ABSTRACT
The psittacine Pyrrhura griseipectus is a threatened species currently only found in Ceará State, Brazil. A microbiological survey was conducted to determine the composition of the enteric microbiota of this species, as well as the phenotypic profiles of antimicrobial susceptibility presented by the isolates. Cloacal swabs were collected from individual birds and submitted to microbiological processing. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were evaluated using the disk diffusion method. Bacteria of the genus Escherichia, Proteus, Citrobacter, Pantoea, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Morganella, Hafnia, Enterobacter, and Serratia were isolated. The most frequently isolated species were Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris, corresponding to 36.1%, 26.4%, and 8.3%, respectively. Isolates were more frequently resistant to azithromycin and tetracycline, while Escherichia coli was the main species presenting multidrug resistance. In conclusion, free-living grey-breasted parakeets may harbor enterobacteria with high antimicrobial resistance rates.
Subject(s)
Animals , Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Parrots/microbiologyABSTRACT
The psittacine Pyrrhura griseipectus is a threatened species currently only found in Ceará State, Brazil. A microbiological survey was conducted to determine the composition of the enteric microbiota of this species, as well as the phenotypic profiles of antimicrobial susceptibility presented by the isolates. Cloacal swabs were collected from individual birds and submitted to microbiological processing. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were evaluated using the disk diffusion method. Bacteria of the genus Escherichia, Proteus, Citrobacter, Pantoea, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Morganella, Hafnia, Enterobacter, and Serratia were isolated. The most frequently isolated species were Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris, corresponding to 36.1%, 26.4%, and 8.3%, respectively. Isolates were more frequently resistant to azithromycin and tetracycline, while Escherichia coli was the main species presenting multidrug resistance. In conclusion, free-living grey-breasted parakeets may harbor enterobacteria with high antimicrobial resistance rates.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Parrots/microbiology , Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification , Drug Resistance, BacterialABSTRACT
The study of litter decomposition and nutrient cycling is essential to know native forests structure and functioning. Mathematical models can help to understand the local and temporal litter fall variations and their environmental variables relationships. The objective of this study was test the adequacy of mathematical models for leaf litter decomposition in the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. We study four native forest sites in Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, a Biosphere Reserve of the Atlantic, which were installed 200 bags of litter decomposing with 20 × 20 cm nylon screen of 2 mm, with 10 grams of litter. Monthly from 09/2007 to 04/2009, 10 litterbags were removed for determination of the mass loss. We compared 3 nonlinear models: 1 - Olson Exponential Model (1963), which considers the constant K, 2 - Model proposed by Fountain and Schowalter (2004), 3 - Model proposed by Coelho and Borges (2005), which considers the variable K through QMR, SQR, SQTC, DMA and Test F. The Fountain and Schowalter (2004) model was inappropriate for this study by overestimating decomposition rate. The decay curve analysis showed that the model with the variable K was more appropriate, although the values of QMR and DMA revealed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the models. The analysis showed a better adjustment of DMA using K variable, reinforced by the values of the adjustment coefficient (R2). However, convergence problems were observed in this model for estimate study areas outliers, which did not occur with K constant model. This problem can be related to the non-linear fit of mass/time values to K variable generated. The model with K constant shown to be adequate to describe curve decomposition for separately areas and best adjustability without convergence problems. The results demonstrated the adequacy of Olson model to estimate tropical forest litter decomposition. Although use of reduced number of parameters equaling the steps of the decomposition process, no difficulties of convergence were observed in Olson model. So, this model can be used to describe decomposition curves in different types of environments, estimating K appropriately.
Subject(s)
Forests , Models, Biological , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Biodegradation, Environmental , BrazilABSTRACT
The study of litter decomposition and nutrient cycling is essential to know native forests structure and functioning. Mathematical models can help to understand the local and temporal litter fall variations and their environmental variables relationships. The objective of this study was test the adequacy of mathematical models for leaf litter decomposition in the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. We study four native forest sites in Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, a Biosphere Reserve of the Atlantic, which were installed 200 bags of litter decomposing with 20×20 cm nylon screen of 2 mm, with 10 grams of litter. Monthly from 09/2007 to 04/2009, 10 litterbags were removed for determination of the mass loss. We compared 3 nonlinear models: 1 Olson Exponential Model (1963), which considers the constant K, 2 Model proposed by Fountain and Schowalter (2004), 3 Model proposed by Coelho and Borges (2005), which considers the variable K through QMR, SQR, SQTC, DMA and Test F. The Fountain and Schowalter (2004) model was inappropriate for this study by overestimating decomposition rate. The decay curve analysis showed that the model with the variable K was more appropriate, although the values of QMR and DMA revealed no significant difference (p> 0.05) between the models. The analysis showed a better adjustment of DMA using K variable, reinforced by the values of the adjustment coefficient (R2). However, convergence problems were observed in this model for estimate study areas outliers, which did not occur with K constant model. This problem can be related to the non-linear fit of mass/time values to K variable generated. The model with K constant shown to be adequate to describe curve decomposition for separately areas and best adjustability without convergence problems. The results demonstrated the adequacy of Olson model to estimate tropical forest litter decomposition. Although use of reduced number of parameters equaling the steps of the decomposition process, no difficulties of convergence were observed in Olson model. So, this model can be used to describe decomposition curves in different types of environments, estimating K appropriately.(AU)
O estudo da ciclagem de nutrientes através da decomposição de serapilheira é essencial para conhecer a estrutura e funcionamento das florestas tropicais nativas. Em decorrência da sua dependência de variáveis ambientais, o uso de modelos matemáticos pode ajudar a compreender as variações locais e temporais da decomposição do folhedo. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a adequação dos modelos matemáticos para avaliar a dinâmica da decomposição da serapilheira em um mosaico de Floresta Tropical Atlântica no sudeste do Brasil. O estudo foi realizado em quatro remanescentes de mata nativa no Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, parte da Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica, onde se instalou 200 bolsas decompositoras feitas de tela de nylon 20×20 cm de 2 mm, com 10 gramas de serapilheira recém-colhida. Mensalmente, de 09/2007 a 04/2009, 10 litterbags foram removidos por área, para limpeza, secagem e posterior determinação da perda de massa. Comparamos três modelos não lineares: 1 Modelo exponencial de Olson (1963), que considera a constante K, 2 Modelo proposto por Fountain and Schowalter (2004), 3 Modelo proposto por Coelho e Borges (2005), que considera a variável K através do QMR, SQR, SQTC, DMA e Teste F. O modelo de Fountain and Schowalter (2004) mostrou-se inadequado por superestimar a taxa de decomposição. A análise mostrou que a curva de decaimento do modelo com K variável foi o mais adequado, embora os valores de QMR e DMA não revelaram nenhuma diferença significativa (p> 0,05) entre os modelos. A análise mostrou um melhor ajustamento do DMA usando a variável K, que foi reforçada com os valores do coeficiente de calibração (R2). No entanto, problemas de convergência foram observados neste modelo, que não foi capaz de estimar com precisão os valores outliers para cada área de estudo, o que não ocorreu com o modelo de Olson. Entretanto, parece que os problemas de não convergência podem estar relacionados ao ajuste não linear dos dados de massa por tempo, utilizados para gerar o modelo. Quando submetido ao ensaio de parâmetros iguais, o modelo com K constante (Olson, 1963) mostrou-se adequado para descrever a curva de decomposição por áreas de estudo separadamente, de modo que o seu melhor ajuste não compensou os problemas de convergência encontrados. Os resultados demonstraram a aptidão do modelo proposto por Olson (1963) para estimar a decomposição de serapilheira de florestas tropicais, mesmo que eventualmente não detecte diferenças entre as etapas do processo de decomposição. Este modelo não apresenta dificuldades de convergência, permitindo descrever as curvas de decomposição em diferentes tipos de ambientes, estimando os valores de K mais apropriadamente e com mais acurácia.(AU)
Subject(s)
Forests , Models, Biological , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Biodegradation, Environmental , BrazilABSTRACT
The environmental changes resulting from the construction of hydroelectric dams may affect the fauna of insect vectors and consequently the epidemiology of the diseases they transmit. This work examined the mosquito and sand fly fauna in the area of the Aimorés hydroelectric power plant, analyzing the seasonal distribution and the degree of species synanthropy in different ecotopes. Between November, 2008 and September, 2009, entomological captures were performed with the help of HP light traps in the rural, urban, and forest areas of Aimorés, Ituêta, Resplendor, and Baixo Guandu counties. The fauna proved to be quite diversified. Twenty-two species of mosquitoes and 11 species of sand flies were found. Culex quinquefasciatus was predominant among mosquitoes (76.7%), while Lutzomyia intermedia prevailed among sand flies (34.5%). Some of the captured species have medical interest. Supported by the high degree of synanthropy, those species reinforce the need for epidemiological surveillance.
Subject(s)
Culicidae/physiology , Power Plants , Psychodidae/physiology , Animals , Brazil , Insect Vectors/physiologyABSTRACT
In the present study, it was investigated which components are responsible for the antiinflammatory properties of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom (CdtV). The effect of crotoxin,as well as of other CdtV components was evaluated on edema, cell migration and alterations in leukocyteendothelium interactions induced by carrageenan. Crotoxin (40 mg kg 1) was injected at different time periods before or after the injection of carrageenan (15 mg kg 1)into the mouse hind paw, peritoneum or scrotum. Results showed that crotoxin, but not other CdtV components, significantly inhibited inflammatory edema and cell migration when administered before or after carrageenan injection in mice. This toxin also prevented the occurrence of alterations in leukocyteendothelium interactions induced by carrageenaninjection, such as the increase in adhered cells. In animals pretreated with Boc2 (a selective antagonist of formyl peptide receptors), crotoxin showed neither inhibitoryeffects on edema and cell migration, nor prevented alterations in leukocyteendothelium interactions induced by carrageenan. These findings demonstrate that crotoxin is thecomponent responsible for the long-lasting anti-inflammatory activity of crude C. durissus terrificus venom, and activation of formyl peptide receptors seems to play a major role inthis effect.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Crotalus cascavella , Crotoxin/antagonists & inhibitors , Crotoxin/adverse effects , Snakes/classification , Snake Venoms/analysis , Snake Venoms/adverse effects , Snake Venoms/toxicity , Carrageenan , Inflammation , Inflammation/diagnosis , MicrocirculationABSTRACT
In the present study, it was investigated which components are responsible for the anti-inflammatory properties of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom (CdtV). The effect of crotoxin, as well as of other CdtV components was evaluated on edema, cell migration and alterations in leukocyte-endothelium interactions induced by carrageenan. Crotoxin (40 microg kg(-1)) was injected at different time periods before or after the injection of carrageenan (15 mg kg(-1)) into the mouse hind paw, peritoneum or scrotum. Results showed that crotoxin, but not other CdtV components, significantly inhibited inflammatory edema and cell migration when administered before or after carrageenan injection in mice. This toxin also prevented the occurrence of alterations in leukocyte-endothelium interactions induced by carrageenan injection, such as the increase in adhered cells. In animals pretreated with Boc2 (a selective antagonist of formyl peptide receptors), crotoxin showed neither inhibitory effects on edema and cell migration, nor prevented alterations in leukocyte-endothelium interactions induced by carrageenan. These findings demonstrate that crotoxin is the component responsible for the long-lasting anti-inflammatory activity of crude C. durissus terrificus venom, and activation of formyl peptide receptors seems to play a major role in this effect.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Crotalus/physiology , Crotoxin/pharmacology , Edema/drug therapy , Inflammation/drug therapy , Receptors, Formyl Peptide/drug effects , Animals , Carrageenan/toxicity , Cell Movement/drug effects , Cell Movement/physiology , Disease Models, Animal , Edema/chemically induced , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism , Hindlimb , Inflammation/chemically induced , Leukocytes/drug effects , Leukocytes/metabolism , Male , Mice , Microcirculation/drug effects , Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply , Peritoneum/drug effects , Peritoneum/pathology , Receptors, Formyl Peptide/metabolismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: The present study investigates the supposed advantage of using an association of anti-inflammatory drugs and serum therapy to treat mouse paw edema induced by injection of Bothrops jararaca snake venom (BjV). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Edema was induced by injecting BjV (2 microg) into the footpad of male Swiss mice (20-25 g) and measured by plethysmography. Groups of mice were treated 15, 30 or 45 min after BjV injection with Bothrops antivenom or anti-inflammatory drugs (dexamethasone, indomethacin or zileuton), or with the association of antivenom and each one of these drugs. RESULTS: Antivenom, dexamethasone and indomethacin were effective in reducing the paw edema when used up to 30 min after BjV injection. Zileuton had the same effect, but only if used up to 15 min after BjV injection. The association of antivenom and dexamethasone showed the greatest inhibitory effect when used up to 45 min after BjV injection. At this time, antivenom or anti-inflammatory drugs administered alone were ineffective. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that dexamethasone combination with serum therapy can be beneficial for treatment of inflammatory edema caused by B. jararaca envenomation.
Subject(s)
Antivenins/therapeutic use , Bothrops , Crotalid Venoms/toxicity , Dexamethasone/therapeutic use , Edema/drug therapy , Animals , Male , MiceABSTRACT
A descriptive case study was performed on 75 patients with NF1 (neurofibromatosis type 1) from the CNNF (Brazil) database. Serum IgE levels were determined using the IgE radioimmunosorbent test, with the reference values of 75-502 IU mL(-1). The patients were divided into groups, with 25 patients presenting plexiform neurofibromas, 25 presenting neurofibromas and 25 presenting no neurofibromas. The purposes of this study were to determine the serum IgE levels of patients with NF1 presenting plexiform neurofibromas, neurofibromas and no neurofibromas, as well as to determine possible correlations between serum IgE levels and the size of the plexiform neurofibromas and neurofibromas presented by these patients. Elevated serum IgE levels were observed in all the patient groups. We did not observe a correlation between IgE levels and age in these patients; however, we did observe correlations between IgE levels and neurofibroma and plexiform neurofibroma size. We suggest further studies to confirm these results and to investigate in greater depth the possible role of IgE in the development and growth of neurofibromas and plexiform neurofibromas in NF1.
Subject(s)
Immunoglobulin E/blood , Neurofibromatosis 1/immunology , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Neurofibromatosis 1/blood , Neurofibromatosis 1/diagnosis , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
Os aoutores descrevem um caso de cilindromatose em um paciente de 45 anos. O paciente natural e residente em Teresópolis- RJ, possui uma história familiar composta de cinco gerações, das quais três apresentam comprometimento dermatológico em graus variados. Os exames laboratórias não apresentam alterações patológics, os raios X e a tomografia computadorizada mostram sinais caracteristicos de cilindromatose. Discute-se o diagnóstico diferencial desta rara enfermidade, da qual em nosso levantamento bibliográfico, não há refereência na literatura