In Vitro MRS of Cells Treated with Trastuzumab at 1.5 Tesla.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of Trastuzumab on the MCF-7 and CRL-2314 breast cancer cell lines. Additionally, an attempt was made to optimize magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for cell culture studies, with particular emphasis on the impact of treatment with Trastuzumab. The research materials included MCF-7 and CRL-2314 breast cancer cell lines. The study examined the response of these cell lines to treatment with Trastuzumab. The clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system, OPTIMA MR360 manufactured by GEMS, with a magnetic field induction of 1.5 T, was used. Due to the nature of the tested objects, their size and shape, it was necessary to design and manufacture additional receiving coils. They were used to image the tested cell cultures and record the spectroscopic signal. The spectra obtained by MRS were confirmed by NMR using a 300 MHz NMR Fourier 300 with the TopSpin 3.1 system from Bruker. The designed receiving coils allowed for conducting experiments with the cell lines in a satisfactory manner. These tests would not be possible using factory-delivered coils due to their parameters and the size of the test objects, whose volume did not exceed 1 mL. MRS studies revealed an increase in the metabolite at 1.9 ppm, which indicates the induction of histone acetylation. Changes in histone acetylation play a very important role in both cell development and differentiation processes. The use of Trastuzumab therapy in breast cancer cells increases the levels of acetylated histones. MRS studies and spectra obtained from the 300 MHz NMR system are consistent with the specificity inherent in both systems.

Effect of Hypericin-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy on the Secretion of Soluble TNF Receptors by Oral Cancer Cells.

Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the head and neck region. In addition to the classic surgical treatment method, alternative therapy methods are sought. One such method is photodynamic therapy (PDT). In addition to the direct cytotoxic effect, it is essential to determine the effect of PDT on persistent tumor cells. The study used the SCC-25 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell line and the HGF-1 healthy gingival fibroblast line. A compound of natural origin-hypericin (HY)-was used as a photosensitizer (PS) at concentrations of 0-1 µM. After two hours of incubation with the PS, the cells were irradiated with light doses of 0-20 J/cm2. The 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test was used to determine sublethal doses of PDT. Cell supernatants subjected to sublethal PDT were assessed for soluble tumor necrosis alpha receptors (sTNF-R1, sTNF-R2). The phototoxic effect was observed starting with a light dose of 5 J/cm2 and amplified with the increase in HY concentration and light dose. A statistically significant increase in sTNF-R1 secretion by SCC-25 cells was demonstrated after the PDT with 0.5 µM HY and irradiation with 2 J/cm2 (sTNF-R1 concentration = 189.19 pg/mL ± 2.60) compared to the control without HY and irradiated with the same dose of light (sTNF-R1 concentration = 108.94 pg/mL ± 0.99). The baseline production of sTNF-R1 was lower for HGF-1 than for SCC-25, and secretion was not affected by the PDT. The PDT had no effect on the sTNF-R2 production in the SCC-25 or HGF-1 lines.

Immunomodulatory Effect of Hypericin-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Oral Cancer Cells.

In 2020, there were 377,713 new oral and lip cancer diagnoses and 177,757 deaths. Oral cancer is a malignancy of the head and neck region, and 90% of cases are squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). One of the alternative methods of treating pre-cancerous lesions and oral cancer is photodynamic therapy (PDT). In addition to the cytotoxic effect, an important mechanism of PDT action is the immunomodulatory effect. This study used the OSCC (SCC-25) cell line and the healthy gingival fibroblast (HGF-1) line. A compound of natural origin-hypericin (HY)-was used as the photosensitizer (PS). The HY concentrations of 0-1 µM were used. After two hours of incubation with PS, the cells were irradiated with light doses of 0-20 J/cm2. The MTT test determined sublethal doses of PDT. Cell supernatants subjected to sublethal PDT were assessed for interleukin 6 (IL-6), soluble IL-6 receptor alpha (sIL-6Ralfa), sIL-6Rbeta, IL-8, IL-10, IL-11 IL-20, IL-32, and Pentraxin-3 using the Bio-Plex ProTM Assay. The phototoxic effect was observed starting with a light dose of 5 J/cm2 and amplified with increasing HY concentration and a light dose. HY-PDT affected the SCC-25 cell secretion of sIL-6Rbeta, IL-20, and Pentraxin-3. HY alone increased IL-8 secretion. In the case of HGF-1, the effect of HY-PDT on the secretion of IL-8 and IL-32 was found.

Condition of the Oral Cavity in Patients After Heart Transplantation: A Preliminary Report.

BACKGROUND The constant impairment of the immune system caused by lifelong use of immunosuppressive drugs in patients after heart transplantation has a significant impact on oral cavity health. The aim of this study was to analyze the health of the oral cavity in patients after heart transplantation, with particular regard to occurring pathogens. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 25 patients after heart transplantation. The research scheme was divided into 2 parts. The first part consisted of a survey on general health and oral hygiene habits. The second part of the examination consisted of an analysis of the health of the oral cavity: the mucosa, periodontium, and hard dental tissues. Particular attention was paid to PET (test for the presence of pathogens causing periodontitis/periimplantitis) and CAT (diagnostic test for the presence of Candida in the oral cavity), which are real-time PCR tests used to detect pathogens causing periodontitis and microorganisms present in oral candidiasis. RESULTS The conducted research and in-depth analysis of the results showed that the oral health condition in patients after heart transplantation is not satisfactory, regardless of the time that has elapsed since the surgery, sex, age, hygiene habits, or the type of immunosuppression used. The oral cavity of patients after heart transplantation is colonized with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Candida albicans. CONCLUSIONS The cooperation of the dentist with the attending physician at each stage of the treatment should play an unquestionable role.

Multiple Cell Cultures for MRI Analysis.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging method that enables diagnostics. In recent years, this technique has been widely used for research using cell cultures used in pharmaceutical science to understand the distribution of various drugs in a variety of biological samples, from cellular models to tissues. MRI's dynamic development in recent years, in addition to diagnostics, has allowed the method to be implemented to assess response to applied therapies. Conventional MRI imaging provides anatomical and pathological information. Due to advanced technology, MRI provides physiological information. The use of cell cultures is very important in the process of testing new synthesized drugs, cancer research, and stem cell research, among others. Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures conducted under laboratory conditions, although they provide a lot of information, do not reflect the basic characteristics of the tumor. To replicate the tumor microenvironment in science, a three-dimensional (3D) culture of tumor cells was developed. This makes it possible to reproduce in vivo conditions where, in addition, there is a complex and dynamic process of cell-to-cell communication and cell-matrix interaction. In this work, we reviewed current research in 2D and 3D cultures and their use in MRI studies. Articles for each section were collected from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.

Advantages of using toothpaste containing propolis and plant oils for gingivitis prevention and oral cavity hygiene in cleft lip/palate patients.

BACKGROUND: The anti-inflammatory and antibacterial action of preparations used during oral hygiene procedures is particularly important in patients with oral cleft. Few reports have been published assessing the influence of natural products on the state of the oral cavity in patients with oral cleft. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of toothpaste containing Polish propolis and plant oils on oral cavity health in patients with oral cleft treated orthodontically. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 50 patients aged 9-16 years old (20 females, 23 males) were selected and randomly assigned into two groups. Group (A) received toothpaste with Polish propolis, tea tree oil, menthol, and rosemary oil. Group (B) received toothpaste without active ingredients (placebo). A baseline assessment was followed by an oral hygiene index (OHI, debris OHI-D, and calculus OHI-C component) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) after 35 days. The methodology of the oral condition assessment included the presence of cleft malformation as a dysmorphic of the anterior maxilla segment. RESULTS: In group A, improvement in oral cavity hygiene assessed for incisors and molars was found (OHI-T p = 0.011). For the gingival condition, a decrease in the gingival bleeding index - total (GBI-T p = 0.002), as well as for the incisors (GBI-I p = 0.007) and molars (GBI-M p = 0.017) was found. CONCLUSIONS: This research confirms the biological effectiveness of toothpaste with Polish propolis and plant oils. These results may be clinically useful for improving preventative oral care and for control of oral infectious diseases during orthodontic treatment in patients with oral cleft.

Photodynamic Therapy in Orthodontics: A Literature Review.

Treatment of malocclusions using fixed orthodontic appliances makes it difficult for patients to perform hygiene procedures. Insufficient removal of bacterial biofilm can cause enamel demineralization, manifesting by visible white spot lesions or periodontal diseases, such as gingivitis periodontitis or gingival hyperplasia. The classic methods of preventing the above problems include, in addition to proper hygiene, ultrasonic scaling, periodontal debridement, and oral rinses based on chlorhexidine. New alternative methods of reducing plaque around brackets are being developed. There is a growing interest among researchers in the possibility of using photodynamic therapy in orthodontics. A literature search for articles corresponding to the topic of this review was performed using the PubMed and Scopus databases and the following keywords: 'photodynamic therapy', 'orthodontics', and 'photosensitizer(s)'. Based on the literature review, two main directions of research can be distinguished: clinical research on the use of photodynamic therapy in the prevention of white spot lesions and periodontal diseases, and ex vivo research using a modified orthodontic adhesive by adding photosensitizers to them. Methylene blue is the most frequently used photosensitizer in clinical trials. The effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is mainly compared to the ultrasonic scaler as a single therapy or as an adjunct to the ultrasonic scaler. In their conclusions, the researchers most often emphasize the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in reducing microbial levels in patients treated with fixed appliances and the possibility of using it as an alternative to routine procedures aimed at maintaining a healthy periodontium. The authors suggest further research on the use of photodynamic therapy to prove the validity of this method in orthodontics. It should also not be forgotten that proper hygiene is the basis for maintaining oral cavity health, and its neglect is a contraindication to orthodontic treatment.

Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma - The state of the art in preclinical research on the animal model.

BACKGROUND: Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma is a common cancer of the head and neck region. Due to the frequency of diagnoses, high rate of mortality, mutilating nature of classic therapy and numerous complications, new methods of treatment are being sought. One promising solution for treatment that is utilized in many fields of oncology is photodynamic therapy. The purpose of this article is to present a general overview of the use of photodynamic therapy in preclinical in vivo studies on the animal model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A literature search for articles corresponding to the topic of this review was performed using the PubMed and MEDLINE databases using the following keywords: 'oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma,' 'photodynamic therapy,' 'photosensitizer(s),' 'in vivo', and 'animal model'. RESULTS: Based on the literature review, the two most used animal models can be distinguished in research on the use of photodynamic therapy for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Studies mainly focus on the evaluation of tumor growth inhibition after using therapies with various photosensitizers on the murine or hamster cheek pouch models. CONCLUDING REMARKS: The animal model is a part of preclinical research. Unfortunately, each of the models has its limitations, so it is difficult to extrapolate the results to clinical trials.

Clinical Trials and Basic Research in Photodynamic Diagnostics and Therapies from the Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy in Poland.

The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the development of photodiagnostic and photodynamic therapy (PDD and PDT) techniques in Poland. The paper discusses the principles of PDD, including fluorescent techniques in determining precancerous conditions and cancers of the skin, digestive tract, bladder and respiratory tract. Methods of PDT of cancer will be discussed and the current state of knowledge as well as future trends in the development of photodynamic techniques will be presented, including the possibility of using photodynamic antimicrobial therapy. Research pioneers in photodynamic medicine such as Thomas Dougherty are an inspiration for the development of methods of PDD and PDT in our Clinic. The Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy in Bytom, Poland, promotes the propagation of PDD and PDT through the training of clinicians and raising awareness among students in training and the general public. Physicians at the Center are engaged in photomedical research aimed at clinical implementation and exploration of new avenues in photomedicine while optimizing existing modalities. The Center promotes dissemination of clinical results from a wide range of topics in PDD and PDT and serving as representative authorities of photodynamic medicine in Poland and Europe.

Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of oral squamous carcinoma-Clinical implications resulting from in vitro research.

BACKGROUND: Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma is a common cancer of the head and neck region. Due to the frequency of diagnoses, high rate of mortality, mutilating nature of classic therapy and numerous complications, new methods of treatment are being sought. One promising solution for treatment which is utilized in many fields of oncology is photodynamic therapy. The purpose of this article is to present a general overview of the use of photodynamic therapy in preclinical in vitro studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search for articles corresponding to the topic of this review was performed using the PubMed and MEDLINE databases using the following keywords: 'oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma,' 'photodynamic therapy,' 'photosensitizer(s),' 'in vitro,' 'cell culture(s),' 'spheroids,' 'CAM model', and 'in vivo.' RESULTS: Most of the previous work found in the literature search concerns research on the use of various photosensitizers and the determination of their level of phototoxicity against cell lines. CONCLUDING REMARKS: Research on the photodynamic effect in cell lines may be useful in establishing the mechanisms and effectiveness of the photodynamic method as a starting point for clinical trials. Studies on spheroidal models allows for testing photodynamic therapy under more clinical-like conditions. The Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay provides information about the vascular changes after treatment.