Dietary cholesterol consumption and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the dose-response relationship between dietary cholesterol (DC) consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS AND RESULTS: Prospective studies with the endpoint of T2DM were included. The Random-effect model weighted by inverse variance was used. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity by specified study characteristics. Restricted cubic splines regression models were used to estimate the dose-response relationship. 11 prospective studies comprising of 355 230 subjects were included. Compared to lowest DC consumption, highest DC consumption was associated with an increased risk of T2DM (RR 1.15, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.28, P = 0.012; chi-squared = 31.41, I-squared 58.6%, P heterogeneity = 0.003). Subgroup analyses have shown that this positive association was more evident in western countries than in eastern countries (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.36 VS 1.34, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.29; P subgroup difference = 0.02). For 100 mg/d increment in DC intake, the pooled RR was 1.05, (95% CI 1.04 to 1.07, Plinearity = 0.000, Pnonlinearity = 0.02), 1.06 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.07, Plinearity=0.000), and 1.01 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.05, Plinearity = 0.525) for the incidence of T2DM, in western and eastern countries, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that there is a positive dose-response association between DC consumption and the incidence of T2DM, especially in western countries. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42020216318.

Myocardial Injury Predicts Risk of Short-Term All-Cause Mortality in Patients With COVID-19: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.

Objective: Predictive value of myocardial injury as defined by elevated cardiac tropnins (cTns) in patients with COVID-19 has not been fully investigated. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the dose-response relationship between myocardial injury and short-term all-cause mortality. Methods: Pubmed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library database were searched for all the studies which evaluated the relationship between cTns and the risk of short-term all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Results: Compared with patients without myocardial injury, the group with elevated cTns was associated with increased short-term mortality (11 studies, 29,128 subjects, OR 3.17, 95% CI 2.19-4.59, P = 0.000, I 2 = 92.4%, P for heterogeneity 0.00). For the dose-response analysis, the elevation of cTns 1 × 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL) was associated with increased short-term mortality (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.53-2.58, P = 0.000). The pooled OR of short-term mortality for each 1 × URL increment of cTns was 1.25 (95% CI 1.22-1.28, P = 0.000). Conclusion: We found a positive dose-response relationship between myocardial injury and the risk of short-term all-cause mortality, and propose elevation of cTns > 1 × 99th percentile URL was associated with the increased short-term risk of mortality.

Hypertensive status is associated with renoprotection by remote ischemic conditioning for acute myocardial infarction-a meta-regression and trial sequential analysis of randomized clinical trials.

The potential modifiable factors for remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) in reducing contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have not been investigated. The aim of this meta-regression was to address these issues.We searched Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane Library database for published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with registration number CRD42020155532. Nine RCTs comprising of 1540 subjects were included in our meta-analysis. Compared with control group, RIC was associated with reduced incidence of CA-AKI [(9 studies, 1540 subjects, relative risk (RR) 0.51, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.35 to 0.76, p = 0.000, I2 = 52%, p for heterogeneity 0.04)] and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (5 studies, 1078 subjects, RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.73, p = 0.000, I2 = 9%, p for heterogeneity 0.36) for AMI. In addition, both meta-regression and subgroup analyses have shown that RIC was more effective in the hypertensive patients in reducing CA-AKI for AMI (regression coefficient = -0.05, p = 0.021; for subgroup with more hypertensive patients: RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.52 vs the one with less hypertensive patients: RR 0.72, 95% CI (0.40 to 1.30, p for subgroup difference 0.008). Subsequent trial sequential analysis confirmed the effect of RIC in both CA-AKI and MACE. RIC is an effective strategy in reducing CA-AKI and MACE in patients with AMI, especially for patients with hypertension.

Association of frailty status with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19: protocol for a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Frailty status has been recognised as an important prognostic factor of adverse clinical outcomes in various clinical settings. Recently, the role of frailty status in adverse clinical outcomes for COVID-19-infected patients has received increasing attention with controversial results. Hence, we will conduct a comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis to quantitatively evaluate the association between frailty status and adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. METHODS: The researchers will systematically search PubMed, EMBase, Cochrane Library, ISI Knowledge via Web of Science and MedRxiv or BioRxiv databases (from inception until December 2020) to identify all retrospective and prospective cohort studies. All-cause mortality during hospitalisation will be set as the primary outcome. Univariable or multivariable meta-regression and subgroup analyses will be conducted for the comparison between frail versus non-frail categories. Sensitivity analyses will be used to assess the robustness of our results by removing each included study one at a time to obtain and evaluate the remaining overall estimates of all-cause mortality. To conduct a dose-response meta-analysis for the potential linear or restricted cubic spline regression relationship between frailty status and all-cause mortality, studies with three or more categories will be included. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: In accordance with the Institutional Review Board/Independent Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, ethical approval is not an essential element for the systematic review protocol. This meta-analysis will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020220226.

Optimal cut-off value of elevated cardiac troponin concentrations for myocardial injury predicts clinical outcomes in adult patients with COVID-19: a dose-response analysis protocol for systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Acute myocardial injury in patients with COVID-19 infection has been recognised as one important complication associated with in-hospital mortality. The potential dose-response effect of cardiac troponin (cTn) concentrations on adverse clinical outcomes has not been systematically studied. Hence, we will conduct a comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis to quantitatively evaluate the relationship between elevated cTn concentrations and in-hospital adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. METHODS: We will search PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and ISI Knowledge via Web of Science databases, as well as preprint databases (medRxiv and bioRxiv), from inception to October 2021, to identify all retrospective and prospective cohorts and randomised controlled studies using related keywords. The primary outcome will be all-cause mortality during hospitalisation. The secondary outcome will be major adverse event (MAE). To conduct a dose-response meta-analysis of the potential linear or restricted cubic spline regression relationship between elevated cTn concentrations and all-cause mortality or MAE, studies with three or more categories of cTn concentrations will be included. Univariable or multivariable meta-regression and subgroup analyses will be conducted to compare elevated and non-elevated categories of cTn concentration. Sensitivity analyses will be used to assess the robustness of our results by removing each included study at one time to obtain and evaluate the remaining overall estimates of all-cause mortality or MAE. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: In accordance with the Institutional Review Board/Independent Ethics Committee of Fuwai Hospital, ethical approval was waived for this systematic review protocol. This meta-analysis will be disseminated through a peer-reviewing process for journal publication and conference communication. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020216059.

Pre-procedural elevated cardiac troponin predict risk of long-term all-cause mortality after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a meta-analysis of prospective studies.

Background: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the relationship between elevated cardiac troponin pre-transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and long-term all-cause mortality.Methods: Prospective studies with the endpoint of all-cause mortality were included. We primarily used the fixed-effect model weighted by inverse variance. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity by specified study characteristics.Results: Seven prospective studies comprising of 3049 subjects were included in our meta-analysis. Pre-procedural elevated cardiac troponin was associated with increased risk of long-term mortality post TAVR [hazard ratio (HR) 2.25, 95% CI 1.83-2.78, p = 0.000, I2 = 30.3%, p for heterogeneity 0.197]. In addition, subgroup analyses have shown that the group with an younger age (<82 y) seemed to have a higher risk of all-cause mortality than the group with older age (≥82 y) [HR 4.08 (2.41 to 6.89) VS 2.01 (1.60 to 2.53), p = 0.016 for subgroup difference].Conclusions: Pre-procedural elevated cardiac troponin was associated with increased long-term all-cause mortality in patients undergoing TAVR.

Periprocedural elevated myocardial biomarkers and clinical outcomes following elective percutaneous coronary intervention: a comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis of 44,972 patients from 24 prospective studies.

AIMS: The optimal cut-off value of isolated cardiac biomarker elevation for defining prognostically important percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)-related myocardial injury is not known. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the dose-response relationship between isolated cardiac biomarker elevations and the risk of all-cause mortality following elective PCI. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-four prospective studies (44,972 patients) were included. Patients with an isolated elevation of cardiac biomarkers had an increased risk of all-cause mortality when compared to those with no elevations (cardiac troponin I: odds ratio [OR] 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19-1.69; creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme [CK-MB]: OR 1.43, 95% CI: 1.19-1.70). For the dose-response analysis, elevations of cardiac troponin I >3x or CK-MB >1x the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL) were associated with increased mortality (cardiac troponin I: OR 1.51, 95% CI: 1.05-2.17; CK-MB: OR 1.25, 95% CI: 1.05-1.48). The pooled OR of mortality for each 3xURL increment of cardiac troponin I or CK-MB was 1.33 (95% CI: 1.15-1.53) and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.30-1.47). CONCLUSIONS: We found that a positive dose-response relationship between isolated cardiac troponin I and CK-MB with all-cause mortality and elevated cardiac troponin I >3x or CK-MB >1x the 99th percentile URL was associated with an increased risk of mortality.

Cardiac troponins predict adverse clinical outcomes in stable coronary artery disease: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies.

Background: Predictive value of cardiac tropnins (cTns) in stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) has not been fully investigated. Methods: We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the dose-response relationship between serum detectable/rising cTns and adverse clinical outcomes, including all-cause mortality, cardiovascular (CV) mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF) or major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in SCAD. Results: Sixteen studies involved 34,854 subjects were included. Compared with patients with negative/undetectable cTns, those with rising/detectable cTns were associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, CV mortality, MI, HF and MACEs [the hazard ratio (HR) was 1.83 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.61-2.08), 2.11 (1.80-2.48), 1.43 (1.26-1.62), 2.36 (1.97-2.83) and 1.99 (1.57-2.53), respectively]. Dose-response analysis have revealed that per 1-SD increment of cTnT was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, CV mortality, MI, HF and MACEs [the HR was 1.78 (1.20-2.63), 1.62 (1.41-1.85), 1.26 (1.12-1.42), 1.78 (1.17-2.69) and 1.26 (1.00-1.59), respectively]. Conclusion: Rising/detectable cTns was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, CV mortality, MI, HF and MACEs in SCAD in a dose-response manner.

[Early clinical outcomes of percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty in treating high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the procedural feasibility and early clinical outcomes of percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty (PBAV) in patients with severe aortic stenosis, who were considered transiently unsuitable for surgical aortic valve replacement (sAVR) and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). METHODS: Between March 2011 and January 2014, datas of 20 patients underwent PBAV in Fuwai Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Mean patients age was (72 ± 8) years.Initial procedural and clinical outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: PBAV was successfully performed in all cases. Post-procedure, aortic valve area increased from (0.55 ± 0.09) m(2) to (0.77 ± 0.15) m(2)(P < 0.001), left ventricle ejection fraction from (31.7 ± 9.0) % to (39.0 ± 11.0) % (P = 0.018), mean transaortic valve gradient decreased from (49.5 ± 15.0) mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) to (31.7 ± 12.0) mmHg (P < 0.001), and pulmonary artery systolic pressure decreased from (55.1 ± 18.0) mmHg to (38.7 ± 11.0) mmHg (P = 0.025) . There was no significant change in the aortic regurgitation grade (P = 0.854). The most common complications were hypotension (n = 4) and transient left bundle branch block (n = 5). Overall 24-hour and 30-day mortality was 5% (n = 1) and 15% (n = 3), respectively. Within 30 days after PBAV procedure, five patients underwent successful sAVR, one patient underwent TAVR, and five patients awaited TAVR. CONCLUSION: In high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis and temporary contraindication to sAVR or TAVR, PBAV can be safely used as a bridging intervention procedure and the short-term procedural and clinic outcomes are satisfactory.

Remote ischemic preconditioning reduces perioperative cardiac and renal events in patients undergoing elective coronary intervention: a meta-analysis of 11 randomized trials.

BACKGROUND: Results from randomized controlled trials (RCT) concerning cardiac and renal effect of remote ischemic preconditioning(RIPC) in patients with stable coronary artery disease(CAD) are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to explore whether RIPC reduce cardiac and renal events after elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS AND RESULTS: RCTs with data on cardiac or renal effect of RIPC in PCI were searched from Pubmed, EMBase, and Cochrane library (up to July 2014). Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were performed to identify the potential sources of significant heterogeneity(I(2) ≥ 40%). Eleven RCTs enrolling a total of 1713 study subjects with stable CAD were selected. Compared with controls, RIPC significantly reduced perioperative incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) [odds ratio(OR) = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.91; P = 0.01; I(2) = 41.0%] and contrast-induced acute kidney injury(AKI) (OR = 0.61; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.98; P = 0.04; I(2) = 39.0%). Meta-regression and subgroup analyses confirmed that the major source of heterogeneity for the incidence of MI was male proportion (coefficient  = -0.049; P = 0.047; adjusted R(2) = 0.988; P = 0.02 for subgroup difference). CONCLUSIONS: The present meta-analysis of RCTs suggests that RIPC may offer cardiorenal protection by reducing the incidence of MI and AKI in patients undergoing elective PCI. Moreover, this effect on MI is more pronounced in male subjects. Future high-quality, large-scale clinical trials should focus on the long-term clinical effect of RIPC.

Long-term clinical outcomes of patients with unprotected left main bifurcation lesions treated with 2-stent techniques.

BACKGROUND: Currently available evidence suggests that outcomes are less favorable when left main (LM) bifurcation lesions are treated with 2-stent techniques compared with a single-stent technique. We aimed to evaluate the long-term outcomes of the 2-stent techniques for treating unprotected LM bifurcation lesions in Chinese patients. METHODS: We enrolled 301 consecutive patients treated with drug-eluting stents (DES) implantation using 2-stent techniques for unprotected LM bifurcation lesions (MEDINA 1, 1, 1, 70.5%). The 2-stent techniques included crush technique, V stenting, T stenting, and Culottes stenting. After stenting, both vessels were redilated at a high pressure before final kissing balloon (FKB). Clinical and angiographic data were analyzed. The primary endpoints were major adverse cardiac events (MACE), which included death, myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization. RESULTS: Immediate procedural success was obtained in all cases with a FKB success rate of 95.3%. Follow-up data were available for all patients. The overall incidence of angiographic in-stent restenosis (ISR) rate was 20.3% and most ISRs were of the focal type. During long-term follow-up (mean duration, (54 ± 22) months), the cumulative incidence of MACE was 11.0%, with 8 (2.7%) deaths, 7 (2.3%) myocardial infarctions, and 18 (6.0%) repeated lesion revascularization. MACEs in high SYNTAX score terciles were significantly higher compared with those in low and intermediate SYNTAX score terciles (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with 2-stent technique for unprotected LM bifurcation lesions was accompanied with a slightly high incidence of ISR, the long-term clinical follow-up is acceptable. Technical modifications and stent innovations may further improve both the angiographic and clinical outcomes for patients with LM bifurcation disease treated by PCI.

Fish consumption and incidence of heart failure: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

BACKGROUND: The association between fish consumption and heart failure (HF) incidence is inconsistent. METHODS: We performed a systematic search of Pubmed and Embase (from 1953 to June 2012) using key words related to fish and HF. Studies with at least three categories of fish consumption reporting both relative risk (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for HF incidence were included. The pooled RR and 95%CI were calculated using a fixed or random-effects model. The generalized least squares regression model was used to quantify the dose-response relationship between fish consumption and HF incidence. RESULTS: Five prospective cohort studies including 4750 HF events of 170 231 participants with an average of 9.7-year follow-up were selected and identified. Compared with those who never ate fish, individuals with higher fish consumption had a lower HF incidence. The pooled RRs for HF incidence was 0.99 (95%CI, 0.91 to 1.08) for fish consumption 1 to 3 times per month, 0.91 (95%CI, 0.84 to 0.99) for once a week, 0.87 (95%CI, 0.81 to 0.95) for 2 to 4 times per week, and 0.86 (95%CI, 0.84 to 0.99) for 5 or more times per week. An increment of 20 g of daily fish intake was related to a 6% lower risk of HF (RR: 0.94, 95%CI, 0.90 to 0.97; P for trend = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis suggests that there is a dose-dependent inverse relationship between fish consumption and HF incidence. Fish intake once or more times a week could reduce HF incidence.

[Clinical outcome of patients undergoing emergent coronary artery bypass grafting following failed percutaneous coronary intervention in stent era].

OBJECTIVE: To explore clinical outcomes of patients undergoing emergent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) following failed percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the stent era. METHODS: Eleven patients who underwent emergent CABG following failed PCI from January, 2002 to December 2010 were enrolled. The in-hospital follow-up included cardiac deaths, Q-wave myocardial infarction, kidney failure, and cerebrovascular events. The clinical end-point of out-hospital follow-up was the major adverse cardiac events including death, myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization. RESULTS: The patients were (61 ± 5) years old. Coronary angiography showed 5 patients had triple vessel lesions. There were 9 target lesions on left anterior descending artery. There were 3 (27.3%) severe calcified, 4 (36.4%) chronic total occlusion, and 4 (36.4%) diffused long lesions. Reasons for emergent CABG were dissection (n = 5, 45.5%), perforation (n = 3, 27.3%), failure to sufficient predilation (n = 1, 9.1%), acute closure (n = 1, 9.1%) and stent loss (n = 1, 9.1%). The average duration of follow-up was (47 ± 33) months. During in-hospital follow-up, there were 1 (9.1%) cardiac death and 2 (18.2%) Q wave myocardial infarction. During follow-up after hospital discharge, 1 patient (9.1%) died of kidney failure, and there was no rehospitalization due to cardiac events. CONCLUSIONS: Emergent CABG after failed PCI often happened in patients with complex coronary lesions. The long term outcome of patients requiring emergent CABG after failed PCI was favorable in this cohort.

Current treatment status in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis and outcome of long term follow-up at advanced age: a Chinese single center study.

BACKGROUND: Surgical aortic valve replacement is the standard treatment for patients with severe aortic stenosis, but some registries have indicated that 30% to 60% of these patients are not treated surgically, usually due to advanced age and/or comorbidities. This single center study in China investigated the current treatment status in the patients with severe aortic stenosis and evaluated the long term clinical outcome in advanced age patients whether or not undergoing aortic valve replacement. METHODS: Clinical data of 867 consecutive patients with severe aortic stenosis between January 2000 and December 2006 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients ≥ 65 years old were followed up by telephone or information from medical records. The primary end-point was all-cause mortality. RESULTS: The patients' average age was (52 ± 19) years (range, 1 - 91 years), and 34% were women. The percentages of the patients aged < 15 years, between 15 and 34 years, between 35 and 54 years, between 55 and 64 years, between 65 and 74 years, and ≥ 75 years who underwent surgical aortic valve replacement were 82.3%, 87.2%, 88.8%, 78.2%, 65.3% and 22.2% respectively. In the patients (n = 256) ≥ 65 years old, 43.4% had New York Heart Association class III and IV symptoms, 39.1% had hypertension, 33.2% had coronary heart disease, and 3.1% had stroke. In the patients not undergoing aortic valve replacement, 1.6% had renal insufficiency, 4.7% had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2.0% had critical hematopathy, and 0.4% had mammary cancer. A total of 186 (72.7%) patients finished the follow-up, and the average duration of the follow-up was (60 ± 26) months. In the patients between 65 and 74 years old, the total deaths and cardiac deaths in the patients undergoing aortic valve replacement decreased significantly compared with those with conservative treatment (10.3% vs. 53.7%, P < 0.001 and 6.3% vs. 50.7%, P < 0.001). Similarly, in the patients ≥ 75 years old, there was a significant difference between patients who had surgery and those who had conservative treatment in the total deaths and cardiac deaths (21.4% vs. 63.3%, P = 0.007 and 14.3% vs. 46.9%, P = 0.033). The total deaths in the patients aged between 65 and 74 years were significantly fewer compared with = 75 years old patients (25.4% vs. 54.0%, P < 0.001). Cox regression revealed that aortic valve replacement was the only independent predictor of mortality (HR 0.183; 95% CI, 0.101 - 0.332, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This single centre study showed that surgical aortic valve replacement was still the standard treatment for the patients with severe aortic stenosis and had a satisfying prognosis. However, the high risk patients with advanced age and comorbidities usually selected conservative treatment and had an unfavorable prognosis.

The accelerated post-infarction progression of cardiac remodelling is associated with genetic changes in an untreated streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model.

AIMS: The mechanism by which diabetes mellitus exacerbates myocardial injury and the incidence of heart failure after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), remains unclear. We studied the severity of cardiac dysfunction and time-dependent gene expression in a hyperglycaemic rat model with AMI. METHODS AND RESULTS: The diabetic model was produced by injection of streptozotocin in Sprague-Dawley rats. Ten weeks after induction of diabetes, AMI was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Cardiac function and left ventricular (LV) dimensions were evaluated using two-dimensional echocardiography. Structural changes were assessed by histological examination. Gene expression profile was documented by using affymetrix genechip U230 2.0 array and real time-PCR. During 56 days post-AMI, lower survival rates, worse LV function, more severe fibrosis, and larger LV diameters were identified in diabetic rats compared with non-diabetic rats. A total 1221 genes involved in processes, such as glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, extracellular matrix, and apoptosis, were found to be differentially expressed between diabetic and non-diabetic rats, of these 770 were up-regulated and 451 down-regulated. Up-regulation of the genes was found 1-2 weeks earlier in diabetic rats than in non-diabetic rats. CONCLUSION: The present data suggest that hyperglycaemia up-regulates remodelling-related genes, which may be responsible for the worse outcomes in diabetics than in non-diabetics after AMI.

ST-elevated acute myocardial infarction happening 1 month post stent implantation: late thrombosis in-stents or new lesions?

BACKGROUND: ST-elevated acute myocardial infarction (STEAMI) happening in the first month post percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is almost related to acute thrombosis or subacute thrombosis in-stents. This study aimed to investigate the possible causes of myocardial infarction one month later. METHODS: Patients who had a history of successful PCI, and received coronary angiography or re-PCI due to STEAMI were included in this study. The AMI-related lesions and previous angiographic findings such as the number of lesions, the degree of the stenosis, the type of stents and acute results of last PCI were recorded. If the AMI-related lesion was localized in-stents or at the edge of stents (distance apart from the edge < or = 5 mm), it was defined to be late thrombosis; otherwise as a new-lesion induced AMI. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-two patients aged 40 - 79 years were included in this study. New lesions, as the cause of STEAMI, were found in 144 patients (Group A, 75%), and late thrombosis in 48 patients (Group B, 25%). Almost all newly built thromboses were found at the sites of previous insignificant lesions (diameter stenosis < 50%). There was a significant difference in the average time from previous PCI to AMI ((30.1 +/- 12.4) vs (20.3 +/- 11.9) months) between the two groups. Diabetes mellitus (DM) and drug-eluting stent (DES) utilization were associated with markedly higher morbidity of late thrombosis in adjusted Logistic regression (hazard ratio (HR) 3.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1 - 10.9 and 5.3, 95% CI 1.1 - 26.5). CONCLUSIONS: STEAMIs happening 1 month after PCI are more likely to develop from previous insignificant lesion rupture than from late thrombosis in-stents. Moreover, DM and DES are associated with the high incidence of late thrombosis, which may indicate that intensive antiplatelet therapy should be considered in patients with diabetes.

[Analysis of acute myocardial infarction one month after stent implantation].

OBJECTIVE: To study the possible causes of ST-elevated acute myocardial infarction (STEAMI) occurring one month after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: One hundred and ninety two patients aged from 40 - 79 years who had a successful previous PCI and also received primary PCI due to STEAMI in this hospitalization were included in this study. The AMI-related lesions and previous angiographic findings such as the number of lesions, the degree of the stenosis, the type of stents and the acute results of last PCI, etc. were recorded in detail. If the AMI-related lesion was localized in-stents or at the edge of stents (distance from the edge < or = 5 mm), it was defined as late thrombosis, otherwise it was regarded as an AMI induced by new-lesion. RESULTS: New lesions, as the cause of STEAMI, were found in 144 cases (Group A, 75%), and late thrombosis in 48 patients (Group B, 25%). There was a significant difference in the average time from previous PCI to AMI (30.1 +/- 12.4 vs. 20.3 +/- 11.9 months) between the two groups. Diabetes mellitus (DM) and drug-eluting stents (DES) utilization were associated with markedly higher morbidity of late thrombosis in adjusted logistic regression analysis [hazard ratio (HR) 3.387, 95% CI 1.053 - 10.898 and HR 5.311, 95%CI 1.066 - 26.464]. CONCLUSIONS: STEAMI occurred 1 month after PCI are more likely to be developed from previous insignificant lesions than from late thrombosis in stents. Moreover, DM and DES are associated with a high incidence of late thrombosis, which may indicate that intensive antiplatelet therapy should be considered in diabetic patients receiving PCI.