Technological Import Dependence of the Russian Economy: An Assessment Using Input-Output Tables.

The article analyzes the level of import dependence of Russian industry in relation to the supply of intermediate consumption products from China and in general from all countries of the world. The study was carried out during the period of the increasing spread of coronavirus infection in order to determine the industries that are potentially the most vulnerable to possible disruption of foreign trade. The information base for calculations is the official data on the volume and structure of Russia's foreign trade and the input-output tables of the WIOD. As a result of calculations using several alternative models, it was found that Russian industry, even with significant integration into the world production chains, remains sufficiently resistant to local supply shocks. The analysis of import dependence in terms of imported raw materials and components can be used in the study of any shocks in foreign trade, it makes it possible to more accurately assess the effects of trade agreements or sanctions, as well as the effect of the devaluation of the national currency.

Polarization-dependent vibrational shifts on dielectric substrates.

The interaction of light with matter at surfaces of dielectrics strongly depends on polarization. Here, we present the first infrared spectroscopic evidence for significant polarization effects in the spectroscopic detection of adsorbate vibrational frequencies. In addition to much larger peak intensities for p-polarized light relative to s-polarization, a small but distinct blue shift was identified for CO adsorbed at the surfaces of two prototype dielectric substrates, CeO2(111) and CaCO3(10.4). A simulation using a layer model yields very good agreement with experiment.

[Surgical treatment of a patient with traumatic rupture of the aortic arch and late oesophageal perforation]. / Khirurgicheskoe lechenie bol'nogo s travmaticheskim razryvom dugi aorty i pozdnei perforatsiei pishchevoda.

Described herein is a clinical case report regarding a patient presenting with traumatic rupture of the aortic isthmus with the development of a pseudoaneurysm occupying virtually the entire posterior mediastinum and measuring 20?10 cm in size. He was immediately treated as an emergency to undergo prosthetic reconstruction of the portion of the aortic arch and descending thoracic aorta by means of temporary bypass grafting with a synthetic graft in order to protect the visceral organs. The postoperative period was complicated by oesophageal perforation with the formation of an oesophago-paraprosthetic fistula, infection of the vascular graft, accompanied by the development of pleural empyema and mediastinitis. A second operative procedure was performed, consisting of subclavian-iliac bypass grafting on the right with a polytetrafluoroethylene graft measuring 20 mm in diameter, exclusion of the intrathoracic portion of the oesophagus, creation of a gastro- and oesophagostoma, retrieval of the vascular graft followed by suturing of the aorta, pleurectomy, decortication of the lung, and removal of the empyemic sac on the left. There was no evidence of ischaemia of the spinal cord or visceral arteries. One month postoperatively, he underwent a traumatological stage and 4 months thereafter plasty of the oesophagus with an isoperistaltic gastric pedicle, extirpation of the thoracic portion of the oesophagus, to be later on followed by closure of the oesophagostoma. The patient experienced no difficulties either while walking or during other physical activities, with the ankle-brachial index amounting to 0.9. With time, he developed difficult-to-correct pulmonary hypertension. Unfortunately, the patient eventually died of acute cardiopulmonary insufficiency 9 years after right-sided extra-anatomical subclavian-iliac bypass grafting.

Doping-Induced Electron Transfer at Organic/Oxide Interfaces: Direct Evidence from Infrared Spectroscopy.

Charge transfer at organic/inorganic interfaces critically influences the properties of molecular adlayers. Although for metals such charge transfers are well documented by experimental and theoretical results, in the case of semiconductors, clear and direct evidence for a transfer of electrons or holes from oxides with their typically high ionization energy is missing. Here, we present data from infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy demonstrating that despite a high ionization energy, electrons are transferred from ZnO into a prototype strong molecular electron acceptor, hexafluoro-tetracyano-naphthoquinodimethane (F6-TCNNQ). Because there are no previous studies of this type, the interpretation of the pronounced vibrational red shifts observed in the experiment was aided by a thorough theoretical analysis using density functional theory. The calculations reveal that two mechanisms govern the pronounced vibrational band shifts of the adsorbed molecules: electron transfer into unoccupied molecular levels of the organic acceptor and also the bonding between the surface Zn atoms and the peripheral cyano groups. These combined experimental data and the theoretical analysis provide the so-far missing evidence of interfacial electron transfer from high ionization energy inorganic semiconductors to molecular acceptors and indicates that n-doping of ZnO plays a crucial role.

Atomically precise semiconductor--graphene and hBN interfaces by Ge intercalation.

The full exploration of the potential, which graphene offers to nanoelectronics requires its integration into semiconductor technology. So far the real-world applications are limited by the ability to concomitantly achieve large single-crystalline domains on dielectrics and semiconductors and to tailor the interfaces between them. Here we show a new direct bottom-up method for the fabrication of high-quality atomically precise interfaces between 2D materials, like graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and classical semiconductor via Ge intercalation. Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and complementary DFT modelling we observed for the first time that epitaxially grown graphene with the Ge monolayer underneath demonstrates Dirac Fermions unaffected by the substrate as well as an unperturbed electronic band structure of hBN. This approach provides the intrinsic relativistic 2D electron gas towards integration in semiconductor technology. Hence, these new interfaces are a promising path for the integration of graphene and hBN into state-of-the-art semiconductor technology.

[Treatment of neoplastic lesions of the central bronchi and trachea using endotracheobronchial surgery, intraluminal brachytherapy, combined radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy].

There are summarized the foreign and domestic references of recent years devoted to methodology and the efficiency of the use of intraluminal high-dose radiation brachytherapy in patients with lesions of the central bronchi and trachea caused by primary and metastatic malignant tumors. It is presented own experience of applying this method in 207 patients. It is showed that in some patients to ensure the delivery of the radiation source to the area of interest it is advisable to perform firstly endotraheobronhial surgery with recanalization of the lumen of the respiratory pathways. The best is the use of intraluminal brachytherapy with high dose radiation. Palliative intraluminal irradiation of inoperable patients allowed achieving a good immediate results (65-95%), a significant reduction of the main symptoms--hemoptoe (87-95%), dyspnea (75-90%), obstructive pneumonia phenomena (50-85%), and significantly increasing survival median from 1-3 to 9-14 months. Following performance of chemoradiotherapy permitted increasing the survival median up to 15-20 months. The number of complications of intraluminal high-dose radiation brachytherapy was small, usually--pulmonary hemorrhage (2-7%) more likely developing when using large fractions--more than 10 g for 1 session.

[Role of transthoracic biopsy in the modern diagnosis of tumors of organs in the thoracic cavity].

This review summarizes data of publications and meta-analyses devoted ton the use of transthoracic biopsy. It is showed that the method continues to be one of the main ways to diagnose pathological processes in the thoracic cavity's organs, especially tumors of the lungs, pleura, mediastinum and chest wall. Modern methods of navigation trepan-needles can receive sufficient volume of pathological tissue samples for subsequent full morphological study to individualize and optimize treatment algorithms.

[Inheritance and phenotype expression of functional and null alleles of aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) in diploid wheats].

Functional F and null 0 alleles of the CAD1 (Aadh1) gene, which controls the biosynthesis of aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase, were studied in hybrids of the diploid wheat T. monococcum L. and Triticum sinskajae A.Filat. et Kurk. The gene CAD1 is located in chromosome 5A and is linked with the awnless gene awnS (La) with a recombination frequency of about 32%. Plants with genotypes FF, F0, and 00 were significantly different in the height and mechanical strength of the stalk (culm). The elastic limit of the culm tissues of plants FF was considerably higher than in 00 plants. F0 heterozygotes had intermediate values. The thickness of the wall of the sclerenchyma was thinner in plants with genotype 00. The chemical structure of lignin of plants with the functional CAD allele contained units of a phloroglucinol series missing in the mutant plants. The CAD genotypes had no effect on the relative content of cellulose and lignin in stalks ofdiploid wheat and insignificantly influenced the ratio of H :G : S units in the lignin structure, as well as some components of extractives.

Carbon nanowalls: the next step for physical manifestation of the black body coating.

The optical properties of carbon nanowall (CNW) films in the visible range have been studied and reported for the first time. Depending on the film structure, ultra-low total reflectance up to 0.13% can be reached, which makes the CNW films a promising candidate for the black body-like coating, and thus for a wide range of applications as a light absorber. We have estimated important trends in the optical property variation from sample to sample, and identified the presence of edge states and domain boundaries in carbon nanowalls as well as the film mass density variation as the key factors. Also we demonstrated that at much lower film thickness and density than for a carbon nanotube forest the CNWs yield one order higher specific light absorption.

[Clinical course of cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck, and the factors affecting patient survival].

It was found that melanomas of the skin of the head and neck, compared to the trunk and limbs, were characterized by a greater proportion of men, an older average age of the patients, high frequency spindle cell tumors, more frequent synchronous distant metastasis and worse survival. Melanomas, which are localized on the skin of the neck and scalp, have similar aggressive clinical course and are characterized by worse overall and disease-free survival than skin melanomas on the trunk and limbs. However, melanomas of the skin on the ear and face proceed more favorably as compared to skin melanomas of the scalp and neck. Multivariate regression analysis using Cox models showed that the melanoma of the head and neck Breslow tumor thickness was the strongest predictor of overall survival. For skin melanomas of the neck and scalp Breslow tumor thickness was the only significant independent factor for overall survival. In melanoma, skin and ear predictors of survival are: sex, age and tumor thickness. In skin melanomas of the face and ear predictors of survival were sex, age and tumor thickness.

[Morphological, immunohistochemical and spectral characteristics of dysplasia, preinvasive and invasive forms of lung cancer].

An analysis of modern methods of diagnostics such as morphological, immunohistochemical and spectral, which included the bronchoscopy and spectrometry by using reflectance and autofluorescent regime, was made. The data involved the results of prospective follow-up study of 167 patients (620 biopsies). An obligatory spectrometry of suspicious area was carried out before the forceps biopsy. The microslides, which met the requirements of criteria of one of the carcinogen steps (n=201), were subjected to the in-depth morphological and immunohistochemical investigations. The tendency of angiogenesis (CD31 and CD34), proliferative activity (Ki-67), level of apoptosis (P53), EGFR expression were estimated. The sensitivity of combined endoscopic method was 94,74% by specificity 79,95% and high prognostic value of negative endoscopic diagnosis - 99,4%.

[Comparative assessment of the effectiveness of treatment for patients with lung cancer].

A total of 4218 lung cancer patients received therapy from 1965 to 2004. Patients' population analysis shows no statistically significant changes in sex, clinico-anatomical forms or morphological type structure. The first 30 years analyzed showed a gradual increase in the number of patients receiving radical treatment (46.7, 67.2 and 82.4% for each decade), in 1995-2004 this value dropped to 34,0%. For each of the decades studied was evident an increase in the number of patients over 60 years receiving radical treatment. The third decade (1985 to 1994) was characterized by statistically significant increase of 5-year overall survival among patients receiving radical treatment (49.0% compared to 36.2%, 37.6% and 46.0%) mostly due to an increase in I and IIA stage patients compared to other periods (67.9 versus 52.3, 56.5 and 51.6%). The adjuvant tele-irradiation (total focal dose 45-55 Gy, conventional fractioning) in patients receiving radical surgical treatment for metastatic lung cancer with mediastinal lymph nodes involvement (N2) lead to statistically significant increase in 5-year overall survival from 14.7 to 19.7%.

[Anesthetic management in endotracheo-bronchial surgery for central bronchial and tracheal tumors].

The article summarizes the experience of anesthetic management in rigid bronchoscopy endobronchial surgery. Induction intravenous anesthesia followed by high tidal-volume mechanical ventilation proved to be more effective, than inhalation anesthesia with injector or high-frequency ventilation, although these methods are safe and effective in patients with compensated respiratory failure. The use of controlled hypotonia with mean arterial pressure of 60-70 mm Hg leads to decrease of blood loss and hypoxemia prevention without impairment of hemodynamics.

Self-metalation of 2H-tetraphenylporphyrin on Cu(111): an x-ray spectroscopy study.

The bonding and the temperature-driven metalation of 2H-tetraphenylporphyrin (2H-TPP) on the Cu(111) surface under ultrahigh vacuum conditions were investigated by a combination of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy with density functional theory calculations. Thin films were prepared by organic molecular beam epitaxy and subsequent annealing. Our systematic study provides an understanding of the changes of the spectroscopic signature during adsorption and metalation. Specifically, we achieved a detailed peak assignment of the 2H-TPP multilayer data of the C1s and the N1s region. After annealing to 420 K both XPS and NEXAFS show the signatures of a metalloporphyrin, which indicates self-metalation at the porphyrin-substrate interface, resulting in Cu-TPP. Furthermore, for 2H-TPP monolayer samples we show how the strong influence of the copper surface is reflected in the spectroscopic signatures. Adsorption results in a strongly deformed macrocycle and a quenching of the first NEXAFS resonance in the nitrogen edge suggesting electron transfer into the LUMO. For Cu-TPP the spectroscopic data indicate a reduced interaction of first-layer molecules with the substrate as demonstrated by the relaxed macrocycle geometry.

[Optimization of treatment methods of surgical complications in lung cancer].

The present report analyses the immediate and long-term results of treatment of surgical complications in 998 patients with lung cancer. There were complications in 37,5% of the cases, with a fatality rate of 14,7%. The most frequent complications were as follows: postoperative empyema with bronchopleural fistula (41,3%), bleeding (12,0%), pneumonia (9,8%), pulmonary arteries embolism (8,1%) and heart rhythm disorders (8,1%). Adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment does not increase the rate of surgical complications as compared to just surgery alone (p = 0,1). Postoperative empyema with bronchopleural fistula requires intensive therapy, affects the quality of life of patients but does not decrease survival rates as compared to patients at the same stages of disease with uncomplicated course (p = 0,001). Timely drainage of pleural cavity accompanied by its adequate sanation does not differ (p = 0,1) from usage thoracoplasty (MS 29,9 months to 33,2 months).

[About the administration of treatment and diagnostic process in the Main Military Clinical Hospital n. a. N.N.Burdenko].

Since December 1, 2009 was reorganized the structure and significantly extended the composition of hospitals and outpatient clinics (subsidiaries) subordinated to the Main Military Clinical Hospital n.a N.N. Burdenko, hospital bed capacity increased to 3770 beds available against 1320. In fact GVKG in new structure has become a major hospital health-care union. The need for sustainability of the union demanded revision of the available and create a modern management system. The aim of performed study was to examine lessons learned, building a new system and strengthening the chain of command. Achieving this goal required the development and introduction of modern, more precise and well-functioning system of interaction between units, and the collection of primary medical and health-economic information for assessing the performance of departments, centers, divisions and associations in general, making more informed decisions the organization of therapeutic and prophylactic and therapeutic and diagnostic work.

[Use of autofluorescence bronchoscopy and spectrometry in the diagnosis of central lung cancer].

The paper evaluates the available data as well as our own on use of autofluorescence bronchoscopy in conjunction with spectrometric examination. We used qualitative and quantitative assessment of images obtained by conventional and autofluorescence (ClearVu Elite) means in real time. Our double-stage study evaluated sensitivity and specificity of autofluorescence bronchoscopy in diagnosing lung cancer as well as constructed spectrometric curves (ROC) and areas under them (AUC). Endoscopy was used in 171 patients with central lung cancer. Autofluorescence bronchoscopy established high sensitivity--94.74% (95%CI: 80.9-99%) and sufficient specificity--79.95% (95%CI: 75.8-83.6%). Application of a wide range of spectrometric coefficients contributed to high specificity thus reducing the number of biopsies as well as the injury from the treatment. The AUC for a best predictive index was 0.89 (99%: 0.83-0.95).

[Application of automated quantitative cytometry in diagnosis of lung cancer].

The paper deals with evaluation of the literature data and our experience with automated quantitative cytometric examination of sputum for diagnosis of lung cancer and, in particular, early one. This novel procedure uses measurement of quantitative indices which characterise tumors-induced alterations. The LungSign computerized system was employed to scan cellular nuclei. The results were evaluated by linear discriminative analysis with the aid of ROC-curves and underlying areas. The procedures were run in 248 cases and its sensitivity was significantly higher that of a standard cytological one (36.6% and 13.3%, respectively; p = 0.033), albeit a slight decrease in specificity (93.7% and 100%, respectively; p = 0.003). Automated quantitative cytometric indices varied significantly in cohorts of patients with confirmed (-0.275871) and false (-1.24990) diagnosis of lung cancer (p = 0.0001).