ABSTRACT
Lactococcus garvieae is an emerging zoonotic pathogen impacting both humans and animals. Infection of this bacterium is known to cause mastitis in cattle, and endocarditis, osteomyelitis, liver abscess, and gastrointestinal problems are reported in immunocompromised and elderly people that regularly consume or handle raw meat, milk, dairy products, and seafood. This study aimed at investigating and detecting lactic acid bacteria in raw cow (Bos indicus) milk samples from a smallholder farm in Nepal. Based on the plate culture, biochemical tests, and molecular sequencing of 16 s ribosomal RNA coding nuclear DNA region followed by phenotypic and genotypic analyses, L. garvieae NEP21 was detected and identified for the first time in Nepal in raw cow milk samples. This finding suggests the prevalence of L. garvieae NEP21 in raw cow milk and recommends further research and surveillance for understanding the extent of its presence in Nepal and globally for informed management of its infection in cattle and humans.
Subject(s)
Lactococcus , Milk , Female , Animals , Cattle , Humans , Aged , Nepal , Lactococcus/genetics , MeatABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (MDR-KP) are becoming increasingly common over the world. The focus of this research was to get a quantitative assessment of K. pneumoniae and their multidrug resistance (MDR) profile in Nepal. METHODS: Three electronic databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Research4Life were used to search publications specifying K. pneumoniae infections and/or their MDR status from January 2015 to October 2021. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines was followed for the review, and R language 4.1.1 was used for analysis. Depending upon heterogeneity of data, we used random model for pooled data to examine the prevalence of the organism and the multidrug resistance. RESULTS: Evaluation included 16 studies, and the pooled estimation of K. pneumoniae in total clinical samples was 3% (95% CI; 0.01-0.05). In the meta-analysis, 14 studies were combined for determining the prevalence of K. pneumoniae in total positive clinical isolates which was 16% (95% CI: 0.11-0.20), while from 12 research studies, MDR status in the pathogen was found to be 64% (95% CI, 0.53-0.74). CONCLUSION: The MDR status of K. pneumoniae as well as the prevalence of the bacteria in Nepal was analyzed which showed alarming situation about administration of antibiotics and indicated choosing and developing reliable antibiotic strategies.