Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Hepatorenal Syndrome/mortality , Hepatorenal Syndrome/drug therapy , Octreotide/administration & dosage , Albumins/administration & dosage , Terlipressin/administration & dosage , Midodrine/administration & dosage , Hepatorenal Syndrome/diagnosis , Drug Administration Schedule , Survival Analysis , Reproducibility of Results , Follow-Up Studies , Treatment Outcome , Evidence-Based Medicine , Drug Therapy, Combination , Liver Function TestsSubject(s)
Humans , Peritonitis/prevention & control , Bacterial Infections/prevention & control , Norfloxacin/administration & dosage , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/administration & dosage , Bacteremia/prevention & control , Liver Cirrhosis/complications , Peritonitis/complications , Australia , Bacterial Infections/complications , Prospective Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Treatment Outcome , Bacteremia/complications , Evidence-Based Medicine , Anti-Infective Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Oxidative stress is a condition caused by the high intracellular concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that includes superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide. Nanoparticles could cause rapid generation of free radicals by redox reactions. ROS can react directly with membrane lipids, proteins and DNA and are normally scavenged by antioxidants that are capable of neutralizing; however, elevated concentrations of ROS in bacterial cells can result in oxidative stress. The aim of this work was contribute to the knowledge of action mechanism of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) and their relation to the generation of oxidative stress in bacteria. We demonstrated that Ag-NPs generated oxidative stress in Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated by the increment of ROS and this increase correlated with a better antimicrobial activity. On the other hand, we showed that the oxidative stress caused by the Ag-NPs biosynthesized was associated to a variation in the level of reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI). Oxidative stress in bacteria can result from disruption of the electronic transport chain due to the high affinity of Ag-NPs for the cell membrane. This imbalance in the oxidative stress was evidentiated by a macromolecular oxidation at level of DNA, lipids and proteins in E. coli exposed to Ag-NPs. The formation of ROS and RNI by Ag-NPs may also be considered to explain the bacterial death.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/toxicity , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Metal Nanoparticles/toxicity , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Silver/toxicity , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , DNA, Bacterial/metabolism , Escherichia coli/growth & development , Escherichia coli/metabolism , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/growth & development , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Staphylococcus aureus/growth & development , Staphylococcus aureus/metabolismABSTRACT
In South American countries, the class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) so far recognised belong to the CTX-M, Pseudomonas Extended Resistance (PER), SHV and TEM families. ESBL rates in South America are among the highest in the world, probably due to multiple factors. SHV- and TEM-type ESBLs have been frequently encountered, but CTX-M is endemic and widely dominant. PER-type ESBLs seem to be restricted to the southern 'cone' of South America. Community-acquired ESBLs are starting to appear.
Subject(s)
Gram-Negative Bacteria/enzymology , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/epidemiology , beta-Lactamases/biosynthesis , beta-Lactamases/classification , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Child, Preschool , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Humans , Prevalence , South America/epidemiology , beta-Lactam ResistanceABSTRACT
Taking into account previous recommendations from the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS), the Antimicrobial Committee, Sociedad Argentina de Bacteriología Clínica (SADEBAC), Asociación Argentina de Microbiología (AAM), and the experience from its members and some invited microbiologists, a consensus was obtained for antimicrobial susceptibility testing and interpretation in most frequent enterobacterial species isolated from clinical samples in our region. This document describes the natural antimicrobial resistance of some Enterobacteriaceae family members, including the resistance profiles due to their own chromosomal encoded beta-lactamases. A list of the antimicrobial agents that should be tested, their position on the agar plates, in order to detect the most frequent antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, and considerations on which antimicrobial agents should be reported regarding to the infection site and patient characteristics are included. Also, a description on appropriate phenotypic screening and confirmatory test for detection of prevalent extended spectrum beta-lactamases in our region are presented. Finally, a summary on frequent antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and their probably associated resistance mechanisms, and some infrequent antimicrobial resistance profiles that deserve confirmation are outlined.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Bacterial Proteins/analysis , Drug Resistance , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Enterobacteriaceae/enzymology , Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/drug therapy , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/economics , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/standards , Phenotype , Quality Control , beta-Lactamases/analysisABSTRACT
En este documento se elaboraron una serie de recomendaciones para el ensayo, lectura, interpretación e informe de las pruebas de sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos para las enterobacterias aisladas con mayor frecuencia de especímenes clínicos. Se adoptaron como base las recomendaciones del National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) de los EEUU, los de la subcomisión de Antimicrobianos, de la Sociedad Argentina de Bacteriología Clínica (SADEBAC), división de la Asociación Argentina de Microbiología (AAM) y de un grupo de expertos invitados. En él se indican las resistencias naturales de los diferentes miembros que integran la familia Enterobacteriaceae y se analiza la actividad de las diferentes beta-lactamasas cromosómicas, propias de cada especie, sobre las penicilinas, cefalosporinas y carbapenemes. Se recomiendan los antimicrobianos que se deberían ensayar, ubicados estratégicamente, para detectar los mecanismos de resistencia más frecuentes y cuales se deberían informar de acuerdo a la especie aislada, el sitio de infección y el origen de la cepa (intra o extrahospitalario). Se detallan los métodos de "screening" y de confirmación fenotipíca para detectar beta-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) que son más adecuados a nuestra realidad. Por último, se mencionan patrones infrecuentes de sensibilidad/resistencia que deberían verificarse y los perfiles de sensibilidad que pueden hallarse en las distintas enterobacterias en relación con los probables mecanismos de resistencia. Se debe resaltar que el contenido de este documento debe ser considerado como recomendaciones realizadas por expertos argentinos basadas en una revisión de la literatura y datos personales.
Taking into account previous recommendations from the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS), the Antimicrobial Committee, Sociedad Argentina de Bacteriología Clínica (SADEBAC), Asociación Argentina de Microbiología (AAM), and the experience from its members and some invited microbiologists, a consensus was obtained for antimicrobial susceptibility testing and interpretation in most frequent enterobacterial species isolated from clinical samples in our region. This document describes the natural antimicrobial resistance of some Enterobacteriaceae family members, including the resistance profiles due to their own chromosomal encoded beta-lactamases. A list of the antimicrobial agents that should be tested, their position on the agar plates, in order to detect the most frequent antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, and considerations on which antimicrobial agents should be reported regarding to the infection site and patient characteristics are included. Also, a description on appropriate phenotypic screening and confirmatory test for detection of prevalent extended spectrum beta-lactamases in our region are presented. Finally, a summary on frequent antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and their probably associated resistance mechanisms, and some infrequent antimicrobial resistance profiles that deserve confirmation are outlined.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Bacterial Proteins/analysis , Drug Resistance , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/drug therapy , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology , Enterobacteriaceae/enzymology , Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/economics , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/standards , Phenotype , Quality Control , beta-Lactamases/analysisABSTRACT
Taking into account previous recommendations from the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS), the Antimicrobial Committee, Sociedad Argentina de Bacteriología Clínica (SADEBAC), Asociación Argentina de Microbiología (AAM), and the experience from its members and some invited microbiologists, a consensus was obtained for antimicrobial susceptibility testing and interpretation in most frequent enterobacterial species isolated from clinical samples in our region. This document describes the natural antimicrobial resistance of some Enterobacteriaceae family members, including the resistance profiles due to their own chromosomal encoded beta-lactamases. A list of the antimicrobial agents that should be tested, their position on the agar plates, in order to detect the most frequent antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, and considerations on which antimicrobial agents should be reported regarding to the infection site and patient characteristics are included. Also, a description on appropriate phenotypic screening and confirmatory test for detection of prevalent extended spectrum beta-lactamases in our region are presented. Finally, a summary on frequent antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and their probably associated resistance mechanisms, and some infrequent antimicrobial resistance profiles that deserve confirmation are outlined.
ABSTRACT
Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins is often associated with plasmid encoded extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). In order to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of ESBLs in enterobacteria in our city, a 1-month-period survey was carried out from April to May 2000. Extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant strains, isolated from inpatient clinical specimens other than stools, were collected among 17 participating hospitals. From a total of 427 enterobacterial strains that were collected during this period, 39 were extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistant. The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards' Screening and Confirmatory Tests for ESBL production were performed using cefotaxime and ceftazidime; cefepime and cefepime-clavulanic acid-containing disks were included. beta-Lactamases were characterized by isoelectric focusing and PCR amplification using specific primers. Three different ESBLs were detected: SHV-related (4 isolates), PER-2-type (9 isolates), and CTX-M-2-related (26 isolates). Sequencing of the corresponding genes confirmed CTX-M-2 in 19 of 21 and CTX-M-31 (an allelic variant) in the remaining 2 of 21. CTX-M-2 (or its variant) was detected in all Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, Proteus mirabilis, and Providencia stuartii strains, while PER-2 was detected in Enterobacter cloacae, E. aerogenes, and Klebsiella pneumoniae; SHV-related ESBL were found only in K. pneumoniae. These results clearly show that CTX-M-2 is the most prevalent ESBL produced by enterobacterial species isolated from public hospitals in Buenos Aires.
Subject(s)
Cross Infection/microbiology , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology , Enterobacteriaceae/enzymology , beta-Lactamases/chemistry , Argentina/epidemiology , Clavulanic Acid/pharmacology , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/epidemiology , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Hospitals, Public , Humans , Isoelectric Focusing , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , beta-Lactamase Inhibitors , beta-Lactamases/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is mainly performed in Argentina by disk diffusion method, following National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) recommendations. We worked out new recommendations for the reporting and interpretation of this test when dealing with gram-positive cocci, in accordance to local trends and epidemiology. General considerations for performing the diffusion assay, quality control, and an update on susceptibility testing for gram-positive cocci are reported in this first document. The present update should be considered as a group of recommendations summarized by Argentinean experts and as the result of a consensus meeting coordinated by the Subcomisión de Antimicrobianos of the Sociedad Argentina de Bacteriología Clínica (Asociación Argentina de Microbiología). Experts in antimicrobial agents were convened in order to prepare this final document. These recommendations take into account local needs, affordability and availability to be used in current practice, tending to contribute to the correct antimicrobial treatment election, according to the particular microorganism and the infection sites.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Gram-Positive Cocci/drug effects , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Algorithms , Drug Resistance , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Gram-Positive Cocci/isolation & purification , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/economics , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/standards , Phenotype , Quality ControlABSTRACT
El antibiograma por difusión en agar con discos se encuentra ampliamente difundido en nuestro medio y se basa primariamente en las recomendaciones del National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). En este documento se elaboraron una serie de recomendaciones para el ensayo, lectura, interpretación e informe de las pruebas de sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos en cocos gram-positivos, adaptadas a la realidad argentina. En esta primera etapa se redactaron las consideraciones generales para la realización de la prueba por difusión, los controles de calidad internos para todos los microorganismos y una actualización sobre las pruebas de sensibilidad en cocos gram-positivos. Se debe resaltar que el contenido de este documento debe ser considerado como recomendaciones realizadas por expertos argentinos y que son el resultado de reuniones de consenso organizadas por la Subcomisión de Antimicrobianos de la Sociedad Argentina de Bacteriología Clínica, división de la Asociación Argentina de Microbiología. Se formó un equipo de trabajo integrado por expertos en antimicrobianos y a partir de una propuesta inicial, basada en una revisión de la literatura se fueron elaborando diversos documentos de trabajo que fueron mejorados después de ser debatidos por los miembros del grupo de trabajo hasta llegar al documento final. El criterio general fue elaborar recomendaciones acordes a las necesidades de nuestro país que puedan utilizarse en la práctica diaria con el objeto de colaborar en la adecuada elección del tratamiento antibiótico según la especie bacteriana aislada y la localización de la infección. (AU)
Subject(s)
Microbial Sensitivity Tests/standards , Gram-Positive Cocci/drug effects , Staphylococcus/drug effects , Enterococcus/drug effects , Streptococcus/drug effects , ArgentinaABSTRACT
El antibiograma por difusión en agar con discos se encuentra ampliamente difundido en nuestro medio y se basa primariamente en las recomendaciones del National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). En este documento se elaboraron una serie de recomendaciones para el ensayo, lectura, interpretación e informe de las pruebas de sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos en cocos gram-positivos, adaptadas a la realidad argentina. En esta primera etapa se redactaron las consideraciones generales para la realización de la prueba por difusión, los controles de calidad internos para todos los microorganismos y una actualización sobre las pruebas de sensibilidad en cocos gram-positivos. Se debe resaltar que el contenido de este documento debe ser considerado como recomendaciones realizadas por expertos argentinos y que son el resultado de reuniones de consenso organizadas por la Subcomisión de Antimicrobianos de la Sociedad Argentina de Bacteriología Clínica, división de la Asociación Argentina de Microbiología. Se formó un equipo de trabajo integrado por expertos en antimicrobianos y a partir de una propuesta inicial, basada en una revisión de la literatura se fueron elaborando diversos documentos de trabajo que fueron mejorados después de ser debatidos por los miembros del grupo de trabajo hasta llegar al documento final. El criterio general fue elaborar recomendaciones acordes a las necesidades de nuestro país que puedan utilizarse en la práctica diaria con el objeto de colaborar en la adecuada elección del tratamiento antibiótico según la especie bacteriana aislada y la localización de la infección.
Subject(s)
Argentina , Enterococcus , Gram-Positive Cocci , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Staphylococcus , StreptococcusABSTRACT
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is mainly performed in Argentina by disk diffusion method, following National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) recommendations. We worked out new recommendations for the reporting and interpretation of this test when dealing with gram-positive cocci, in accordance to local trends and epidemiology. General considerations for performing the diffusion assay, quality control, and an update on susceptibility testing for gram-positive cocci are reported in this first document. The present update should be considered as a group of recommendations summarized by Argentinean experts and as the result of a consensus meeting coordinated by the Subcomisión de Antimicrobianos of the Sociedad Argentina de Bacteriología Clínica (Asociación Argentina de Microbiología). Experts in antimicrobial agents were convened in order to prepare this final document. These recommendations take into account local needs, affordability and availability to be used in current practice, tending to contribute to the correct antimicrobial treatment election, according to the particular microorganism and the infection sites.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/epidemiology , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/complications , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/complications , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/mortality , Prospective Studies , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/physiopathology , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/mortality , Positive-Pressure Respiration , Intracranial PressureSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Brain Injuries/complications , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/epidemiology , Brain Injuries/mortality , Brain Injuries/physiopathology , Intracranial Pressure , Positive-Pressure Respiration , Prospective Studies , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/complications , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/mortalitySubject(s)
Humans , Algorithms , Oxygen/blood , Cerebrovascular Circulation , Jugular Veins , Oxygen ConsumptionSubject(s)
Humans , Oxygen/blood , Algorithms , Cerebrovascular Circulation , Jugular Veins , Oxygen ConsumptionABSTRACT
Histologicamente segun estudios hechos por Goncalvez y col. la necrosis e infiltrado inflamatorio se presento en todos los casos, mientras que la esteatosis en un 98 //. En los pacientes fallecidos se encontro con mas frecuencia la ictericia, hemorragia digestiva alta y la encefalopatia. La tasa de mortalidad especifica segun Dieter Gorenc y col., fue de 45,8/100.000. El estudio realizado en el Hospital de Clinicas permite demostrar tasas especificas de morbimortalidad en nuestro medio no estudiadas con anterioridad en este centro hospitalario, para hacer de este modo un estudio comparativo con el resto de paises latinos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Alcoholism/epidemiology , Bolivia , Morbidity , Mortality/trends , Alcoholism/mortality , Hepatomegaly/physiopathology , Jaundice/physiopathology , Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Alcohol Drinking/mortalityABSTRACT
Este trabajo describe el seguimiento a largo plazo de 376 mujeres que recibieron los implantes Norplant durante el período comprendido entre octubre de 1974 y mayo de 1979. En ciento diez de estos casos, se reemplazaron los implantes luego de diferentes plazos de uso del primer set. Los niveles promedios de levonorgestrel plasmático declinaron en forma paulatina a través de ocho años de uso continuo de las cápsulas Norplant (r=937). Los valores fueron 0,35 ng/ml, 0,29 ng/ml y 0,22 ng/ml durante el primer, quinto y octavo año de tratamiento, respectivamente. Luego de la extracción de Norplant y su reemplazo con un segundo set de implantes, los niveles de levonogestrel plasmático fueron similares a aquellos observados después de la primera inserción, tanto cuando se colocaron en el mismo lugar que el primer set como cuando se ubicaron en un área diferente. Se estableció que la vida media del levonorgestrel en plasma después del retiro de los implantes es de 42 ñ 16 h (x ñ D. S) y que sólo quedaban cantidades mínimas en circulación después de 96 h. Durante 18.530 meses-mujer de uso del primer set de implantes se produjeron diecinueve embarazos, once de ellos entre el sexto y octavo año de tratamiento. El índice de Pearl para los primeros cinco años de uso de implantes Norplant fue 0,63. En los 5.020 meses-mujer observadas durante el tratamiento con un segundo set de cápsulas no se ha producido ningún embarazo. Cincuenta y seis mujeres (14,9%) de las 376 usuarias del primer implante, y doce (10,9%) de las 110 mujeres que aceptaron el reemplazo de los implantes se retiraron del estudio por razones médicas, principalmente efectos secundarios asociados frecuentemente con la contracepción hormonal..