cytological changes. In conclusion, vincristine was found to be effective chemotherapeutic agent.