Depression in public officials during the COVID-19 pandemic in Paraguay: a web-based study.

BACKGROUND: According to the World Health Organization, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created situations that have a negative effect on people and threaten their mental health. Paraguay announced the Estado de Emergencia Sanitaria (Presidential Decree No. 3456) on March 16, 2020, which was followed by the imposition of a 24-h restriction on movement order on March 21. Self-quarantine at home may have been the most effective method of preventing the spread of infectious diseases; however, with the global pandemic becoming more prolonged and the consequent lengthening of the 24-h self-quarantine period, it is highly probable that both physical and psychological problems will arise. METHODS: In this study, a web-based cross-sectional method was used to analyze the factors influencing COVID-19-induced depressive feelings in Paraguayan public officials. RESULTS: Public officials reported a high level of depressive symptoms with a high level of apprehension in early stage of COVID-19. In addition, this study identified that when the self-quarantine period increased, levels of depressive feelings also increased. Since self-quarantine is characterized by the requirement that individuals endure an undetermined period within a confined area, it may have caused stress and anxiety, as well as the consequent experience of depressive feelings. CONCLUSIONS: Paraguayan government should develop a program for the delivery of mental health care and services to public officials in COVID-19 Pandemic period. Moreover, a program is required for people facing deteriorating mental health due to social isolation and loneliness caused by social distancing during the prolonged period of self-quarantine. Finally, mental health care programs should be organized in a community-focused way by utilizing online systems to enhance the effectiveness of mental health recovery.

Social determinants of overweight and obesity in Paraguayan adults using quantile regression.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) defines the double burden of malnutrition as the new face of malnutrition. This is a serious problem in Latin American countries, especially Paraguay, which has a high obesity rate. This study aimed to gather data to inform a national strategy for confronting the double-burden challenge in Paraguay by 1) identifying whether the body mass index (BMI) of study subjects differed significantly according to social determinants, and 2) assessing the factors affecting BMI and the extent of their impact according to BMI quantile levels. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data were collected using a questionnaire adapted from the WHO World Health Survey. We collected 2,200 responses from September 16 to October 7, 2018. After excluding the questionnaires with missing data, we analyzed 1,994 respondents aged 17 years and older living in Limpio, Paraguay. The analyses included t-test and chi-squared test to identify significant differences and 10th quantile regression to assess associations. RESULTS: Analyses showed significant differences in participants' BMI levels based on age and diagnoses of diabetes or hypertension. In quantile regression analyses, age was significantly associated with BMI quantiles at all but one level. Educational attainment was significantly associated with the 10%-40% and 60%-70% quantiles of BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Age, education level, diabetes, and hypertension were significant predictors of obesity. Obesity programs that focus on people aged more than 60 years are required. In addition, targeted nutritional education may be a useful intervention.

School-based obesity prevention interventions in Latin America: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of school-based interventions to prevent obesity conducted in Latin America and provide suggestions for future prevention efforts in countries of the region. METHODS: Articles published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese between 2000 and 2017 were searched in four online databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, LILACS, and REDALYC). Inclusion criteria were: studies targeting school-aged children and adolescents (6-18 years old), focusing on preventing obesity in a Latin American country using at least one school-based component, reporting at least one obesity-related outcome, comprising controlled or before-and-after design, and including information on intervention components and/or process. RESULTS: Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Most effective interventions (n = 3) had moderate quality and included multi-component school-based programs to promote health education and parental involvement focused on healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. These studies also presented a better study designs, few limitations for execution, and a minimum duration of six months. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence-based prevention experiences are important guides for future strategies implemented in the region. Alongside gender differences, an adequate duration, and the combined use of quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods, evidence-based prevention should be considered to provide a clearer and deeper understanding of the true effects of school-based interventions.

Process Evaluation of a School-Based Program Aimed at Preventing Obesity in Adolescents from Lima and Callao, Peru.

The study aims to describe process evaluation measures of the three-year Health Promoting Schools' obesity prevention program in Lima and Callao, Peru, and to assess factors that influenced the implementation of the intervention leading to the mentioned process outcomes results. The program was implemented in four public high schools located in low-income areas of Lima and Callao. Embedded in a Health Promoting School Intervention, the program consisted of two main components-an education program and several environmental activities. Quantitative data were collected and analyzed based on dose delivered and reach for each specific activity. Dose received was analyzed by satisfaction scores related to six specific activities. Furthermore, qualitative data including documentation of activities and transcriptions from individual in-depth interviews were qualitatively analyzed to identify factors influencing the implementation. The education component of the Health Promoting Schools' program achieved a 78.4% average nutrition sessions delivery in 2015 and 88.0% in 2017; while for PA sessions, the average delivery in 2015 was of 79.7% and 93.8% in 2017. In the case of reach, at least 75% of total students participated in all sessions per year. Nevertheless, there were differences in terms of delivery and participation in a number of environmental activities within and between schools during the program period. Differences in delivery included education sessions for parents, teachers, Junior Health Promoters, and school food kiosk staff, besides execution of physical activity events every year. Impeding factors included the complexity of the overall intervention, limited strategies to facilitate program implementation and those to maintain the participation of subjects, and related contextual factors.

Effectiveness of a comprehensive blood pressure control program in primary health care in Peru.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of a comprehensive blood pressure (BP) control program on improving lifestyle indicators, BP levels, and laboratory examination results among people living in low-income urban areas of Peru. METHODS: A prospective before-and-after study design was applied to 1 271 participants with hypertension or pre-hypertension. The intervention was implemented for 2 years, from May 2015 - April 2017, in three health centers in Lima (2 in Comas and 1 in Callao). The changes in participants over the study period were compared. All participants were provided with individualized consultations, group health education sessions, regular group meetings to improve self-management, and text messages providing health education. Paired t- and chi-square tests were used to determine the significance of the changes in indicators before and after the intervention. RESULTS: Lifestyle behaviors, such as weight and blood pressure monitoring, reduced salt consumption, increased fruit and vegetable consumption, and stress control improved during the intervention (P < 0.001). The EuroQol-Five Dimension Scale showed improvement (P < 0.001) and body mass index, waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic BPs of the participants significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride decreased (P < 0.01) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) increased after the program (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive BP control program was effective in improving lifestyle indicators, BP levels, and laboratory results among people living in a low-income urban area of Peru. Increasing opportunities for BP measurement, systematic management of hypertensive patients, and community-based prevention and education programs are paramount to hypertension detection, prevention, and control.

Effectiveness of a comprehensive blood pressure control program in primary health care in Peru

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To assess the effectiveness of a comprehensive blood pressure (BP) control program on improving lifestyle indicators, BP levels, and laboratory examination results among people living in low-income urban areas of Peru. Methods. A prospective before-and-after study design was applied to 1 271 participants with hypertension or pre-hypertension. The intervention was implemented for 2 years, from May 2015 – April 2017, in three health centers in Lima (2 in Comas and 1 in Callao). The changes in participants over the study period were compared. All participants were provided with individualized consultations, group health education sessions, regular group meetings to improve self-management, and text messages providing health education. Paired t- and chi-square tests were used to determine the significance of the changes in indicators before and after the intervention. Results. Lifestyle behaviors, such as weight and blood pressure monitoring, reduced salt consumption, increased fruit and vegetable consumption, and stress control improved during the intervention (P < 0.001). The EuroQol-Five Dimension Scale showed improvement (P < 0.001) and body mass index, waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic BPs of the participants significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride decreased (P < 0.01) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) increased after the program (P < 0.001). Conclusions. This comprehensive BP control program was effective in improving lifestyle indicators, BP levels, and laboratory results among people living in a low-income urban area of Peru. Increasing opportunities for BP measurement, systematic management of hypertensive patients, and community-based prevention and education programs are paramount to hypertension detection, prevention, and control.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Evaluar la efectividad de un programa de control integral de la presión arterial (PA) para mejorar los indicadores relativos al modo de vida, los niveles de PA y los resultados de laboratorio en personas que viven en zonas urbanas de ingresos bajos en Perú. Métodos. Mediante un estudio prospectivo se analizó la situación antes y después de 1.271 personas que presentaban hipertensión arterial y prehipertensión. Esta intervención se llevó a cabo desde mayo del 2015 hasta abril del 2017 en tres centros de salud de Lima (2 en Comas y 1 en Callao), y se compararon los cambios experimentados por las personas durante el estudio. Todos los participantes recibieron consultas personalizadas, reuniones grupales para mejorar el autocuidado y sesiones grupales de educación sobre salud, al igual que mensajes de texto al respecto. Se recurrió a la prueba de la t para datos emparejados y la prueba de la χ² para establecer la significación estadística de los cambios en los indicadores antes y después de la intervención. Resultados. Los comportamientos relativos al modo de vida, como el seguimiento de la presión arterial y del peso, el menor consumo de sal, el mayor consumo de frutas y verduras y el mejor control del nivel de estrés, mejoraron durante la intervención (P < 0,001). El EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) mostró mejora (P < 0,001), mientras que el índice de masa corporal, el perímetro de la cintura, la presión arterial diastólica y la sistólica de los participantes disminuyeron de manera significativa (P < 0,001). El colesterol de las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL-C) y los triglicéridos disminuyeron (P < 0,001), mientras que el colesterol de las HDL (HDL-C) aumentó. La filtración glomerular estimada (eGFR) aumentó después del programa (P < 0,001). Conclusiones: este programa de control integral de la PA resultó efectivo para mejorar los indicadores relativos al modo de vida, los niveles de PA y los resultados de laboratorio en las personas que viven en zonas urbanas de ingresos bajos en Perú. Aumentar las oportunidades para la medición de la PA, el manejo sistemático de pacientes con hipertensión arterial y los programas de prevención y educación a nivel comunitario son sumamente importantes para detectar, prevenir y controlar la hipertensión arterial.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Avaliar a eficácia de um programa abrangente de controle da pressão arterial (PA) na melhoria de indicadores do estilo de vida, dos níveis de PA e dos resultados de exames laboratoriais entre pessoas que vivem em áreas urbanas de baixa renda no Peru. Métodos. Utilizamos um desenho de estudo prospectivo do tipo pré/pós-intervenção para estudar 1.271 participantes com hipertensão ou pré-hipertensão. A intervenção foi implementada durante 2 anos, de maio de 2015 a abril de 2017, em três centros de saúde em Lima (2 em Comas e 1 em Callao). Comparamos as mudanças nos participantes ao longo do período do estudo. Todos os pacientes participaram de consultas individualizadas, sessões em grupo para educação em saúde e reuniões em grupo regulares para melhorar a autogestão; além disso, receberam mensagens de texto para a educação em saúde. Utilizamos testes t e testes do quiquadrado pareados para determinar a significância das mudanças nos indicadores antes e após a intervenção. Resultados. Comportamentos relacionados ao estilo de vida, tais como o monitoramento do peso e da pressão arterial, a redução do consumo de sal, o maior consumo de frutas e vegetais e o controle do estresse, melhoraram durante a intervenção (p<0,001). A Escala de Cinco Dimensões EuroQol melhorou (p<0,001), e o índice de massa corporal, a circunferência abdominal e a PA sistólica e diastólica dos participantes diminuíram significativamente (p<0,001). O colesterol de baixa densidade (LDL) e os triglicerídeos diminuíram (p<0,01), e o colesterol de alta densidade (HDL) aumentou. A taxa de filtração glomerular estimada (TFGe) aumentou após o programa (p<0,001). Conclusões. Este programa abrangente de controle da PA foi eficaz na melhoria de indicadores do estilo de vida, dos níveis de PA e dos resultados laboratoriais entre pessoas que vivem em uma área urbana de baixa renda no Peru. O aumento das oportunidades para a medição da PA, a gestão sistemática de pacientes hipertensos e programas comunitários de prevenção e educação são fundamentais para detectar, prevenir e controlar a hipertensão.

Effectiveness of a school-based mental health education program in an impoverished urban area of Peru.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based mental health education program in preventing adolescent suicide attempts in an impoverished urban area in Peru, as part of an Official Development Assistance project by the Korea International Cooperation Agency. The PRECEDE-PROCEED model informed the effectiveness study. In this intervention, the participants were first to fifth grade students in public secondary schools. The pre-post intervention survey was conducted with a stratified random sampling method. A sample of 768 and 738 students in experimental and control groups was analyzed comparatively, using chi-squared tests and logistic regression. This study found that the program had a positive effect on adolescent mental health-related risk behaviors and suicide attempts in the experimental group compared to the control group. Thus, the intervention may have helped prevent the increase in mental health-related risk behaviors and suicide attempts. Further, parental affection, when included in the intervention, had a significant effect on suicide attempts. As such, the involvement of parental affection in the intervention might be effective in preventing suicide attempts. To enhance the effectiveness of interventions aiming to prevent adolescent suicide, the participation and attention of parents, as well as adolescents, must be encouraged. Further, to maintain the effectiveness of the intervention and expand coverage to other schools in the neighborhood, a strategy for project sustainability is needed, particularly with regards to capacity-building in schools and communities.

Effectiveness of a comprehensive blood pressure control program in primary health care in Peru / Efectividad de un programa de control integral de la presión arterial en la atención primaria de salud en Perú / Eficácia de um programa abrangente de controle da pressão arterial na atenção primária à saúde no Peru

ABSTRACT Objective. To assess the effectiveness of a comprehensive blood pressure (BP) control program on improving lifestyle indicators, BP levels, and laboratory examination results among people living in low-income urban areas of Peru. Methods. A prospective before-and-after study design was applied to 1 271 participants with hypertension or pre-hypertension. The intervention was implemented for 2 years, from May 2015 - April 2017, in three health centers in Lima (2 in Comas and 1 in Callao). The changes in participants over the study period were compared. All participants were provided with individualized consultations, group health education sessions, regular group meetings to improve self-management, and text messages providing health education. Paired t- and chi-square tests were used to determine the significance of the changes in indicators before and after the intervention. Results. Lifestyle behaviors, such as weight and blood pressure monitoring, reduced salt consumption, increased fruit and vegetable consumption, and stress control improved during the intervention (P < 0.001). The EuroQol-Five Dimension Scale showed improvement (P < 0.001) and body mass index, waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic BPs of the participants significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride decreased (P < 0.01) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) increased after the program (P < 0.001). Conclusions. This comprehensive BP control program was effective in improving lifestyle indicators, BP levels, and laboratory results among people living in a low-income urban area of Peru. Increasing opportunities for BP measurement, systematic management of hypertensive patients, and community-based prevention and education programs are paramount to hypertension detection, prevention, and control.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar la efectividad de un programa de control integral de la presión arterial (PA) para mejorar los indicadores relativos al modo de vida, los niveles de PA y los resultados de laboratorio en personas que viven en zonas urbanas de ingresos bajos en Perú. Métodos. Mediante un estudio prospectivo se analizó la situación antes y después de 1.271 personas que presentaban hipertensión arterial y prehipertensión. Esta intervención se llevó a cabo desde mayo del 2015 hasta abril del 2017 en tres centros de salud de Lima (2 en Comas y 1 en Callao), y se compararon los cambios experimentados por las personas durante el estudio. Todos los participantes recibieron consultas personalizadas, reuniones grupales para mejorar el autocuidado y sesiones grupales de educación sobre salud, al igual que mensajes de texto al respecto. Se recurrió a la prueba de la t para datos emparejados y la prueba de la x2 para establecer la significación estadística de los cambios en los indicadores antes y después de la intervención. Resultados. Los comportamientos relativos al modo de vida, como el seguimiento de la presión arterial y del peso, el menor consumo de sal, el mayor consumo de frutas y verduras y el mejor control del nivel de estrés, mejoraron durante la intervención (P < 0,001). El EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) mostró mejora (P < 0,001), mientras que el índice de masa corporal, el perímetro de la cintura, la presión arterial diastólica y la sistólica de los participantes disminuyeron de manera significativa (P < 0,001). El colesterol de las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL-C) y los triglicéridos disminuyeron (P < 0,001), mientras que el colesterol de las HDL (HDL-C) aumentó. La filtración glomerular estimada (eGFR) aumentó después del programa (P < 0,001). Conclusiones: este programa de control integral de la PA resultó efectivo para mejorar los indicadores relativos al modo de vida, los niveles de PA y los resultados de laboratorio en las personas que viven en zonas urbanas de ingresos bajos en Perú. Aumentar las oportunidades para la medición de la PA, el manejo sistemático de pacientes con hipertensión arterial y los programas de prevención y educación a nivel comunitario son sumamente importantes para detectar, prevenir y controlar la hipertensión arterial.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar a eficácia de um programa abrangente de controle da pressão arterial (PA) na melhoria de indicadores do estilo de vida, dos níveis de PA e dos resultados de exames laboratoriais entre pessoas que vivem em áreas urbanas de baixa renda no Peru. Métodos. Utilizamos um desenho de estudo prospectivo do tipo pré/pós-intervenção para estudar 1.271 participantes com hipertensão ou pré-hipertensão. A intervenção foi implementada durante 2 anos, de maio de 2015 a abril de 2017, em três centros de saúde em Lima (2 em Comas e 1 em Callao). Comparamos as mudanças nos participantes ao longo do período do estudo. Todos os pacientes participaram de consultas individualizadas, sessões em grupo para educação em saúde e reuniões em grupo regulares para melhorar a autogestão; além disso, receberam mensagens de texto para a educação em saúde. Utilizamos testes t e testes do qui-quadrado pareados para determinar a significância das mudanças nos indicadores antes e após a intervenção. Resultados. Comportamentos relacionados ao estilo de vida, tais como o monitoramento do peso e da pressão arterial, a redução do consumo de sal, o maior consumo de frutas e vegetais e o controle do estresse, melhoraram durante a intervenção (p<0,001). A Escala de Cinco Dimensões EuroQol melhorou (p<0,001), e o índice de massa corporal, a circunferência abdominal e a PA sistólica e diastólica dos participantes diminuíram significativamente (p<0,001). O colesterol de baixa densidade (LDL) e os triglicerídeos diminuíram (p<0,01), e o colesterol de alta densidade (HDL) aumentou. A taxa de filtração glomerular estimada (TFGe) aumentou após o programa (p<0,001). Conclusões. Este programa abrangente de controle da PA foi eficaz na melhoria de indicadores do estilo de vida, dos níveis de PA e dos resultados laboratoriais entre pessoas que vivem em uma área urbana de baixa renda no Peru. O aumento das oportunidades para a medição da PA, a gestão sistemática de pacientes hipertensos e programas comunitários de prevenção e educação são fundamentais para detectar, prevenir e controlar a hipertensão.(AU)

School-based obesity prevention interventions in Latin America: A systematic review

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of school-based interventions to prevent obesity conducted in Latin America and provide suggestions for future prevention efforts in countries of the region. METHODS Articles published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese between 2000 and 2017 were searched in four online databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, LILACS, and REDALYC). Inclusion criteria were: studies targeting school-aged children and adolescents (6-18 years old), focusing on preventing obesity in a Latin American country using at least one school-based component, reporting at least one obesity-related outcome, comprising controlled or before-and-after design, and including information on intervention components and/or process. RESULTS Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Most effective interventions (n = 3) had moderate quality and included multi-component school-based programs to promote health education and parental involvement focused on healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. These studies also presented a better study designs, few limitations for execution, and a minimum duration of six months. CONCLUSIONS Evidence-based prevention experiences are important guides for future strategies implemented in the region. Alongside gender differences, an adequate duration, and the combined use of quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods, evidence-based prevention should be considered to provide a clearer and deeper understanding of the true effects of school-based interventions.

Development of a Web Database System for a Comprehensive Hypertension Management Program in the Primary Health Care Setting of Urban Areas of Peru.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this case report is to introduce the development process, structure, characteristics, and effectiveness of the web database (DB) system developed for the hypertension management program in the primary health care setting in the low-income urban areas of Peru. METHODS: A Korean research team cooperated with a Peruvian IT startup company to develop a web DB system to improve the data management of the hypertension management program. The entire web application infrastructure was hosted using the Amazon Web Service. Two different web platforms were established for the user groups of health workers and researchers (program managers). RESULTS: A total of 2,827 program participants were registered in the web DB system until December 2017. Health professionals can input the participant data while providing consultation to the program participants, and the data is accumulated in the web DB in real time. Input errors or data loss is prevented by setting restrictions in the data entry system. During the 4-year project period, 7,696 hours of working time and USD 39,536.48 for data management were saved as the result of web DB system utilization. CONCLUSIONS: The developed web DB system contributed to improve the health condition of the health program participants by providing necessary information to the health professionals at the right time. This case report could be a reference for other researcher to develop web databases for their own context, especially in developing countries.

Effects of School-based Health Promotion Intervention on Health Behaviors among School Adolescents in North Lima and Callao, Peru.

BACKGROUND: Multicomponent interventions that include both school and family or community involvements have the potential to cause significant changes in the levels of health in adolescents. To this end, KOICA and Yonsei Global Health Center implemented a school-based health promotion program from 2015 to 2016 in Northern Lima and Callao, Peru. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a school-based health promotion intervention on the health behaviors of school adolescents in Peru. METHODS: Health behaviors were measured using a standard self-administered questionnaire before and after the introduction of a school-based health promotion intervention in 2014 and 2016. The intervention was executed in secondary schools, specifically two schools from Lima and two from Callao, from April 2015 to November 2016. Two schools (one from each area) were selected as control schools. The interventions included health education, screening, and psychological counseling of vulnerable individuals as well as education for teachers and workshops with parents. RESULTS: Descriptive statistics, chi-square test results, and logistic regression values were computed. Sample sizes were 332 and 255 in 2014 and 933 and 599 in 2016 in the intervention and control schools, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed significant improvement in the consumption of vegetables and in depression in the intervention schools. Suicide attempts, television-watching, video game use, Internet use, consumption of chips and sugary drinks, and being in fights did not decrease in the intervention group but did increase in the control group. Thus, the intervention might have prevented the worsening of these behaviors in the intervention schools. CONCLUSION: The intervention had a positive effect on vegetable consumption and feeling depressed as well as on preventing the increase in sedentary behaviors, fighting, and suicide attempts.

Prevalence and correlates of insufficient physical activity in school adolescents in Peru.

OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence and correlates of insufficient physical activity in adolescents in Peru. METHODS We used a self-administered questionnaire developed from Global school-based Student Health Survey to collect information from secondary school students in North Lima and Callao in 2015. We carried out Poisson regression with robust variance using generalized linear models to estimate the crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of insufficient physical activity for its correlates. RESULTS We have found that 78% of the adolescents did not meet the global recommendation of the World Health Organization on physical activity in the last week before the survey. Female respondents (APR = 1.13, 95%CI 1.04-1.21), respondents who perceived themselves as overweight (APR = 1.10, 95%CI 1.03-1.18), and respondents who consumed insufficient vegetables and fruits [no vegetables (APR = 1.30, 95%CI 1.06-1.59), no fruits (APR = 1.15, 95%CI 1.00-1.31) as compared to those who consumed ≥ 2 servings every day in the last seven days] were more likely to report insufficient physical activity. Adolescents who worked after school (APR = 0.92, 95%CI 0.84-0.99), had physical education classes five times per week (APR = 0.94, 95%CI 0.88-0.99), and had parental supervision (APR = 0.92, 95%CI 0.87-0.98) were less likely to report insufficient physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Sex, work after school, perceived body weight, physical education class, parental support, and healthy dietary behaviors were associated with insufficient physical activity. Attempts to improve physical activity should look for ways to enhance leisure-time physical activity, parental support, physical education classes, healthy dietary behaviors, and normal body weight maintenance in adolescents with integrated efforts from the family and school.

Evaluation of Hypertension Prevention and Control Programs in Lima, Peru.

OBJECTIVES: The Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) established 4 health centers to provide hypertension screening and a health support program in a deprived urban area of Lima, Peru. This case report provides a mid-term evaluation of the KOICA's hypertension prevention and control programs. METHODS: A follow up study was performed on 663 residents who were diagnosed with prehypertension or hypertension (Stage 1 and 2) in the 4 KOICA health centers. Patients participated in programs designed to prevent and control hypertension through education sessions over the course of 6 months. Using simple descriptive statistics and computer simulations, we evaluated the effect of hypertension prevention and control programs on the participants. RESULTS: The KOICA health programs appeared to significantly contribute to lowering the blood pressure (BP) of the participants. The total number of participants with normal BP increased from none to 109. Overall, the female and younger patients responded better to the KOICA programs than the male and older participants. In addition, the average systolic BP, diastolic BP, and body mass index of all participants was significantly reduced. CONCLUSION: The KOICA programs were effective at lowering blood pressure, particularly amongst the prehypertension group than the Stage 1 and 2 hypertension groups. This suggests that providing an extensive screening service for adults with prehypertension will help control hypertension in the early stages.

Prevalence and correlates of insufficient physical activity in school adolescents in Peru

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence and correlates of insufficient physical activity in adolescents in Peru. METHODS We used a self-administered questionnaire developed from Global school-based Student Health Survey to collect information from secondary school students in North Lima and Callao in 2015. We carried out Poisson regression with robust variance using generalized linear models to estimate the crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of insufficient physical activity for its correlates. RESULTS We have found that 78% of the adolescents did not meet the global recommendation of the World Health Organization on physical activity in the last week before the survey. Female respondents (APR = 1.13, 95%CI 1.04-1.21), respondents who perceived themselves as overweight (APR = 1.10, 95%CI 1.03-1.18), and respondents who consumed insufficient vegetables and fruits [no vegetables (APR = 1.30, 95%CI 1.06-1.59), no fruits (APR = 1.15, 95%CI 1.00-1.31) as compared to those who consumed ≥ 2 servings every day in the last seven days] were more likely to report insufficient physical activity. Adolescents who worked after school (APR = 0.92, 95%CI 0.84-0.99), had physical education classes five times per week (APR = 0.94, 95%CI 0.88-0.99), and had parental supervision (APR = 0.92, 95%CI 0.87-0.98) were less likely to report insufficient physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Sex, work after school, perceived body weight, physical education class, parental support, and healthy dietary behaviors were associated with insufficient physical activity. Attempts to improve physical activity should look for ways to enhance leisure-time physical activity, parental support, physical education classes, healthy dietary behaviors, and normal body weight maintenance in adolescents with integrated efforts from the family and school.

Television Viewing and Its Association with Sedentary Behaviors, Self-Rated Heath and Academic Performance among Secondary School Students in Peru.

The study assessed television viewing >2 h a day and its association with sedentary behaviors, self-rated health, and academic performance among secondary school adolescents. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among randomly selected students in Lima in 2015. We measured self-reported responses of students using a standard questionnaire, and conducted in-depth interviews with 10 parents and 10 teachers. Chi-square test, correlation and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed among 1234 students, and thematic analysis technique was used for qualitative information. A total of 23.1% adolescents reported watching television >2 h a day. Qualitative findings also show that adolescents spend most of their leisure time watching television, playing video games or using the Internet. Television viewing had a significant positive correlation with video game use in males and older adolescents, with Internet use in both sexes, and a negative correlation with self-rated health and academic performance in females. Multivariate logistic regression analysis shows that television viewing >2 h a day, independent of physical activity was associated with video games use >2 h a day, Internet use >2 h a day, poor/fair self-rated health and poor self-reported academic performance. Television viewing time and sex had a significant interaction effect on both video game use >2 h a day and Internet use >2 h a day. Reducing television viewing time may be an effective strategy for improving health and academic performance in adolescents.

The Influence of Witnessing Inter-parental Violence and Bullying Victimization in Involvement in Fighting among Adolescents: Evidence from a School-based Cross-sectional Survey in Peru.

BACKGROUND: Witnessing inter-parental violence and bullying victimization is common for many children and adolescents. This study examines the role of witnessing inter-parental violence and bullying victimization in involvement in physical fighting among Peruvian adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,368 randomly selected adolescents in 2015. We conducted logistic regression analyses to obtain crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for involvement in fighting among male and female adolescents. RESULTS: Among all adolescents, 35.8% had been involved in fighting in the last 12 months, 32.9% had been victim of verbal bullying and 37.9% had been the victim of physical bullying. Additionally, 39.2% and 27.8% of adolescents witnessed violence against their mother and father, respectively, at least once in their lives. Multivariate logistic regression analyses found that late adolescence, participation in economic activities, being the victim of verbal bullying, stress, and witnessing violence against the father among male adolescents, and self-rated academic performance and being the victim of physical or verbal bullying among female adolescents were associated with higher odds of being involved in fighting. CONCLUSION: Verbal bullying victimization and witnessing violence against the father in males and bullying victimization in females were associated with greater odds of adolescents being involved in fighting. Creating a non-violent environment at both home and school would be an effective strategy for reducing fighting among the adolescent population.

Role of gender, family, lifestyle and psychological factors in self-rated health among urban adolescents in Peru: a school-based cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the role of gender, family, lifestyle and psychological factors in self-rated health. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: A total of 970 randomly selected students from 11 secondary schools in Lima and Callao, Peru, participated in 2014. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Self-rated health was measured with a single item: 'In general, how would you rate your health?' Responses were arranged along a five-point Likert-type scale: 'excellent', 'very good', 'good', 'fair' and 'poor'. The outcome variable was dichotomised as 'good' (excellent, very good or good) or 'poor/fair' (poor or fair). METHODS: We calculated adjusted ORs (AORs) and 95% CIs for poor/fair self-rated health using multivariate logistic regression analyses at 3-graded levels. RESULTS: 32.5% of the respondents had fair/poor self-rated health, 23.7% of the total males and 40.0% of the total female samples. Males were less likely to have poor/fair self-rated health (AOR 0.61; CI 0.41 to 0.91). Poor family support strongly increased the likelihood of having poor/fair self-rated health (no support, (AOR 3.15; CI 1.63 to 6.09); low support, (AOR 2.50; CI 1.29 to 4.85)). The other associated variables were missed meals due to a shortage of food (AOR 1.97; CI 1.15 to 3.36), television watching during leisure time (AOR 1.70; CI 1.09 to 2.67), low physical activity (AOR 1.49; CI 1.03 to 2.15), school absenteeism (AOR 1.54; CI 1.03 to 2.31) and perceived life satisfaction (AOR 0.28; CI 0.15 to 0.25). CONCLUSIONS: Gender, missing meals due to a shortage of food, family support, physical activity and life satisfaction influenced self-rated health among adolescents in Peru. Interventions that focus on promoting physical activity for at least 1 h each day for 3 or more days per week, food security and strengthening supportive family roles may improve self-rated health during adolescence.

Factors Associated with Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempt among School-Going Urban Adolescents in Peru.

The study examines the prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempt, and associated factors among school-going urban adolescents in Peru. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a sample of 916 secondary school adolescents in 2014. A structured questionnaire adapted from Global School-based Student Health Survey was used to obtain information. Data were analyzed using logistic regression models at 5% level of significance. Overall, 26.3% reported having suicidal ideation, and 17.5% reported having attempted suicide during the past 12 months. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that female sex, being in a fight, being insulted, being attacked, perceived unhappiness, smoking and sexual intercourse initiation were significantly associated with increased risk of suicidal ideation, while female sex, being in a fight, being insulted, being attacked, perceived unhappiness, alcohol and illicit drug use were related to suicide attempt. The prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts observed in the survey area is relatively high. Female adolescents are particularly vulnerable to report suicidal ideation and suicide attempt. Interventions that address the issue of violence against adolescents, fighting with peers, health risk behaviors particularly initiation of smoking, alcohol and illicit drug use and encourage supportive role of parents may reduce the risk of suicidal behaviors.

Plan de acción para el programa de promoción de la salud de población / Action plan for the population health promotion program

Describe los exámenes básicos realizados sobre la situación actual de hipertensión, diabetes, obesidad y los problemas principales de la salud a los ciudadanos de las localidades beneficiarias del programa del Norte de Lima y Callao en Perú

Plan de acción para el programa de promoción de la salud para gestantes: centro de salud Materno Infantil Pachacutec Perú - Korea / Action plan for the health promotion program for pregnant women: Pachacutec Maternal and Child health center Peru - Korea

Describe los conocimientos, hábitos y comportamientos sobre alimentación y nutrición saludable de la población gestante que residen en el ámbito de la jurisdicción del Centro de Salud Materno Infantil Pachacutec Perú Corea