A complete reference genome of broomcorn millet.

Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), known for its traits of drought resistance, adaptability to poor soil, short growth period, and high photosynthetic efficiency as a C4 plant, represents one of the earliest domesticated crops globally. This study reports the telomere-to-telomere (T2T) gap-free reference genome for broomcorn millet (AJ8) using PacBio high-fidelity (HiFi) long reads, Oxford Nanopore long-read technologies and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) sequencing data. The size of AJ8 genome was approximately 834.7 Mb, anchored onto 18 pseudo-chromosomes. Notably, 18 centromeres and 36 telomeres were obtained. The assembled genome showed high quality in terms of completeness (BUSCO score: 99.6%, QV: 61.7, LAI value: 20.4). In addition, 63,678 protein-coding genes and 433.8 Mb (~52.0%) repetitive sequences were identified. The complete reference genome for broomcorn millet provides a valuable resource for genetic studies and breeding of this important cereal crop.

Fermented Minor Grain Foods: Classification, Functional Components, and Probiotic Potential.

Fermented minor grain (MG) foods often have unique nutritional value and functional characteristics, which are important for developing dietary culture worldwide. As a kind of special raw material in fermented food, minor grains have special functional components, such as trace elements, dietary fiber, and polyphenols. Fermented MG foods have excellent nutrients, phytochemicals, and bioactive compounds and are consumed as a rich source of probiotic microbes. Thus, the purpose of this review is to introduce the latest progress in research related to the fermentation products of MGs. Specific discussion is focused on the classification of fermented MG foods and their nutritional and health implications, including studies of microbial diversity, functional components, and probiotic potential. Furthermore, this review discusses how mixed fermentation of grain mixtures is a better method for developing new functional foods to increase the nutritional value of meals based on cereals and legumes in terms of dietary protein and micronutrients.

Efficacy and safety of high and low dose recombinant human erythropoietin on neurodevelopment of premature infants: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effect of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in nervous system of premature infants including different dosage. METHODS: The multiple databases like Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane databases and China National Knowledge Database were used to search for the relevant studies, and full-text articles involved in the evaluation on effect of rhEPO for neurodevelopment among premature infants. Review Manager 5.2 was adopted to estimate the effects of the results among selected articles. Forest plots, sensitivity analysis and bias analysis for the articles included were also conducted. RESULTS: Finally, 10 eligible studies were eventually satisfied the included criteria. The results showed that rhEPO was much higher than placebo group in composite cognitive score (MD = 5.89, 95% confidential interval {CI} [1.95, 9.82], P = .003; I2 = 89%), there was no significant difference between rhEPO and placebo groups (RR = 0.93, 95% CI [0.60, 1.43], P = .74; I2 = 51%) and no difference in neurodevelopmental impairment between rhEPO and placebo was insignificant (RR = 0.55 95% CI [0.30, 1.02], P = .06). Composite cognitive score in high dose rhEPO was much higher than placebo group (MD = 10.39, 95% CI [8.84, 11.93], P < .0001, I2 = 0%) and low dose rhEPO also had higher composite cognitive score than placebo group (MD = 2.58, 95% CI [0.80, 4.37], P = .004, I2 = 11%). Limited publication bias was observed in this study. CONCLUSION: Recombinant human erythropoietin might be a promotor for neurodevelopment among premature infants with limited adverse events.

An Improved Unauthorized Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Detection Algorithm Using Radiofrequency-Based Statistical Fingerprint Analysis.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are now readily available worldwide and users can easily fly them remotely using smart controllers. This has created the problem of keeping unauthorized UAVs away from private or sensitive areas where they can be a personal or public threat. This paper proposes an improved radio frequency (RF)-based method to detect UAVs. The clutter (interference) is eliminated using a background filtering method. Then singular value decomposition (SVD) and average filtering are used to reduce the noise and improve the signal to noise ratio (SNR). Spectrum accumulation (SA) and statistical fingerprint analysis (SFA) are employed to provide two frequency estimates. These estimates are used to determine if a UAV is present in the detection environment. The data size is reduced using a region of interest (ROI), and this improves the system efficiency and improves azimuth estimation accuracy. Detection results are obtained using real UAV RF signals obtained experimentally which show that the proposed method is more effective than other well-known detection algorithms. The recognition rate with this method is close to 100% within a distance of 2.4 km and greater than 90% within a distance of 3 km. Further, multiple UAVs can be detected accurately using the proposed method.

The complete chloroplast genome of Panicum miliaceum.

Panicum miliaceum is the most important and ancient domesticated crops in the world. The complete chloroplast genome of P. miliaceum was sequenced using the Illumina Hiseq platform (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA). The chloroplast genome of P. miliaceum was 139,929 bp in length, with 38.60% GC content. It contains a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) (22,723 bp) which were separated by a large single copy (LSC) (81,918 bp) and a small single copy region (SSC) (12,565 bp). A total of 132 genes were annotated, which included 84 protein coding genes, 40 tRNA genes and eight rRNA genes. The neighbour-joining (NJ) phylogenetic analysis with the reported chloroplast genomes showed that P. miliaceum chloroplasts are most closely related to those of the Gramineae family.

Microbial Diversity and Biochemical Analysis of Suanzhou: A Traditional Chinese Fermented Cereal Gruel.

Suanzhou as a traditional Chinese gruel is fermented from proso millet and millet. The biochemical analysis showed Suanzhou had relatively high concentrations of lactic acid, acetic acid, and free amino acids. The metagenomics of Suanzhou were studied, with the analysis of the V4 region of 16S rRNA gene, the genera Lactobacillus and Acetobacter were found dominant with the average abundance of 58.2 and 24.4%, respectively; and with the analysis of the ITS1 region between 18S and 5.8S rRNA genes, 97.3% of the fungal community was found belonging to the genus Pichia and 2.7% belonging to five other genera. Moreover, the isolates recovered from 59 Suanzhou samples with various media were identified with the 16S rRNA or 18S rRNA gene analyses. Lactobacillus fermentum (26.9%), L. pentosus (19.4%), L. casei (17.9%), and L. brevis (16.4%) were the four dominant Lactobacillus species; Acetobacter lovaniensis (38.1%), A. syzygii (16.7%), A. okinawensis (16.7%), and A. indonesiensis (11.9%) were the four dominant Acetobacter species; and Pichia kudriavzevii (55.8%) and Galactomyces geotrichum (23.1%) were the two dominant fungal species. Additionally, L. pentosus p28-c and L. casei h28-c1 were selected for the fermentations mimicking the natural process. Collectively, our data demonstrate that Suanzhou is a nutritional food high in free amino acids and organic acids. Diverse Lactobacillus, Acetobacter, and yeast species are identified as the dominant microorganisms in Suanzhou. The isolated strains can be further characterized and used as starters for the industrial production of Suanzhou safely.

Characterization of the methanogen community in a household anaerobic digester fed with swine manure in China.

Household anaerobic digesters have been installed across rural China for biogas production, but information on methanogen community structure in these small biogas units is sparsely available. By creating clone libraries for 16S rRNA and methyl coenzyme M reductase alpha subunit (mcrA) genes, we investigated the methanogenic consortia in a household biogas digester treating swine manure. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were defined by comparative sequence analysis, seven OTUs were identified in the 16S rRNA gene library, and ten OTUs were identified in the mcrA gene library. Both libraries were dominated by clones highly related to the type strain Methanocorpusculum labreanum Z, 64.0 % for 16S rRNA gene clones and 64.3 % for mcrA gene clones. Additionally, gas chromatography assays showed that formic acid was 84.54 % of the total volatile fatty acids and methane was 57.20 % of the biogas composition. Our results may help further isolation and characterization of methanogenic starter strains for industrial biogas production.

[Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation of Aspergillus niger conidiospores and sequence analysis of T-DNA insertion site in conidiation-defective mutant].

OBJECTIVE: Development of a method of transforming Aspergillus niger conidiospores with Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA system and using it as a tool for genome annotation via construction a T-DNA insertion mutant library of A. niger. METHODS: A. tumefaciens EHA105 carrying the binary vector pCAMBIA1301 was used to transform A. niger conidiospores under induction conditions. Hygromycin resistant transformants were screened on the selected medium. Sequence analysis was performed using inverse PCR method in stable mutants. RESULTS: In total, 193 hygromycin resistant stable transformants were obtained and the transformation rate was about 5.6 x 10(2) transformants /10(8) conidiospores. Obvious morphological changes were observed in some mutants and sequence analysis of T-DNA inserted site was performed in one conidiation-defective mutant. The result showed that the interrupted gene belonged to major facilitator superfamily (MFS). CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that the transformation system of A. niger conidiospores set up in this study, combing with sequence analysis of T-DNA insertion site, might be an effective way for genome annotation in A. niger.