ABSTRACT
Pyridaben is a broad-spectrum, contact-killing acaricide that can be used to control a variety of harmful food and plant mites. Pyridaben displays cardiotoxicity and liver toxicity toward fish, but the effects on fish embryonic development have not been characterized. We exposed early zebrafish embryos to 20, 30, and 40⯵g/L concentrations of pyridaben. The exposure caused developmental abnormalities, including delayed embryonic shield formation, yolk sac resorption, decreases in body length, reduced pigmentation, and delays in hatching. Pyridaben caused a significant increase in the transcription level of the endoderm marker foxa2, but the transcription levels of the ectoderm development marker foxb1a and the mesoderm development marker snaila were not significantly altered. The transcription levels of the genes SOX17 in early embryos were significantly reduced. After exposure to pyridaben, catalase (CAT) activity and glutathione (GSH) content were increased, and cyclin D1, that is involved in early embryonic development, was abnormally expressed. This study shows that pyridaben causes anomalous development in zebrafish embryos by interfering with the cell cycle order of early embryonic development and inducing excessive oxidative stress. Colivelin, an agonist of the STAT3 signaling pathway, acted as a salvage drug to restore the cell cycle order during embryonic development following exposure to pyridaben. Thus, the toxic effects may be caused by pyridaben's regulation of the STAT3 signaling pathway.
ABSTRACT
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) pose significant threats to global public health by causing a spectrum of diseases ranging from mild febrile illnesses to severe neurological complications. Understanding the intricate interplay between arboviruses and the immune system within the central nervous system is crucial for developing effective strategies to combat these infections and mitigate their neurological sequelae. This review comprehensively explores the mechanisms by which arboviruses such as Zika virus, West Nile virus, and Dengue virus manipulate immune responses within the CNS, leading to diverse clinical manifestations.
Subject(s)
Dengue Virus , West Nile virus , Zika Virus Infection , Zika Virus , Humans , Central Nervous System , Immunity , Zika Virus Infection/complicationsABSTRACT
The oil body comprises lipid droplets surrounded by a surface embedded with oil body-related proteins. To form a drug delivery system, an oleosin can be fused with foreign proteins and bound to the oil body surface. Here, safflower oil bodies carrying oleosin-human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) were mixed with xanthan gum to form self-assembled polymers, referred as an oil body microgel emulsion (OBEME) without any chemical crosslinking agent. The physicochemical properties of OBEME were evaluated and compared with those of natural lipid droplets. The electrostatic interaction between xanthan gum and oil bodies prevents excessive cross-linking and forms a uniform network structure. The basic properties of OBEME were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, cryo-scanning electron microscopy, rheology, and thermogravimetric analysis. The OBEME is an interconnected network and presents a smooth surface without any pores; it remains stable at room temperature for 90 days, and is not affected by low-speed centrifugation and repeated freeze-thaw cycles as indicated by particle size, potential, and fluorescence microscopy analyses. The OBEME enlarges the skin tissue gap, enhances skin permeability, and shows a good slow-release effect in the transdermal absorption test in vivo. It demonstrates a wound healing effect; further, it regulates the inflammatory response of full-layer skin wounds in rats, as well as accelerate angiogenesis, and promote re-epithelialization and remodeling. The OBEME as a bioactive molecule-carbohydrate complex can effectively accelerate skin regeneration and has great translational potential to provide low-cost alternative wound care treatments.
Subject(s)
Microgels , Skin Absorption , Humans , Rats , Animals , Emulsions/chemistry , Lipid Droplets , Wound HealingABSTRACT
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) affects physical and mental health with limited therapeutic options. Novel materials and delivery methods have considerable potential to improve the current paradigm of treatment. In this study, we used a novel plant nanoparticle of safflower oil body (SOB) loaded with human fibroblast growth factor 10 (hFGF10) to target hair follicles and accelerate hair regeneration in AGA mice with few adverse effects. Our data revealed that the average particle size of SOB-hFGF10 was 226.73 ± 9.98 nm, with a spherical and uniform structure, and that SOB-hFGF10 was quicker to preferentially penetrate into hair follicles than hFGF2 alone. Using a mouse model of AGA, SOB-hFGF10 was found to significantly improve hair regeneration without any significant toxicity. Furthermore, SOB-hFGF10 inhibited dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 overproduction in macrophages in relation to hair follicle microinflammation, thereby enhancing the proliferation of dermal papilla cells. Overall, this study provides an applicable therapeutic method through targeting hair follicles and reducing microinflammation to accelerate hair regeneration in AGA.
Subject(s)
Alopecia/drug therapy , Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 , Nanoparticles , Safflower Oil , Carthamus tinctorius/chemistry , Drug Delivery Systems , Fibroblast Growth Factor 10/administration & dosage , Fibroblast Growth Factor 10/therapeutic use , Hair/growth & development , Hair Follicle/drug effects , Humans , Regeneration , Safflower Oil/chemistryABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to express human FGF21 (hFGF21) using Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) as a bioreactor and to observe its hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects on type II diabetes. The recombinant plasmid pCB130-hFGF21 was transformed into C. militaris to form recombinant recombinant C. militaris (RhFGF21), the stability of RhFGF21 in vitro and in vivo was analyzed. RhFGF21 significantly promoted glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner in adipocytes and increased the levels of p-PLCγ, p-FRS2 and p-ERK, which was consistent with the commercial hFGF21. In animal experiments, oral RhFGF21 obviously reduced the levels of glucose, insulin, TG, T-CHO, NEFA, and LDL-C in the blood, the contents of ALT, AST, TNF-α, MCP-1, F4/80, CD68 and CD11b in the fatty liver, and the apoptosis of pancreatic cells. C. militaris is an excellent carrier that can stabilize the expression of hFGF21 and protect the biological activity of hFGF21 during oral administration, which provides a theoretical basis for the development of hFGF21 oral preparations for type II diabetes.
Subject(s)
Cordyceps , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Animals , Humans , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics , Cordyceps/metabolism , Lipids , Administration, Oral , MyceliumABSTRACT
Objective@#To analyze the level and trend of microbial contamination in food in rural compulsory education schools in Baiyin City, so as to provide a reference for playing an early warning role in eliminating potential food safety hazards as soon as possible.@*Methods@#According to the "National Food Contaminants and Harmful Factors Risk Monitoring Workbook", etc., 8 pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, total bacterial count, and 2 hygienic indicator bacteria of coliform were tested.@*Results@#A total of 908 food samples were collected from 2013 to 2021, 47 were positive and the overall positive rate was 5.18%. The positive rate of samples collected in different years showed a downward trend year by year. The detected pathogenic bacteria ranked from high to low as follows: Escherichia coli (1.87%), Bacillus cereus (0.99%), Staphylococcus aureus (0.44%), mold (0.33%), Listeria monocytogenes (0.22%). Hygiene indicator bacteria total number of bacteria exceeded the standard rate was higher (2.09%). Among all kinds of food, milk and dairy products, frozen food, cold food, barbecue, rice and flour products had higher positive rates. According to quarterly statistics, the positive rate in the first and second quarters was relatively high.@*Conclusion@#There are different degrees of microbial contamination risks in the food of rural compulsory education schools. All relevant departments should pay attention to the current situation of school food hygiene and safety in poverty stricken areas, and strengthen rural compulsory education school food, especially for milk and dairy products, frozen food, cold food, Supervision of key foods such as barbecue, rice and flour products, and efforts to improve their safety standards, do a good job in school food hygiene and safety, and ensure the healthy growth of young people.
ABSTRACT
Regeneration of a part of the diseased liver after surgical resection is mainly achieved by the proliferation of the remaining healthy liver cells. However, in case of extreme loss of liver cells or in the final stages of chronic liver disease, most liver cells are depleted or lose their ability to proliferate. Therefore, to foster liver regeneration, it is of great clinical and scientific significance to improve the survival and proliferation ability of residual hepatocytes. In this study, we conducted experiments on a zebrafish model of targeted ablation of liver cells to clarify the role of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). We found that FGF21 increased the regeneration area of the damaged liver and improved the survival rate of damaged liver cells by inhibiting cell apoptosis and reducing oxidative stress. Our results also showed that administration of FGF21 upregulated autophagy, and the beneficial effects of FGF21 were reversed by the well-known autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ), indicating that FGF21-activated autophagy played a central role in the treatment. We further showed that the enhancement of autophagy induced by FGF21 was due to the activation of the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway. Taken together, these data provide new evidence that FGF21 is an effective autophagy regulator that can significantly improve the survival of damaged livers.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Oil body (OB), a subcellular organelle that stores oil in plant seeds, is considered a new transdermal drug delivery system. With the increasing understanding of the OB and its main protein (oleosin), numerous studies have been conducted on OB as "carrier" for the expression of exogenous proteins. In our previous study, oil body fused with aFGF (OLAF) was obtained using a plant oil body expression system that had been preliminarily proven to be effective in accelerating the healing of skin wounds. However, no dermal toxicological information on OLAF is available. OBJECTIVE: To ensure the dermal safety of OLAF, a series of tests (the acute dermal toxicity test, 21-day repeat dermal toxicity test, dermal irritation test and skin sensitisation test) were conducted after optimising the extraction protocol of OLAF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To improve the extraction rate of OLAF, response surface methodology (RSM) was first employed to optimise the extraction conditions. Then, Wistar rats were exposed to OLAF (400 mg·kg-1 body weight) in two different ways (6 hours/time for 24 hours and 1 time/day for 21 days) to evaluate the acute dermal toxicity and 21-day repeated dermal toxicity of OLAF. In the acute dermal toxicity test, clinical observations were conducted to evaluate the toxicity, behaviour, and health of the animals for 14 consecutive days. Similarly, the clinical signs, body weight, haematological and biochemical parameters, histopathological changes and other indicators were also detected during the 21 days administration. For the dermal irritation test, single and multiple doses of OLAF (125 mg·kg-1 body weight) were administered to albino rabbits for 14 days (1 time/day). The irritation reaction on the skin of each albino rabbit was recorded and scored. Meanwhile, skin sensitisation to OLAF was conducted using guinea pigs for a period of 28 days. RESULTS: Suitable extraction conditions for OLAF (PBS concentration 0.01, pH of PBS 8.6, solid-liquid ratio 1:385 g·mL-1) were obtained using RSM. Under these conditions, the extraction rate and particle size of OLAF were 7.29% and 1290 nm, respectively. In the tests of acute dermal toxicity and 21-day repeated dermal toxicity, no mortality or significant differences were observed in terms of clinical signs, body weight, haematological parameters, biochemical parameters and anatomopathological analysis. With respect to the dermal irritation test and skin sensitisation test, no differences in erythema, oedema or other abnormalities were observed between treatment and control groups on gross and histopathological examinations. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that OLAF does not cause obvious toxicity, skin sensitisation or irritation in animals.
Subject(s)
Drug Carriers/toxicity , Fibroblast Growth Factor 1/administration & dosage , Lipid Droplets , Plant Oils/isolation & purification , Skin/drug effects , Administration, Cutaneous , Animals , Female , Fibroblast Growth Factor 1/toxicity , Guinea Pigs , Male , Plant Oils/toxicity , Rabbits , Rats , Skin Tests , Toxicity Tests, Acute , Wound Healing/drug effectsABSTRACT
Objective: The expression of therapeutic proteins in plant oil body bioreactors has attracted much attention. But its safety is not yet clear. This article determines the risk of safety after using the drug. Methods: The oil body-linked oleosin-hEGF microgel emulsion (OBEME) was prepared by mixing the xanthan gum with suitable concentrations in an appropriate proportion. Skin irritation and sensitization reaction were investigated in rats and guinea pigs using OBEME as test article.Results: The OBEME did not produce dermal erythema/eschar or oedema responses. The dermal subacute and subchronic toxicity of OBEME were evaluated in accordance with OECD guidelines. Compared with the control group, the basic physical signs, such as weight, feed, drinking, excretion, and behaviour of experimental animals, were not abnormal. In addition, no abnormality was found in haematological parameters, biochemical indexes, relative organ weight, and histopathological observation of organs, and there was no significant difference compared with normal saline treatment group. Therefore, we conclude that OBEME has no toxic effects and is safe and reliable to be used for topical application.
Subject(s)
Drug Carriers/toxicity , Epidermal Growth Factor/toxicity , Plant Proteins/toxicity , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/toxicity , Skin/drug effects , Administration, Cutaneous , Animals , Bioreactors/adverse effects , Carthamus tinctorius/genetics , Dermatitis, Contact/diagnosis , Dermatitis, Contact/etiology , Dermatitis, Contact/pathology , Drug Carriers/chemistry , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Emulsions , Epidermal Growth Factor/administration & dosage , Epidermal Growth Factor/genetics , Erythema/chemically induced , Erythema/diagnosis , Guinea Pigs , Humans , Lipid Droplets/chemistry , Male , Microgels , Plant Proteins/administration & dosage , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plants, Genetically Modified , Rats , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics , Skin/immunology , Skin/injuries , Skin/pathology , Toxicity Tests, Acute/methods , Toxicity Tests, Subacute/methods , Toxicity Tests, Subchronic/methods , Wound Healing/drug effectsABSTRACT
We set out to assess the NIH/3T3 cell proliferation activity of Arabidopsis oil body-expressed recombinant oleosin-hEGF-hEGF protein. Normally, human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) is purified through complex process, however, oleosin fusion technology provides an inexpensive and scalable platform for its purification. Under a phaseolin promoter, we concatenated oleosin gene to double hEGF (hEGF-hEGF) with plant-preferred codons in the expression vectors and the construct was transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). The transgenic Arabidopsis was validated by RT-PCR and the content of recombinant protein oleosin-hEGF-hEGF was quantified by western blot. Subsequently, the proliferation assay and transdermal absorption were determined by MTT method and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. First, the expression level of hEGF was recorded to be 14.83-ng/µL oil body and due to smaller size transgenic oil bodies expressing the recombinant oleosin-hEGF-hEGF, they were more skin permeable than those of control. Second, via the staining intensity of transgenic oil bodies was greater than EGF at all time points via immunohistochemical staining in transdermal absorption process. Lastly, activity assays of oil bodies expressed oleosin-hEGF-hEGF indicated that they stimulated the NIH/3T3 cell proliferation activity. Our results revealed oil-body-expressed oleosin-hEGF-hEGF was potential new material having implications in the field of medicine.
Subject(s)
Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism , Arabidopsis/metabolism , Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism , Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Skin/metabolism , Animals , Arabidopsis/genetics , Arabidopsis/growth & development , Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry , Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics , Cell Proliferation , Epidermal Growth Factor/chemistry , Epidermal Growth Factor/genetics , Humans , Mice , Molecular Farming , NIH 3T3 Cells , Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics , Plants, Genetically Modified/growth & development , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/genetics , Wound HealingABSTRACT
Fifteen transcription factors in the CAMTA (calmodulin binding transcription activator) family of soybean were reported to differentially regulate in multiple stresses; however, their functional analyses had not yet been attempted. To characterize their role in stresses, we first comprehensively analyzed the GmCAMTA family in silico and thereafter determined their expression pattern under drought. The bioinformatics analysis revealed multiple stress-related cis-regulatory elements including ABRE, SARE, G-box and W-box, 10 unique miRNA (microRNA) targets in GmCAMTA transcripts and 48 proteins in GmCAMTAs' interaction network. We then cloned the 2769 bp CDS (coding sequence) of GmCAMTA12 in an expression vector and overexpressed in soybean and Arabidopsis through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The T3 (Transgenic generation 3) stably transformed homozygous lines of Arabidopsis exhibited enhanced tolerance to drought in soil as well as on MS (Murashige and Skoog) media containing mannitol. In their drought assay, the average survival rate of transgenic Arabidopsis lines OE5 and OE12 (Overexpression Line 5 and Line 12) was 83.66% and 87.87%, respectively, which was ~30% higher than that of wild type. In addition, the germination and root length assays as well as physiological indexes such as proline and malondialdehyde contents, catalase activity and leakage of electrolytes affirmed the better performance of OE lines. Similarly, GmCAMTA12 overexpression in soybean promoted drought-efficient hairy roots in OE chimeric plants as compare to that of VC (Vector control). In parallel, the improved growth performance of OE in Hoagland-PEG (polyethylene glycol) and on MS-mannitol was revealed by their phenotypic, physiological and molecular measures. Furthermore, with the overexpression of GmCAMTA12, the downstream genes including AtAnnexin5, AtCaMHSP, At2G433110 and AtWRKY14 were upregulated in Arabidopsis. Likewise, in soybean hairy roots, GmELO, GmNAB and GmPLA1-IId were significantly upregulated as a result of GmCAMTA12 overexpression and majority of these upregulated genes in both plants possess CAMTA binding CGCG/CGTG motif in their promoters. Taken together, we report that GmCAMTA12 plays substantial role in tolerance of soybean against drought stress and could prove to be a novel candidate for engineering soybean and other plants against drought stress. Some research gaps were also identified for future studies to extend our comprehension of Ca-CaM-CAMTA-mediated stress regulatory mechanisms.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Biological/genetics , Arabidopsis/physiology , Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics , Droughts , Gene Expression , Glycine max/physiology , Stress, Physiological/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Arabidopsis/classification , Calcium-Binding Proteins/chemistry , Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Chemical Phenomena , Phylogeny , Glycine max/classificationABSTRACT
Carthamus tinctorius L., commonly known as safflower, is an important oilseed crop containing oil bodies. Oil bodies are intracellular organelles in plant cells for storing triacylglycerols (TAGs) and sterol esters. Oleosins are the most important surface proteins of the oil bodies. We predicted and retrieved the sequences of eight putative C. tinctorius oleosin (Ctoleosin) genes from the genome database of safflower. The bioinformatics analyses revealed the size of their open reading frames ranging from 414 to 675 bp, encoding 137 to 224 aa polypeptides with predicted molecular weights of 14.812 to 22.155 kDa, all containing the typical "proline knot" motif. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) determined the spatiotemporal expression pattern of Ctoleosin genes, which gradually increased and peaked during flowering and seed ripening, and decreased thereafter. To validate their role in plant development, we transformed and overexpressed these eight putative Ctoleosin genes in Arabidopsis. Overexpressing Ctoleosins did not affect leaf size, although silique length was altered. Arabidopsis transformed with Ctoleosin3, 4, and 5 grew longer siliques than did the wild-type plants, without altering seed quantity. The 100-grain weight of the transgenic Arabidopsis seeds was slightly more than that of the wild-type seeds. The seed germination rates of the plants overexpressing Ctoleosin4 and 6 were slightly lower as compared with that of the wild-type Arabidopsis, whereas that in the other transgenic lines were higher than that in the wild-type plants. The overexpression of Ctoleosin genes elevated the oil content in the seeds of transgenic Arabidopsis. Our findings not only provide an approach for increasing the oil content, but also for elucidating the intricate mechanisms of oil body synthesis.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) can promote cell proliferation as well as migration, which is feasible in tissue wound healing. Oil bodies have been exploited as an important platform to produce exogenous proteins. The exogenous proteins were expressed in oil bodies from plant seeds. The process can reduce purification steps, thereby significantly reducing the purification cost. Mostly, the diameter of oil body particle ranges between 1.0 and 1.5 µm in the safflower seeds, however, it reduces to 700-1000 nm in the transgenic safflower seeds. The significant reduction of particle size in transgenic seeds is extremely beneficial to skin absorption. RESULTS: The diameter of oil body in the transgenic safflower seeds was recorded in the range of 700-1000 nm. The smaller particle size improved their skin absorption. The expression level of oleosin-hEGF-hEGF in T3 transgenic seeds was highest at 69.32 mg/g of seeds. The oil body expressing oleosin-hEGF-hEGF had significant proliferative activity on NIH/3T3 cells and improved skin regeneration thereby accelerating wound healing in rats. The wound coverage rate exceeded 98% after treatment for 14 days with oil body expressing oleosin-hEGF-hEGF, while the saline without EGF group and wild type oil body group both showed less than 80%. The neonatal fibroblast and collagen were found to be increased in the safflower oil body expressing oleosin-hEGF-hEGF treatment group. TGF-ß1, bFGF and VEGF were noted as important growth factors in the repair of cutaneous wounds. Their expression level increased after 4 and 7 day treatment, but decreased after 14 days. Therefore, it can promote skin regeneration to accelerate wounds healing. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of oleosin-hEGF-hEGF in T3 transgenic seeds was 80.43 ng/µL oil body. It had significant proliferative activity on NIH/3T3 cells and improved skin regeneration to accelerate wound healing in rats. The expression process of TGF-ß1, bFGF and VEGF increased at first and then gradually declined.
Subject(s)
Epidermal Growth Factor/chemistry , Lipid Droplets/chemistry , Plant Proteins/chemistry , Skin/metabolism , Wound Healing/drug effects , Animals , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Drug Carriers/chemistry , Drug Carriers/therapeutic use , Female , Humans , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred ICR , NIH 3T3 Cells , Particle Size , Plant Oils/chemistry , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Regeneration/drug effects , Seeds/chemistry , Surface Properties , Tissue Distribution/drug effects , Tissue Distribution/immunologyABSTRACT
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a member of the fibroblast growth factors family. It is a highly specific mitogenic factor for many cell types, as though it be involved in wound repair, angiogenesis, nerve nutrition and embryonic development etc. Oil bodies have been applied for medicine, foodstuff and industry field. The heterogonous proteins expressed in oil bodies have distinct advantages, such as less purification steps and low costs. In this study, bFGF was expressed in A. thaliana seeds using oleosin fusion technology. The pOTB-bFGF vector contained an oleosin-bFGF fusion gene and a glufosinate resistance gene for selection. Transgenic A. thaliana lines were obtained by the floral dip method and protein expression was identified by SDS-PAGE and western blotting in transgenic A. thaliana lines. Moreover, MTT assays showed that the oil bodies expressed oleosin-bFGF fusion protein had a remarkable proliferation effect on NIH/3T3 cells and animal experiments showed that it could effectively decrease wound size and accelerate granulation tissue maturation. In conclusion, this may be a better method of producing oleosin-bFGF fusion protein to meet the increasing demand in its pharmacological application.
Subject(s)
Arabidopsis Proteins/biosynthesis , Arabidopsis/metabolism , Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/biosynthesis , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology , Wound Healing/drug effects , Animals , Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics , Female , Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics , Male , Mice , NIH 3T3 Cells , Plants, Genetically Modified , Rats , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 10 (rhFGF-10) is frequently used to treat patients with skin injuries. It can also promote hair growth. However, the effective application of rhFGF-10 is limited because of its poor stability and transdermal absorption. In this study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blotting were used to identify transgenic safflowers carrying a gene encoding an oleosin-rhFGF-10 fusion protein. The size and structural integrity of oleosin-rhFGF-10 in oil bodies extracted from transgenic safflower seeds was characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting. Oil body extracts containing oleosin-rhFGF-10 were topically applied to mouse skin. The absorption of oleosin-rhFGF-10 was studied by immunohistochemistry. Its efficiency in promoting wound healing and hair regeneration were evaluated in full thickness wounds and hair growth assays. We identified a safflower line that carried the transgene and expressed a 45 kDa oleosin-rhFGF-10 protein. Oil body-bound oleosin-rhFGF-10 was absorbed by the skin with higher efficiency and speed compared with prokaryotically-expressed rhFGF-10. Oleosin-rhFGF-10 also enhanced wound closure and promoted hair growth better than rhFGF-10. The application of oleosin-rhFGF-10 in oil bodies promoted its delivery through the skin, providing a basis for improved therapeutic effects in enhancing wound healing and hair growth.