Root Influences Rhizosphere Hydraulic Properties through Soil Organic Carbon and Microbial Activity.

Processes of water retention and movement and the hydraulic conductivity are altered in the rhizosphere. The aim of this study was to investigate the physical-hydric properties of soil aggregates in the rhizosphere of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cropped in a Kandiudalfic Eutrudox, taking into account aspects related to soil aggregate stability. Soil aggregates from rhizosphere soil (RZS) and soil between plant rows (SBP) were used to determine soil water retention curves (SWRCs) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat). In addition, properties related to soil aggregate stability, such as water-dispersible clay, soil organic carbon (SOC), and microbial activity, were also assessed. The higher microbial activity observed in the RZS was facilitated by increased SOC and microbial activity, resulting in improved soil aggregation (less water-dispersible clay). For nearly all measured matric potentials, RZS had a higher water content than SBP. This was attributed to the stability of aggregates, increase in SOC content, and the root exudates, which improved soil water retention. The increase in total porosity in RZS was associated with improved soil aggregation, which prevents deterioration of the soil pore space and results in higher Ksat and hydraulic conductivity as a function of the effective relative saturation in RZS compared to SBP.

Prediction of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Bananas during Ripening Using Non-Destructive Parameters as Input Data.

Vegetable quality parameters are established according to standards primarily based on visual characteristics. Although knowledge of biochemical changes in the secondary metabolism of plants throughout development is essential to guide decision-making about consumption, harvesting and processing, these determinations involve the use of reagents, specific equipment and sophisticated techniques, making them slow and costly. However, when non-destructive methods are employed to predict such determinations, a greater number of samples can be tested with adequate precision. Therefore, the aim of this work was to establish an association capable of modeling between non-destructive-physical and colorimetric aspects (predictive variables)-and destructive determinations-bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity (variables to be predicted), quantified spectrophotometrically and by HPLC in 'Nanicão' bananas during ripening. It was verified that to predict some parameters such as flavonoids, a regression equation using predictive parameters indicated the importance of R2, which varied from 83.43 to 98.25%, showing that some non-destructive parameters can be highly efficient as predictors.

Effects of Water Deficit on Growth and Productivity in Tomato Crops Irrigated with Water Treated with Very Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Resonance Fields.

The tomato crop is very sensitive to stress conditions. A water deficit is defined as when precipitation is less than the evapotranspiration (ETc) of the crop in a given period, and in this scenario of climate change, it is identified as responsible for global productivity losses. The use of potential technologies for better irrigation management, such as electromagnetically treated water, remains controversial. Thus, the objective of the present work was to investigate the effects of very low-frequency electromagnetic resonance field treatment on water for tomato crops submitted to different irrigation rates. For this, an experiment was carried out under controlled conditions with different types of water: electromagnetically treated water (WTVLF) and untreated water (UNW), as well as four water replacement rates: 40, 60, 80, and 100% ETc. The electromagnetic treatment of the water was carried out using the commercial equipment AQUA4D®. The experiment was carried out in pots with five replications per treatment. Lower activity of SOD, POD, CAT, and APX enzymes was observed in plants irrigated with water treated with very low-frequency electromagnetic resonance fields (WTVLF), indicating less oxidative stress caused by water deficit. Water deficit reduced chlorophyll content, but the effects were less harmful with WTVLF water. The water deficit resulted in less accumulation of dry matter and less productivity in a linear relationship. However, plants irrigated with WTVLF showed increments of about 20% in dry matter accumulation and 20% in fruit production concerning plants irrigated with untreated water, independent of the irrigation rates. We can conclude that irrigation with WTVLF can be a solution to reduce the damage caused by water deficits and increase the productivity of tomato crops.

No-Tillage System Can Improve Soybean Grain Production More Than Conventional Tillage System.

Soil management systems can directly interfere with crop yield via changes in the soil's physical and hydraulic properties. However, short- to medium-term experiments of conduction do not always demonstrate the modifications of the management systems in these properties. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physical properties of the soil in a long-term management system and to relate it to the storage and availability of water to plants, verifying its effect on soybean yield. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks in a split-plot scheme with four replications. Plots were composed by soil management (conventional tillage and no-tillage), and subplots represented three soil depths (0.0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, and 0.2-0.4 m). The soil's physical and hydraulic properties, root development, and soybean yield were evaluated. The no-tillage system not only presented higher bulk density and soil resistance to compaction up to a depth of 0.2 m but also greater root development. This management also did not affect the process of water infiltration in the soil and presented an increase in soybean grain yield by 6.5%. The long-term no-tillage system (33 years) offers less risk of water stress to soybean plants; it contributes to greater grain yield of this crop when compared to the conventional tillage system.

Soil-Plant Relationships in Soybean Cultivated under Crop Rotation after 17 Years of No-Tillage and Occasional Chiseling.

No-tillage cover crops contribute to better soil quality, being able to replace mechanized tillage management. This observation can only be made after several years of adopting conservationist practices and through research on soil-plant relationships. The objective of the research was to verify the relationship between the production components, physiological, root development, and physical-hydric properties of the soil in the yield of soybean grown in succession to different cover crops or with soil chiseling. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with four replications, comparing the cultivation of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) and millet (Penninsetum glaucum L.) as cover crops and a treatment with soil chiseling. The evaluations were carried out during soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivation in the 2019/20 summer crop, that is, after 17 years of experimenting started in 2003. Rotation with sunn hemp increased soybean yield by 6% and 10%, compared with millet rotation and soil chiseling. The species used in crop rotation in a long-term no-tillage system interfere with the physical and water characteristics of the soil, affecting the physiological responses and soybean yield. The rotation with sunn hemp offers greater water stability to the plants and provides greater soybean yield in succession. Future research that better addresses year-to-year variation, architecture, and continuity of pores provided by crop rotation, and evaluations of gas exchange, fluorescence, and activities of stress enzymes in soybean plants may contribute to a better understanding of soil-plant relationships in long-term no-till.

Maturation and Post-Harvest Resting of Fruits Affect the Macronutrients and Protein Content in Sweet Pepper Seeds.

There are few studies about the influence of fruit maturation and post-harvest resting on seed composition, which can be necessary for seedling development and future establishment. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of maturation and post-harvest resting of fruits on the macronutrient and protein content of sweet pepper seeds. The experimental design was a randomized block, with eight treatments, in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement. The first factor was fruit maturation stages (35, 50, 65 and 80 days after anthesis), and the second, with and without post-harvest resting of the fruits for 7 days. The characteristics evaluated in seeds were the dry weight of one thousand seeds, macronutrient content, and content of albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin proteins. There were reductions in K, Ca and Mg content, and an increase in seed content of albumin, globulin and prolamins as a function of the fruit maturation stage. Post-harvest resting of the fruits provided higher Ca content and protein albumin in seeds. The decreasing order of macronutrients and protein content in seeds, independent of fruit maturation and resting stage of the fruits, was N > K > P > Mg > S > Ca, and albumin > globulin ≈ glutelin > prolamine, respectively.

Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid to Mitigate Water Stress in Tomato.

Salicylic acid (SA) is an important plant regulator reported as a mitigator of water deficit in plants, however without a recommendation for use in field conditions. Thus, this research aims to validate the use of SA under field conditions in regions with low water availability. For that, we evaluated CO2 assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), water use efficiency (WUE), and carboxylation efficiency (A/Ci) at 15, 30, and 45 days of continuous stress water deficit, as well as the application of salicylic acid (0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 mM) in tomato plants subjected to continuous water deficit (45 days), in two years (2019 and 2020). The water deficit reduced the A, gs, E and A/Ci, while the foliar application of SA increased these parameters in all evaluated times, resulting in similar or even higher values than in plants without water deficit. Water deficit caused floral abortion in tomato plants, without the application of SA, reducing the number of fruit production. In contrast, plants that received about 1.3 mM of SA increased A and A/Ci and translocated the photo-assimilates, mainly to flowers and fruits, reducing floral abortion and increasing fruit production. Thus, foliar application of SA was efficient in mitigating the deleterious effects of water deficit in tomato plants regarding the gas exchange and fruit production.

Productive and Physico-Chemical Parameters of Tomato Fruits Submitted to Fertigation Doses with Water Treated with Very Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Resonance Fields.

It is known that poorly performed fertigation directly impacts on tomato production and biometric components. In addition, consumers are also affected by interrelated characteristics that interfere with the acceptability of the fruit, such as the physicochemical parameters and nutrients in the fruit. Thus, eco-friendly technologies, such as irrigation with ultra-low frequency electromagnetic treated-water, which attenuates the inadequate management of fertigation, are essential to improve marketable fruit yields. Thus, the objective of the present work was to investigate the impact of treated water with very low-frequency electromagnetic resonance fields in physical, chemical and nutritional parameters at different nutrient solution strengths in tomato fruits. In this study, experiments were carried out in randomized blocks and five doses of fertigation were used (1.5; 2.5; 4.0; 5.5; and 7.0 dS m−1), employing two types of water: electromagnetically treated and untreated. It can be seen that the fertigation affected some parameters, mainly the number of fruits with blossom-end rot, fruit size, and weight. Variance analysis (ANOVA) was performed with the subsequent use of the Tukey test. In all statistical tests, a confidence level of 95% was considered. The soluble solids content increased by 28% as a function of the fertigation doses. The electromagnetically treated water reduced the number of fruits with blossom-end rot by 35% (p < 0.05). Overall, electromagnetic water improved the physicochemical quality parameters and the nutritional status of tomato fruits. Thus, this study demonstrated that green technology could leverage tomato fruit production and quality.

Phytic acid accumulation in plants: Biosynthesis pathway regulation and role in human diet.

Phytate or phytic acid (PA), is a phosphorus (P) containing compound generated by the stepwise phosphorylation of myo-inositol. It forms complexes with some nutrient cations, such as Ca, Fe and Zn, compromising their absorption and thus acting as an anti-nutrient in the digestive tract of humans and monogastric animals. Conversely, PAs are an important form of P storage in seeds, making up to 90% of total seed P. Phytates also play a role in germination and are related to the synthesis of abscisic acid and gibberellins, the hormones involved in seed germination. Decreasing PA content in plants is desirable for human dietary. Therefore, low phytic acid (lpa) mutants might present some negative pleiotropic effects, which could impair germination and seed viability. In the present study, we review current knowledge of the genes encoding enzymes that function in different stages of PA synthesis, from the first phosphorylation of myo-inositol to PA transport into seed reserve tissues, and the application of this knowledge to reduce PA concentrations in edible crops to enhance human diet. Finally, phylogenetic data for PA concentrations in different plant families and distributed across several countries under different environmental conditions are compiled. The results of the present study help explain the importance of PA accumulation in different plant families and the distribution of PA accumulation in different foods.

Application of sodium selenate to cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) increases shoot and grain Se partitioning with strong genotypic interactions.

BACKGORUND: Cowpea is a crop widely used in developing countries due its rusticity. Besides its rich genotypic variability, most breeding programs do not explore its potential to improve elements uptake. Selenium (Se) is a scarce element in most soils, resulting in its deficiency being common in human diets. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction between biofortification with Se and genotypic variation in cowpea, on the concentrations of Se in roots, leaves + stem and grains. METHODS: Twenty-nine cowpea genotypes were grown in a greenhouse in the absence (control) and presence of Se (12.5 µg Se kg-1 soil) as sodium selenate, in fully randomized scheme. The plants were cultivated until grains harvest. The following variables were determined: roots dry weight (g), leaves + stems dry weight (g), grains dry weight (g), Se concentration (mg kg-1) in roots, leaves + stems and grains, and Se partitioning to shoots and grains. RESULTS: Selenium application increased the Se concentration in roots, leaves + stems and grains in all genotypes. At least twofold variation in grain Se concentration was observed among genotypes. Selenium application did not impair biomass accumulation, including grain dry weight. Genotype "BRS Guariba" had the largest Se concentration in grains and leaves + stems. Genotype MNC04-795 F-158 had the largest partitioning of Se to shoots and grain, due to elevated dry weights of leaves + stems and grain, and high Se concentrations in these tissues. CONCLUSION: This information might be valuable in future breeding programs to select for genotypes with better abilities to accumulate Se in grain to reduce widespread human Se undernutrition.

Maturation and Resting of Sweet Pepper Fruits on Physiological Quality and Biochemical Response of Seeds

Abstract The post-harvest resting of the fruits can improve seed physiological quality ,once it allows the seed to complete the maturation process, so it has been a common practice in vegetable seed companies, however, there are a few studies of this technique in sweet pepper. The objective of this research was to evaluate physiological quality, and biochemical response of sweet's peppers in regarding on the stage of maturation and the post-harvest rest of the fruits. The experimental was conducted in a 4x2 factorial, being the first factor comprised four maturation stages (35, 50, 65 and 80 days after anthesis) and, the second the post-harvest management of fruits, with and without a temporary storage of seven days. Seeds were evaluated for water content, weight of thousand seeds, germination, vigor, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities, lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide content. Fruit harvest time indicated is 80 days after anthesis (fruits 100% yellow) when seeds showed maximum germination and vigor. The post-harvest resting of the fruits was beneficial to seed physiological quality, weight of one thousand seeds and to reduce hydrogen peroxide content. Seeds of higher physiological quality showed lower superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activity, so they can be used as a marker of physiological quality in sweet pepper seeds.

Physicochemical characteristics of unripe and ripe banana "FHIA 18" submitted to phosphorus fertilizer over three production cycles / Perfil físico-químico de frutos verdes e maduros da bananeira "FHIA 18" submetida à adubação fosfatada em três ciclos produtivos

The banana fruits of "FHIA 18" have sensory properties like the "Prata" ones. However, there is no information regarding to phosphorus (P) requirement of this hybrid and its effects on postharvest quality. This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical properties of "FHIA 18" banana fruits submitted to different phosphorus levels under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the municipality of São Manuel, state of São Paulo, during three successive production cycles. Therefore, different levels of Phosphorus (0 [0%], 20 [50%)], 30 [75%], 40 [100%], 50 [125%] and 60 kg ha-1 year-1 P2O5 [150%]) were applied during three production cycles. A completely randomized design and split plot structure was used, the plots consisted of six phosphorus fertilizers doses and three production cycles (2014, 2015 and 2016) in sub plots. For unripe fruits, we evaluated the contents of dry matter, starch, total sugars, reducing sugars and phosphorus. For ripe fruits, we analyzed firmness, peel colour descriptors, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids, maturity index, total sugars and reducing sugars. Results showed that P fertilizer provided an increase in P content in unripe fruits until the application of 100% of the recommended dose; besides an increase in the reducing sugar contents until the application of 61% over the first production cycle. Results also indicated that applying lower phosphorus doses (˂100% of the recommended dose) promoted lower total titratable acidity and higher maturity index (52-53% of recommendation) in ripe fruits. Regardless of P2O5 dose, the contents of dry matter, starch and phosphorus increased in unripe fruits from first to third crop cycle, as well as the firmness, total soluble solids contents, maturity index and sugar content in ripe fruits.

Os frutos da bananeira "FHIA 18" possuem características sensoriais semelhantes à banana "Prata", porém, não existem informações sobre as reais necessidades em fósforo (P) deste híbrido e seus efeitos na produção e qualidade pós-colheita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil físico-químico dos frutos da bananeira "FHIA 18" submetida à níveis de adubação fosfatada, em São Manuel-SP, durante três ciclos sucessivos. Os níveis de adubação com P2O5 aplicados foram: sem adubação com P (0%); 20 kg ha-1 ano-1 (50%); 30 kg ha-1 ano-1 (75%); 40 kg ha-1 ano-1 (100%); 50 kg ha-1 ano-1 (125%); e 60 kg ha-1 ano-1 (150%). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas compostas pelos seis níveis de adubação com fósforo e as subparcelas pelos três ciclos de produção (2014, 2015 e 2016). Foram avaliados nos frutos verdes os teores de matéria seca, amido, açúcares totais, açúcares redutores e de fósforo. Nos frutos maduros avaliou-se a firmeza, os descritores de coloração da casca, acidez titulável total, sólidos solúveis totais, índice de maturação, açúcares totais e açúcares redutores. A adubação fosfatada proporcionou aumento nos teores de fósforo nos frutos verdes até a aplicação de 100% da recomendação e aumento dos teores de açúcares redutores até a aplicação de 61% no primeiro ciclo de produção. Quanto aos frutos maduros, a utilização de fósforo em doses inferiores às recomendadas (100%) promoveu menor acidez titulável total e maior índice de maturação (52-53% da recomendação). Por outro lado, independente da dose de P2O5 utilizada, os teores de matéria seca, amido e fósforo, nos frutos verdes, e a firmeza, teores de sólidos solúveis totais, índice de maturação e teores de açúcares nos frutos maduros, aumentam do primeiro ao terceiro ciclo de produção.

Physicochemical characteristics of unripe and ripe banana "FHIA 18" submitted to phosphorus fertilizer over three production cycles / Perfil físico-químico de frutos verdes e maduros da bananeira "FHIA 18" submetida à adubação fosfatada em três ciclos produtivos

The banana fruits of "FHIA 18" have sensory properties like the "Prata" ones. However, there is no information regarding to phosphorus (P) requirement of this hybrid and its effects on postharvest quality. This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical properties of "FHIA 18" banana fruits submitted to different phosphorus levels under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the municipality of São Manuel, state of São Paulo, during three successive production cycles. Therefore, different levels of Phosphorus (0 [0%], 20 [50%)], 30 [75%], 40 [100%], 50 [125%] and 60 kg ha-1 year-1 P2O5 [150%]) were applied during three production cycles. A completely randomized design and split plot structure was used, the plots consisted of six phosphorus fertilizers doses and three production cycles (2014, 2015 and 2016) in sub plots. For unripe fruits, we evaluated the contents of dry matter, starch, total sugars, reducing sugars and phosphorus. For ripe fruits, we analyzed firmness, peel colour descriptors, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids, maturity index, total sugars and reducing sugars. Results showed that P fertilizer provided an increase in P content in unripe fruits until the application of 100% of the recommended dose; besides an increase in the reducing sugar contents until the application of 61% over the first production cycle. Results also indicated that applying lower phosphorus doses (˂100% of the recommended dose) promoted lower total titratable acidity and higher maturity index (52-53% of recommendation) in ripe fruits. Regardless of P2O5 dose, the contents of dry matter, starch and phosphorus increased in unripe fruits from first to third crop cycle, as well as the firmness, total soluble solids contents, maturity index and sugar content in ripe fruits.(AU)

Os frutos da bananeira "FHIA 18" possuem características sensoriais semelhantes à banana "Prata", porém, não existem informações sobre as reais necessidades em fósforo (P) deste híbrido e seus efeitos na produção e qualidade pós-colheita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil físico-químico dos frutos da bananeira "FHIA 18" submetida à níveis de adubação fosfatada, em São Manuel-SP, durante três ciclos sucessivos. Os níveis de adubação com P2O5 aplicados foram: sem adubação com P (0%); 20 kg ha-1 ano-1 (50%); 30 kg ha-1 ano-1 (75%); 40 kg ha-1 ano-1 (100%); 50 kg ha-1 ano-1 (125%); e 60 kg ha-1 ano-1 (150%). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas compostas pelos seis níveis de adubação com fósforo e as subparcelas pelos três ciclos de produção (2014, 2015 e 2016). Foram avaliados nos frutos verdes os teores de matéria seca, amido, açúcares totais, açúcares redutores e de fósforo. Nos frutos maduros avaliou-se a firmeza, os descritores de coloração da casca, acidez titulável total, sólidos solúveis totais, índice de maturação, açúcares totais e açúcares redutores. A adubação fosfatada proporcionou aumento nos teores de fósforo nos frutos verdes até a aplicação de 100% da recomendação e aumento dos teores de açúcares redutores até a aplicação de 61% no primeiro ciclo de produção. Quanto aos frutos maduros, a utilização de fósforo em doses inferiores às recomendadas (100%) promoveu menor acidez titulável total e maior índice de maturação (52-53% da recomendação). Por outro lado, independente da dose de P2O5 utilizada, os teores de matéria seca, amido e fósforo, nos frutos verdes, e a firmeza, teores de sólidos solúveis totais, índice de maturação e teores de açúcares nos frutos maduros, aumentam do primeiro ao terceiro ciclo de produção.(AU)

Agronomic biofortification with selenium impacts storage proteins in grains of upland rice.

BACKGROUND: Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans and animals. Rice is one of the most commonly consumed cereals in the world, so the agronomic biofortification of cereals with Se may be a good strategy to increase the levels of daily intake of Se by the population. This study evaluated the agronomic biofortification of rice genotypes with Se and its effects on grain nutritional quality. Five rates of Se (0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 g ha -1 ) were applied as selenate via the soil to three rice genotypes under field conditions. RESULTS: Selenium concentrations in the leaves and polished grains increased linearly in response to Se application rates. A highly significant correlation was observed between the Se rates and the Se concentration in the leaves and grains, indicating high translocation of Se. The application of Se also increased the concentration of albumin, globulin, prolamin, and glutelin in polished grains. CONCLUSION: Biofortifying rice genotypes using 25 g Se ha -1 could increase the average daily Se intake from 4.64 to 66 µg day-1 . Considering that the recommended daily intake of Se by adults is 55 µg day-1 , this agronomic strategy could contribute to alleviating widespread Se malnutrition. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

A Fuzzy mathematical model to estimate the effects of global warming on the vitality of Laelia purpurata orchids.

This study aimed to develop a fuzzy mathematical model to estimate the impacts of global warming on the vitality of Laelia purpurata growing in different Brazilian environmental conditions. In order to develop the mathematical model was considered as intrinsic factors the parameters: temperature, humidity and shade conditions to determine the vitality of plants. Fuzzy model results could accurately predict the optimal conditions for cultivation of Laelia purpurata in several sites of Brazil. Based on fuzzy model results, we found that higher temperatures and lacking of properly shading can reduce the vitality of orchids. Fuzzy mathematical model could precisely detect the effect of higher temperatures causing damages on vitality of plants as a consequence of global warming.