Multicenter study of seasonal and regional airborne allergens in Chinese preschoolers with allergic rhinitis.

This study is nationwide multicenter epidemiological research, aimed at investigating the distribution changes and seasonal patterns of various airborne allergens among preschool children with allergic rhinitis (AR) in different regions of China, and analyzing the clinical correlation between sensitization to various airborne allergens and AR symptoms in children. Information on children was collected through standard questionnaires, and total IgE (tIgE) and specific IgE (sIgE) for 11 inhalant allergens were tested. The results showed that dust mites are the primary allergens for preschool AR children (39%). Among pollen allergens, Amb a had the highest positivity rate (8.1%), followed by Art v (7.8%). The sensitization rates for two mites peaked in May (46.9% and 40.6%). Art v peaked in August (21.5%), while Amb a had peaks in May (12.7%) and August (17.8%). The sensitization peaks for various tree pollens mainly occurred in August. In the Eastern monsoon region, the sensitization rate to mites was significantly higher than in the Northwest arid and semi-arid regions; whereas, for pollen allergens, the sensitization rates to Amb a, Pla a, Pin a, Pop d, and Bet v were significantly higher in the Northwest arid and semi-arid regions than in the Eastern monsoon region. The correlation among various tree pollens, specifically between Pla a, Pin r, Pop d, and Bet v was strong (0.63 ~ 0.79), with a cross-overlapping percentage of 53.9%. Children with multiple pollen sensitizations had higher cumulative nasal symptom scores than those negative for pollen (P < 0.01). Children with only pollen sensitization had higher cumulative rhinitis symptom scores than the all-negative group (P < 0.0001) and the mite-only sensitization group [P < 0.05], while the mite-only sensitization group also had higher scores than the all-negative group [P < 0.05], and the group sensitized to both pollen and mites had lower scores than the pollen-only group [P < 0.05]. This study indicates that sensitization to mites and grass pollens exhibits significant regional differences, with grass pollen allergies primarily occurring in autumn, sensitization to pollens in general exhibits a pronounced seasonal pattern. Moreover, pollen sensitization aggravates nasal and ocular symptoms in AR children.

Specific Immunotherapy and Follow-up Management of Respiratory Allergic Diseases in Children.

Objective: To analyze specific immunotherapy and follow-up management for respiratory allergic diseases in children. Methods: A total of 100 children with allergic bronchial asthma admitted to our hospital from November 2020 to October 2021 were selected. Based on different treatment schemes, they were divided into two groups: the routine treatment group and the immunotherapy group, with 50 cases in each group. The routine treatment group received standard care, while the immunotherapy group underwent specific immunotherapy. Assessment parameters included asthma symptom control score, pulmonary function, immune function, levels of inflammatory factors, clinical efficacy, and adverse reactions. Results: After treatment and during follow-up, the immunotherapy group showed significantly lower scores for daytime and nighttime symptoms compared to the routine treatment group (P < .05). The immunotherapy group also exhibited higher FEV1/FVC and PEF% values compared to the routine therapy group after treatment and at follow-up (P < .05). Furthermore, the immunotherapy group showed higher levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ and lower levels of CD8+ compared to the routine therapy group (P < .05). Additionally, the immunotherapy group demonstrated lower levels of IL-4 and IL-12 compared to the routine therapy group after treatment and during follow-up (P < .05). The total effective rate of the immunotherapy group was higher than that of the routine therapy group (P < .05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the immunotherapy group was similar to that in the routine therapy group (P > .05). Conclusions: Specific immunotherapy is a significantly effective approach to managing children's allergic bronchial asthma. It effectively controls asthma symptoms, improves lung function and immune response, and reduces inflammatory factors. It showed superior clinical efficacy and minimal adverse reactions; specific immunotherapy, therefore, is a safe and beneficial treatment option that warrants further promotion and application.

Aryl-substituted-indanone end-capped nonfullerene acceptors for organic solar cells with a low nonradiative loss.

Three nonfullerene acceptors with different aryl-substituted terminal groups were designed and synthesized. The optimal device obtained a PCE of 11.42%, with a nonradiative energy loss ≤0.16 eV. Non-rigid π-extension of terminal groups is proved to be a feasible strategy to modulate the molecular packing behaviour and reduce nonradiative recombination loss.

π-Extended Nonfullerene Acceptors for Efficient Organic Solar Cells with a High Open-Circuit Voltage of 0.94 V and a Low Energy Loss of 0.49 eV.

A combination of high open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current density (Jsc) typically creates effective organic solar cells (OSCs). Y5, a member of the Y-series acceptors, can achieve high Voc of 0.94 V with PM6 but low Jsc of 12.8 mA cm-2. To maintain the high Voc while increasing the Jsc of devices, we developed a new nonfullerene acceptor, namely, BTP-C2C4-N, by extending the conjugation of a Y5 molecule with a naphthalene-based end acceptor. In comparison with Y5-based devices, PM6:BTP-C2C4-N-based devices exhibited significantly higher Jsc of 18.2 mA cm-2 followed by a high Voc. To further increase the photovoltaic properties of BTP-C2C4-N analogues, BTP-C4C6-N and BTP-C6C8-N molecules with better processability and film morphology are obtained by adjusting the alkyl branched chain length. The optimized OSCs based on BTP-C4C6-N with a moderate alkyl branched chain length exhibited the best PCE of 12.4% with a high Voc of 0.94 V and Jsc of 20.7 mA cm-2. Notably, the devices achieved a low energy loss of 0.49 eV (0.51 eV for Y5 system) accompanied by a small nonradiative energy loss. The results indicate that nonfullerene acceptors with extended terminal motifs and optimized branched chain lengths can effectively enhance the performance of OSCs and reduce energy loss.