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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate ocular surface parameters in dogs with normal eyes when exposed to 3 different air quality index (AQI) categories corresponding to levels of normal air pollutants ("good," 0 to 50; "moderate," 51 to 100) and wildfire smoke ("smoke," 101 to 150). ANIMALS: 15 privately owned dogs. METHODS: A prospective cohort study with dogs living in northern Colorado. Ocular surface parameters (conjunctival chemosis and hyperemia, Schirmer tear test-1, tear film break-up time, fluorescein stain, conjunctival microbiology, etc) were evaluated when the AQI was reported in 1 of the 3 categories (good, moderate, and smoke) for 3 consecutive days. The AQI and air pollutant levels (particulate matter < 2.5 µm in diameter [PM2.5], ozone, etc) were retrieved from the AirNow database. RESULTS: Due to scheduling conflicts, only 7 dogs were examined during the smoke category. Average AQI in the 3 categories were good, 44.1; moderate, 73.7; and smoke, 103.7. The odds for more severe hyperemia and more severe chemosis for smoke were 5.39 and 7,853.02 times the odds, respectively, when compared to good AQI. Additionally, the odds for more severe chemosis were 34,656.62 times the odds for smoke when compared to moderate AQI. A significant relationship was found between chemosis and PM2.5. CONCLUSION: Exposure to increased AQI related to wildfire smoke caused a significant increase in conjunctivitis. The significant relationship between chemosis and PM2.5 could indicate that PM2.5 in wildfire smoke is associated with an inflammatory factor. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Preventive measures (eg, use of eyewash, artificial tears, or eye protection) for dogs that are exposed to wildfire smoke should be instituted to decrease the risk of ocular irritation.
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BACKGROUND: Breast cancer has emerged as the foremost cause of female mortality worldwide, with triple negative breast cancer accounting for approximately 10-15% of all breast cancer cases. The triple negative breast cancer family has obvious familial heritability, but no potential pathogenic variation was found in BRCA1/2. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient was a 56-year-old woman of Han ethnicity. The clinical characteristics of this patient with breast cancer were summarized, peripheral blood of one normal female and two patients with breast cancer in this family was collected, DNA was extracted, and the potential pathogenic variation was analyzed by whole exome sequencing. The normal female and two patients with breast cancer in this family shared a maternal grandmother. The proband's right breast mass was punctured, and the biopsy showed invasive carcinoma of the right breast, grade II-III, with necrosis. No mutation was found in BRCA1/2 gene test; immunohistochemical of surgical specimens showed triple negative breast cancer. Three mutation types and 17 gene mutation sites were detected through bioinformatics prediction analysis on the basis of co-segregation of genotype and phenotype within the family and whole exome sequencing results. Combined with the Cancer Genome Atlas database comprehensive analysis, the MT1E c.G107A (p.C36Y) mutation may be a potential pathogenic site. CONCLUSIONS: Through whole exome sequencing, we identified a total of 17 potential pathogenic mutation loci, none of which have been reported thus far. Therefore, our work expanded the gene mutation spectrum of familial hereditary triple negative breast cancer, which can provide more basis for family genetic counseling.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Exome Sequencing , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms , Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Pedigree , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Mutation , BRCA1 Protein/genetics , Genetic TestingABSTRACT
Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) exerts a protective role on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by the release of various humoral factors. Lactate is a common metabolite in ischemic tissues. Nevertheless, little is known about the role lactate plays in myocardial I/R injury and its underlying mechanism. This investigation revealed that RIPC elevated the level of lactate in blood and myocardium. Furthermore, AZD3965, a selective monocarboxylate transporter 1 inhibitor, and 2-deoxy-d-glucose, a glycolysis inhibitor, mitigated the effects of RIPC-induced elevated lactate in the myocardium and prevented RIPC against myocardial I/R injury. In an in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation model, lactate markedly mitigated hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cell damage in H9c2 cells. Meanwhile, further studies suggested that lactate contributed to RIPC, rescuing I/R-induced autophagy deficiency by promoting transcription factor EB (TFEB) translocation to the nucleus through activating the AMPK-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway without influencing the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway, thus reducing cardiomyocyte damage. Interestingly, we also found that lactate up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of connexin 43 (CX43) by facilitating the binding of TFEB to CX43 promoter in the myocardium. Functionally, silencing of TFEB attenuated the protective effect of lactate on cell damage, which was reversed by overexpression of CX43. Further mechanistic studies suggested lactate facilitated CX43-regulated autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB signaling pathway. Collectively, our research demonstrates that RIPC protects against myocardial I/R injury through lactate-mediated myocardial autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB-CX43 axis.
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Background: The incidence of severe infections (SIs) in patients with autoimmune nephropathy after rituximab (RTX) treatment varies significantly. Our study aims to identify high-risk populations, specifically by comparing the differences in the risk of SIs between patients with primary nephropathy and those with nephropathy in the context of systemic autoimmune diseases (referred to as secondary nephropathy). Methods: This retrospective cohort study investigated the occurrence of SIs in adult patients with immune-related kidney disease who received RTX treatment at our institution from 2017 to 2022. Multivariable COX regression models were used to analyze the association between the type of nephropathy (primary or secondary) and SIs. Propensity score analyses, subgroup analyses, and E-value calculations were performed to ensure the reliability of the results. Results: Out of 123 patients, 32 (26%) developed 39 cases of SIs during a mean follow-up period of 19.7 ± 14.6 months post-RTX treatment, resulting in an incidence rate of 18.9/100 patient-years. The multivariable COX regression analysis indicated that patients with secondary nephropathy had a significantly higher risk of SIs compared to those with primary nephropathy (HR = 5.86, 95% CI: 1.05-32.63, P = 0.044), even after accounting for confounding variables including gender, age, BMI, history of prior SIs, baseline eGFR, lymphocyte counts, IgG levels, and the utilization of other immunosuppressive therapies. Various sensitivity analyses consistently supported these findings, with an E-value of 5.99. Furthermore, advanced age (HR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.06; P = 0.023), low baseline IgG levels (HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.64-0.89; P < 0.001), and recent history of SIs (HR: 5.68; 95% CI: 2.2-14.66; P < 0.001) were identified as independent risk factors. Conclusion: The incidence of SIs following RTX administration in patients with autoimmune nephropathy is significant. It is crucial to note that there are distinct differences between the subgroups of primary and secondary nephropathy. Patients with secondary nephropathy, particularly those who are elderly, have low baseline IgG levels, and have a recent history of SI, are more susceptible to SIs.
Subject(s)
Rituximab , Humans , Rituximab/adverse effects , Rituximab/therapeutic use , Male , Female , Retrospective Studies , Middle Aged , Aged , Adult , Incidence , Infections/etiology , Infections/epidemiology , Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy , Autoimmune Diseases/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Immunologic Factors/adverse effects , Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use , Kidney Diseases/etiology , Kidney Diseases/epidemiology , Kidney Diseases/chemically inducedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic inflammatory disease, characterized by the presence of non-caseating, epithelioid granulomas. Glomerular disease in patients with sarcoidosis is rare and membranous nephropathy (MN) is cited as the most common. The association between the two diseases remained unclear. This article reported a case of co-occurrence of sarcoidosis and anti-PLA2R-associated MN, to provide a possible relationship between these two entities. CASE PRESENTATION: A 61-year-old Chinese Han woman with a history of sarcoidosis was admitted to our hospital for nephrotic syndrome. Her sarcoidosis was diagnosed according to the adenopathy observed on the computed tomography scan and the biopsy of lymph nodes. The MN presented with nephrotic syndrome with a PLA2R antibody titer of 357RU/ml, and the final diagnosis was based on a renal biopsy. The patient's sarcoidosis was remitted after treatment with prednisone. One year later MN was diagnosed, and she was treated with prednisone combined with calcineurin inhibitors, based on a full dose of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitor. The patient's sarcoidosis had been in remission while the MN was recurrent, and her renal function deteriorated to end-stage renal disease 6 years later due to discontinuation of immunosuppression. A genetic test led to the identification of the HLA-DRB1*0301 and HLA-DRB1*150 genes associated with both sarcoidosis and MN, which provides a new possible explanation of the co-occurrence of these two diseases. CONCLUSION: This case suggested for the first time a potential genetic connection between idiopathic MN and sarcoidosis which needs further studies in the future.
Subject(s)
Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Glomerulonephritis, Membranous , Receptors, Phospholipase A2 , Sarcoidosis , Humans , Glomerulonephritis, Membranous/genetics , Glomerulonephritis, Membranous/drug therapy , Glomerulonephritis, Membranous/complications , Female , Middle Aged , Receptors, Phospholipase A2/genetics , Receptors, Phospholipase A2/immunology , Sarcoidosis/complications , Sarcoidosis/genetics , Sarcoidosis/drug therapy , Autoantibodies/bloodABSTRACT
Although the concentrations of five basic ambient air pollutants in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) have been reduced since the implementation of the "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan" in 2013, the ozone concentrations still increase. In order to explore the causes of ozone pollution in YRD, we use the GEOS-Chem and its adjoint model to study the sensitivities of ozone to its precursor emissions from different source regions and emission sectors during heavy ozone pollution events under typical circulation patterns. The Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) of Tsinghua University and 0.25° × 0.3125° nested grids are adopted in the model. By using the T-mode principal component analysis (T-PCA), the circulation patterns of heavy ozone pollution days (observed MDA8 O3 concentrations ≥160 µg m-3) in Nanjing located in the center area of YRD from 2013 to 2019 are divided into four types, with the main features of Siberian Low, Lake Balkhash High, Northeast China Low, Yellow Sea High, and southeast wind at the surface. The adjoint results show that the contributions of emissions emitted from Jiangsu and Zhejiang are the largest to heavy ozone pollution in Nanjing. The 10 % reduction of anthropogenic NOx and NMVOCs emissions in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai could reduce the ozone concentrations in Nanjing by up to 3.40 µg m-3 and 0.96 µg m-3, respectively. However, the reduction of local NMVOCs emissions has little effect on ozone concentrations in Nanjing, and the reduction of local NOx emissions would even increase ozone pollution. For different emissions sectors, industry emissions account for 31 %-74 % of ozone pollution in Nanjing, followed by transportation emissions (18 %-49 %). This study could provide the scientific basis for forecasting ozone pollution events and formulating accurate strategies of emission reduction.
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Neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies have made significant progress in cancer treatment. However, tumor adjuvant therapy still faces challenges due to the intrinsic heterogeneity of cancer, genomic instability, and the formation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Functional materials possess unique biological properties such as long circulation times, tumor-specific targeting, and immunomodulation. The combination of functional materials with natural substances and nanotechnology has led to the development of smart biomaterials with multiple functions, high biocompatibilities, and negligible immunogenicities, which can be used for precise cancer treatment. Recently, subcellular structure-targeting functional materials have received particular attention in various biomedical applications including the diagnosis, sensing, and imaging of tumors and drug delivery. Subcellular organelle-targeting materials can precisely accumulate therapeutic agents in organelles, considerably reduce the threshold dosages of therapeutic agents, and minimize drug-related side effects. This review provides a systematic and comprehensive overview of the research progress in subcellular organelle-targeted cancer therapy based on functional nanomaterials. Moreover, it explains the challenges and prospects of subcellular organelle-targeting functional materials in precision oncology. The review will serve as an excellent cutting-edge guide for researchers in the field of subcellular organelle-targeted cancer therapy.
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Background: This study aimed to describe disease activity, clinical outcome, and overall patterns of lupus nephritis care in patients who received belimumab in a real-world clinical setting in China. Materials and Methods: This observational cohort study included lupus nephritis patients who received belimumab as adjunct therapy. We deeply investigated the characteristics of those patients including clinical response to belimumab and safety. Results: All 61 lupus nephritis patients were included with a median follow-up period of 9 months (6, 19). Prevalence of proteinuria (52.5-24.6%) and hematuria (33.3-9.8%) was decreased with a stable level of eGFR at last visit. The percentage of patients achieved complete or partial renal response increased from 47.5% to 78.7% and the proportion of complete or partial renal response in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis was higher than those with membranous lupus nephritis (75 vs. 50%) at last visit. The median SLEDAI score decreased from 6 to 2, and there was an increase in patient of LLDAS from 17 to 33 at last visit. A notable dose reduction was seen for glucocorticosteroid dose, with a median change from 10 to 5 mg/d. The proportion of patients receiving >7.5 mg/d steroids reduced from 52.5% at baseline to 23.0% at last visit. The discontinuation of belimumab was rare (3/61) for drug-induced fever, hyperthyroidism, and uveitis. Conclusions: Lupus nephritis patients with belimumab demonstrated improvements in clinical response and a reduction in glucocorticosteroids, which provided evidence of effectiveness and safety in real-world clinical practice in China.
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OBJECTIVES: Data on angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) sacubitril-valsartan (SV) in patients undergoing maintenance dialysis is scarce. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of SV on patients undergoing dialysis. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data of end-stage kidney disease (ESRD) patients undergoing either peritoneal dialysis (PD) or hemodialysis (HD) in our center. A total of 51 patients receiving SV treatment were enrolled in the SV group. Another 51 age and sex-matched patients on dialysis without SV treatment were selected as the control group. All the patients were regularly followed up in the dialysis clinic. Their clinical, biochemical, and echocardiographic parameters were all recorded at baseline and during follow-up. The effect and safety of SV were further analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 102 ESRD patients on dialysis (51 patients in the SV group and 51 patients in the control group) were finally enrolled. The median follow-up time was 349 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 217-535 days). The level of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) (median [IQR] before and after SV treatment: 596.35 pg/ml [190.6-1714.85] vs. 188.7 pg/ml [83.34-600.35], p < 0.001) or N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (median [IQR]: 6316.00 pg/ml [4552.00-28598.00] vs. 5074.00 pg/ml [2229.00-9851.00], p = 0.022) were significantly decreased after treatment with SV. The variant rate of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly higher in the SV group compared to the control group, especially in the PD subgroup. No significant difference was found in other echocardiographic parameters between SV and control group. Subgroup analysis of the PD group showed an increase in daily PD ultrafiltration (median [IQR]: 400 ml/d [200-500] vs. 500 ml/d [200-850], p = 0.114) after SV treatment. Variant rate of overhydration (OH) measured by the body composition monitor (BCM) of the SV group were significantly different from the control group (median [IQR]: -13.13% [-42.85%-27.84%] vs. 0% [-17.95%-53.85%], p = 0.049). The rate of hyperkalemia was slightly higher but without significant difference before and after the introduction of SV (19.6% vs. 27.5%, p = 0.350). No event of hypotension and angioedema were observed. CONCLUSIONS: SV might have a cardio-protective role in ESRD patients undergoing dialysis, especially in PD patients. Serum potassium should be monitored during the treatment.
Subject(s)
Heart Failure , Kidney Failure, Chronic , Humans , Natriuretic Peptide, Brain , Heart Failure/drug therapy , Stroke Volume , Retrospective Studies , Tetrazoles/adverse effects , Ventricular Function, Left , Renal Dialysis , Valsartan/therapeutic use , Drug Combinations , Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Kidney Failure, Chronic/chemically induced , Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology , Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic useABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Anti-complement factor H (CFH) autoantibodies could be detected in lupus and its significance remained to be elucidated. Herein, we aimed to explore the roles of anti-CFH autoantibodies based on pristane-induced lupus mice. METHODS: Twenty-four female Balb/c mice were randomly divided into four groups, with one group injected with pristane (pristane group), one group with pristane and then human CFH (hCFH) (pristane-CFH group) 3 times, and the other two as vertical controls, PBS group and PBS-CFH group. Histopathological analysis was performed six months after pristane administration. Levels of hCFH, anti-CFH autoantibodies and anti-dsDNA antibody were detected. Murine IgG (mIgG) were purified and cross-reactivity, epitopes, subclasses and functional analysis were further evaluated in vitro. RESULTS: Immunization with hCFH and subsequent development of anti-CFH autoantibodies significantly attenuated nephritis of pristane-induced lupus, including lower levels of urinary protein and serum creatinine, decreased levels of serum anti-dsDNA antibody, greatly ameliorated renal histopathologic damage, decreased IgG, complements (C1q, C3) deposits and lower inflammatory factor (IL-6) expression in glomerulus. Furthermore, the purified mIgG (contained anti-CFH autoantibodies) could recognize both hCFH and murine CFH, and the epitopes were predominantly located in hCFH short consensus repeats (SCRs) 1-4, 7 and 11-14. The IgG subclasses were predominant IgG1. The autoantibodies could enhance the binding between hCFH and C3b, and increase factor I mediated-C3b lysis in vitro. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that anti-CFH autoantibodies could attenuate pristane-induced lupus nephritis by increasing bio-functions of CFH on regulating complement activation and controlling inflammation.
Subject(s)
Lupus Nephritis , Animals , Female , Humans , Mice , Autoantibodies , Complement Factor H , Epitopes , Immunoglobulin G , Immunologic Factors , Lupus Nephritis/chemically induced , Lupus Nephritis/immunology , Mice, Inbred BALB CABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study was initiated to evaluate the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway involved in renal endothelial-podocyte crosstalk in patients with lupus nephritis (LN). METHODS: We compared the kidney protein expression patterns of 10 patients with LN with severe endothelial-podocyte injury and 3 patients with non-severe endothelial-podocyte injury on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded kidney tissues using label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for quantitative proteomics analysis. Podocyte injury was graded by foot process width (FPW). The severe group was referred to patients with both glomerular endocapillary hypercellularity and FPW >1240 nm. The non-severe group included patients with normal endothelial capillaries and FPW in the range of 619~1240 nm. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses were performed based on the protein intensity levels of differentially expressed proteins in each patient. An enriched mTOR pathway was selected, and the activation of mTOR complexes in renal biopsied specimens was further verified in 176 patients with LN. RESULTS: Compared with those of the non-severe group, 230 proteins were upregulated and 54 proteins were downregulated in the severe group. Furthermore, GO enrichment analysis showed enrichment in the 'positive regulation of mTOR signalling' pathway. The glomerular activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) was significantly increased in the severe group compared with the non-severe group (p=0.034), and mTORC1 was located in podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells. Glomerular activation of mTORC1 was positively correlated with endocapillary hypercellularity (r=0.289, p<0.001) and significantly increased in patients with both endocapillary hypercellularity and FPW >1240 nm (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Glomerular mTORC1 was highly activated in patients with both glomerular endocapillary hypercellularity and podocyte injury, which might be involved in podocytes to endothelial cells communication in lupus nephritis.
Subject(s)
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic , Lupus Nephritis , Podocytes , Humans , Podocytes/metabolism , Lupus Nephritis/pathology , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1/metabolism , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolismABSTRACT
The United States is the world's largest oil/gas methane emitter according to current national reports. Reducing these emissions is a top priority in the US government's climate action plan. Here, we use a 2010 to 2019 high-resolution inversion of surface and satellite observations of atmospheric methane to quantify emission trends for individual oil/gas production regions in North America and relate them to production and infrastructure. We estimate a mean US oil/gas methane emission of 14.8 (12.4 to 16.5) Tg a-1 for 2010 to 2019, 70% higher than reported by the US Environmental Protection Agency. While emissions in Canada and Mexico decreased over the period, US emissions increased from 2010 to 2014, decreased until 2017, and rose again afterward. Increases were driven by the largest production regions (Permian, Anadarko, Marcellus), while emissions in the smaller production regions generally decreased. Much of the year-to-year emission variability can be explained by oil/gas production rates, active well counts, and new wells drilled, with the 2014 to 2017 decrease driven by reduction in new wells and the 2017 to 2019 surge driven by upswing of production. We find a steady decrease in the oil/gas methane intensity (emission per unit methane gas production) for almost all major US production regions. The mean US methane intensity decreased from 3.7% in 2010 to 2.5% in 2019. If the methane intensity for the oil/gas supply chain continues to decrease at this pace, we may expect a 32% decrease in US oil/gas emissions by 2030 despite projected increases in production.
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Fibrosis of the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) occurs after knee joint surgery or during knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and causes persistent pain and limited mobility. Previous studies demonstrated that treating IFP fibrosis alleviated pain in animal models. In this study, we examined the effects of hyaluronic acid (HA) sheet transplantation on IFP fibrosis and articular cartilage degeneration in a monoiodoacetic acid (MIA) rat arthritis model (95 male rats). Rats received bilateral intra-articular MIA injections (1.0 mg/30 µL) and underwent surgery 4 days later. HA sheets were transplanted on the right knee of each rat (HA group), with the left knee receiving sham surgery (sham group). Incapacitance tests were performed at multiple time points up to 28 days after MIA injection. Macroscopic, histological, and immunohistochemical analyzes were performed 14 and 28 days after injection. The concentrations of HA and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) in the synovial fluid were measured using ELISA. Transplantation of HA sheets could alleviate persistent pain 10-28 days after injection. The HA sheets inhibited articular cartilage degeneration at 14 days. Fibrosis and the invasion of calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive nerve fiber endings in the IFP were inhibited at both 14 and 28 days. Moreover, the HA sheets remained histologically until 10 days after transplantation. The concentration of HA reached its peak on Day 10 after transplantation; the concentration of IL-1ß in the sham group was significantly higher than that in the HA group on Day 7. Therefore, HA sheets could be a promising option to treat IFP fibrosis occurring in KOA and after knee joint surgery.
Subject(s)
Hyaluronic Acid , Osteoarthritis, Knee , Rats , Male , Animals , Rats, Wistar , Knee Joint/pathology , Adipose Tissue/pathology , Osteoarthritis, Knee/pathology , Pain , Fibrosis , Injections, Intra-ArticularABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the association between glomerular mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway activation and crescents' degree in lupus nephritis (LN) patients. METHODS: A total of 159 biopsy-proven LN patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. The clinical and pathological data of them were collected at the time of renal biopsy. mTORC1 pathway activation was measured by immunohistochemistry, expressed by the mean optical density (MOD) of p-RPS6 (ser235/236), and multiplexed immunofluorescence. The association of mTORC1 pathway activation with clinico-pathological features especially renal crescentic lesions, and the composite outcomes in LN patients was further analyzed. RESULTS: mTORC1 pathway activation could be detected in the crescentic lesions and was positively correlated with the percentage of crescents (r = 0.479, P < 0.001) in LN patients. Subgroup analysis showed mTORC1 pathway was more activated in patients with cellular or fibrocellular crescentic lesions (P < 0.001), but not fibrous crescentic lesions (P = 0.270). The optimal cutoff value of the MOD of p-RPS6 (ser235/236) was 0.0111299 for predicting the presence of cellular-fibrocellular crescents in >7.39% of the glomeruli by the receiver operating characteristic curve. Cox regression survival analysis showed that mTORC1 pathway activation was an independent risk factor for the worse outcome (defined by composite endpoints of death, end-stage renal disease and a decrease of >30% in eGFR from baseline). CONCLUSION: Activation of mTORC1 pathway was closely associated with the cellular-fibrocellular crescentic lesions and could be a prognostic marker in LN patients.
Subject(s)
Kidney Failure, Chronic , Lupus Nephritis , Humans , Lupus Nephritis/pathology , Retrospective Studies , Kidney Glomerulus/pathology , Kidney/pathology , Kidney Failure, Chronic/complicationsABSTRACT
CD8+Tregs are important immunoregulatory cells that participate in immunopathological processes in many diseases. Rapamycin (Rapa) is a macrolide immunosuppressant that inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and has been shown to improve CD4+-induced Tregs (iTregs) generation. This study aimed to evaluate the role of Rapa in the generation and function of CD8+iTregs. Human CD8 + CD25-CD45RA + T cells were divided into two groups, one with Rapa and the other without Rapa, and both groups were cultured under Treg-induced conditions. Rapa significantly improved Foxp3 expression and the suppressive function of CD8+iTregs in vitro. Further studies showed that Rapa suppressed inflammatory cytokine expression and enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokine expression. Under inflammatory conditions in vitro, Rapa-CD8 + iTregs sustained Foxp3 and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression. An in-depth study showed that Rapa regulated CpG demethylation in the Foxp3 region and STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation in CD8+iTregs. Finally, we compared the regulatory ability of Rapa and all-trans retinoic acid, another reagent that stimulates CD4+ iTreg generation in vitro, which showed that Rapa, but not all-trans retinoic acid, improved CD8+ iTreg induction and suppressed CD4+T cell expansion in vitro and protected against graft-versus-host disease in a humanized murine model in vivo. These results strongly suggest that CD8+iTregs initiated by Rapa may represent a new therapeutic strategy for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Subject(s)
Graft vs Host Disease , Sirolimus , Mice , Humans , Animals , Sirolimus/pharmacology , Sirolimus/therapeutic use , Disease Models, Animal , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory , Cytokines/metabolism , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology , Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism , Tretinoin/pharmacology , Mammals/metabolismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study was initiated to establish a renal thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) scoring system based on clinical needs and investigate its predictive value for patients' long-term outcomes. METHODS: Kidney biopsy-proven Complement-mediated TMA (C-TMA) patients from January 2000 to December 2017 in Peking University First Hospital were retrospectively studied. Both acute and chronic TMA-related lesions, including 15 pathologic indices, were semiquantitatively scored. The interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility and correlation between the pathologic indices and clinical parameters were analyzed. Furthermore, the patients were divided into 2 groups by dialysis use at baseline, and the association of these pathologic indices with their prognostic outcomes was assessed between the two groups. RESULTS: Ninety-two patients with renal biopsy-proven C-TMA were enrolled. All fifteen included pathology indices showed good or moderate interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility and correlated well with several clinical parameters. Several clinicopathological indices were worse in the dialysis group than in the nondialysis group, such as serum creatinine, hemoglobin, platelet count, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Moreover, morphologic features in the dialysis group presented with more severe vascular lesions. Interstitial fibrosis and chronic tubulointerstitial lesions were related to a trend of high risk of continuous dialysis in the dialysis group. Based on univariate and multivariable Cox regression analysis, more severe glomerular lesions, including glomerular mesangiolysis, glomerular basement membrane double contours and glomerular mesangial proliferation, were identified as risk factors predicting worse prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our renal C-TMA semiquantitative scoring system is reliable with good reproducibility and prognostic value in clinical practice, which needs further validation.
Subject(s)
Kidney Diseases , Thrombotic Microangiopathies , Humans , Retrospective Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Thrombotic Microangiopathies/complications , Thrombotic Microangiopathies/pathology , Prognosis , Renal Dialysis/adverse effects , Kidney Diseases/complicationsABSTRACT
Chromosomes occupy discrete spaces in the interphase cell nucleus, called chromosome territory. The structural and functional relevance of chromosome territory remains elusive. We fused chromosome 15 and 17 in mouse haploid embryonic stem cells (haESCs), resulting in distinct changes of territories in the cognate chromosomes, but with little effect on gene expression, pluripotency and gamete functions of haESCs. The karyotype-engineered haESCs were successfully implemented in generating heterozygous (2n = 39) and homozygous (2n = 38) mouse models. Mice containing the fusion chromosome are fertile, and their representative tissues and organs display no phenotypic abnormalities, suggesting unscathed development. These results indicate that the mammalian chromosome architectures are highly resilient, and reorganization of chromosome territories can be readily tolerated during cell differentiation and mouse development.
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The current study was initiated to comprehensively evaluate renal NLRP3 inflammasome pathway activation in lupus nephritis (LN) patients and their clinicopathological significances based on a Chinese LN cohort. We found that the expressions of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1ß and IL-18 were all significantly higher in the kidneys of LN patients and were predominantly expressed in glomerular mesangial cells, podocytes, renal tubular epithelial cells and macrophages. The expressions of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 and IL-1ß were positively correlated to SLEDAI scores and several renal pathological activity indices, while the expression of NLRP3 was negatively associated with chronicity scores. Moreover, the foot process width was positively correlated with glomerular caspase-1 levels, and several podocyte injury markers were decreased significantly in LN patients with higher caspase-1 expression compared with those with lower expression. Our findings indicated that renal NLRP3 inflammasome was activated in LN patients and correlated with disease activity, which needs further explorations.
Subject(s)
Lupus Nephritis , Humans , Lupus Nephritis/pathology , Inflammasomes/metabolism , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism , Kidney/pathology , Caspase 1/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Both AKT and Aurora inhibitors are a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of malignant tumors. However, the role of combined inhibition of AKT and Aurora in colon cancer and its underlying mechanism have yet to be fully investigated. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of combined AKT and Aurora inhibitors in colon cancer and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: CCK8 assay, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry were performed to analyze the proliferation and apoptosis of colon cancer cell line SW480 treated with combined AKT inhibitor MK2206 and Aurora inhibitor Alisertib, respectively. And tumor formation and growth were measured in tumor allograft model mice administered with the combined inhibitors. Western blot analysis was used to examine the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins and signal transduction pathway components. The PI3K agonist 740Y-P and Overexpression of AKT are used to verify whether the PI3K/AKT pathway plays an anti-tumor effect when combined with inhibitory administration. RESULTS: Aurora A inhibitor Alisertib and AKT inhibitor MK2206 displayed consistent and synergistic antiproliferation and proapoptotic effects. Combined inhibition of Aurora A and AKT down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2/Bax and up-regulated the expression of cleaved-caspase-3 and cleaved-PARP. While single-drug treatment can significantly inhibit the expression of P-PI3K and P-AKT as well as increase the expression of P53 and H2A.X, the combined drugs had a more significant inhibitory effect than the single drug. Moreover, administration of PI3K agonist 740Y-P and AKT1 overexpression in experiments proved that the combined drugs exert an anticancer effect by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway. Meanwhile, we showed that the combined administration had an anti-colon cancer effect on tumor allograft mice, and the underlying mechanism involved inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway. CONCLUSION: Combined administration of Aurora A inhibitor Alisertib and AKT inhibitor MK2206 can inhibit the proliferation of colon cancer cells and induce apoptosis, while inhibiting tumor growth in vivo. The underlying mechanism may involve the PI3K/AKT pathway and DNA damage pathway.
Subject(s)
Aurora Kinase A , Neoplasms , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt , Animals , Mice , Apoptosis , Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/antagonists & inhibitors , Signal Transduction , Aurora Kinase A/antagonists & inhibitorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: There is controversy about the association between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This article aims to explore the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitaminD (25 OHD) with the risk of CVD. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science database, OVID, and Cochrane Library databases (last updated in August 2022) were systematically searched. The relationship between 25OHD and the risk of CVD was assessed by using the 95% confidence intervals (CI) and hazard ratio (HR). The effect model was selected by the size of heterogeneity. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 40 cohort studies that contained 652352 samples. The pooled results showed that a decreased level of 25OHD was associated with an increased relative risk of total CVD events (HR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.26-1.43). Furthermore, the results also showed that a decreased circulating 25OHD level was associated with an increased mortality of CVD (HR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.30-1.57) and incidence of CVD (HR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.16-1.36), especially an increased risk of heart failure (HF) (HR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.2-1.6), myocardial infarction (MI) (HR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.13-1.44) and coronary heart disease (CHD) (HR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.1-1.49). CONCLUSIONS: The current meta-analysis shows that reduced serum 25OHD concentrations is not only associated with increased total cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality, but also with increased risk of HF, MI, and CHD. LIMITATIONS: The underlying mechanism still needs to be explored further, and well-designed RCTs are needed to confirm the role of vitamin D in the occurrence and development of CVD.