Ultrasound-guided resection of cerebellar racemose neurocysticercosis: novel insights from a unique scenario.

Racemose neurocysticercosis (RNC) is a malignant form of Taenia solium infection. It carries high mortality due to widespread intraparenchymal invasion, mass effect, and cyst rupture. Cerebellar RNC is unusual and constitutes a surgical challenge. Scarce applications of ultrasound (US) -guided resection have been reported for RNC of the posterior fossa. We report the case of a 66-year-old woman who presented with ataxia and dysmetria. Her past medical history was relevant for seizures and hydrocephalus secondary to neurocysticercosis. Because of the increasing cyst invasion and threatening mass effect in the posterior fossa, the patient underwent US-guided resection of lesions. Postoperative computed tomography (CT) demonstrated complete excision of cysts, and a 2-year follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed no recurrence. On neurological examination, the patient had persistent ataxia without new-onset neurological deficits. The present case study illustrates the feasibility and cost-effective approach of US-guided resection to provide enhanced operative visualization and achieve complete cyst resection.

Comparative and functional triatomine genomics reveals reductions and expansions in insecticide resistance-related gene families.

BACKGROUND: Triatomine insects are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan parasite that is the causative agent of Chagas' disease. This is a neglected disease affecting approximately 8 million people in Latin America. The existence of diverse pyrethroid resistant populations of at least two species demonstrates the potential of triatomines to develop high levels of insecticide resistance. Therefore, the incorporation of strategies for resistance management is a main concern for vector control programs. Three enzymatic superfamilies are thought to mediate xenobiotic detoxification and resistance: Glutathione Transferases (GSTs), Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) and Carboxyl/Cholinesterases (CCEs). Improving our knowledge of key triatomine detoxification enzymes will strengthen our understanding of insecticide resistance processes in vectors of Chagas' disease. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The discovery and description of detoxification gene superfamilies in normalized transcriptomes of three triatomine species: Triatoma dimidiata, Triatoma infestans and Triatoma pallidipennis is presented. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of these superfamilies among the triatomine transcriptomes and the genome of Rhodnius prolixus, also a triatomine vector of Chagas' disease, and other well-studied insect genomes was performed. The expression pattern of detoxification genes in R. prolixus transcriptomes from key organs was analyzed. The comparisons reveal gene expansions in Sigma class GSTs, CYP3 in CYP superfamily and clade E in CCE superfamily. Moreover, several CYP families identified in these triatomines have not yet been described in other insects. Conversely, several groups of insecticide resistance related enzymes within each enzyme superfamily are reduced or lacking in triatomines. Furthermore, our qRT-PCR results showed an increase in the expression of a CYP4 gene in a T. infestans population resistant to pyrethroids. These results could point to an involvement of metabolic detoxification mechanisms on the high levels of pyrethroid resistance detected in triatomines from the Gran Chaco ecoregion. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: Our results help to elucidate the potential insecticide resistance mechanisms in vectors of Chagas' disease and provide new relevant information for this field. This study shows that metabolic resistance might be a contributing cause of the high pyrethroid resistance observed in wild T. infestans populations from the Gran Chaco ecoregion, area in which although subjected to intense pyrethroid treatments, vector control has failed. This study opens new avenues for further functional studies on triatomine detoxification mechanisms.

Cap binding-independent recruitment of eIF4E to cytoplasmic foci.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is required for cap-dependent initiation. In addition, eIF4E occurs in cytoplasmic foci such as processing bodies (PB) and stress granules (SG). We examined the role of key functional amino acid residues of eIF4E in the recruitment of this protein to cytoplasmic foci. We demonstrate that tryptophan residues required for mRNA cap recognition are not required for the recruitment of eIF4E to SG or PB. We show that a tryptophan residue required for protein-protein interactions is essential for the accumulation of eIF4E in granules. Moreover, we show, by the analysis of two Drosophila eIF4E isoforms, that the tryptophan residue is the common feature for eIF4E for the transfer of active mRNA from polysomes to other ribonucleoprotein particles in the cytoplasm. This residue resides in a putative interaction domain different than the eIF4E-BP domain. We conclude that protein-protein interactions rather than interactions with the mRNA are essential for the recruitment of eIF4E and for a putative nucleation function.

Metagenomic analysis of taxa associated with Lutzomyia longipalpis, vector of visceral leishmaniasis, using an unbiased high-throughput approach.

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is one of the most diverse and complex of all vector-borne diseases worldwide. It is caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, obligate intramacrophage protists characterised by diversity and complexity. Its most severe form is visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a systemic disease that is fatal if left untreated. In Latin America VL is caused by Leishmania infantum chagasi and transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis. This phlebotomine sandfly is only found in the New World, from Mexico to Argentina. In South America, migration and urbanisation have largely contributed to the increase of VL as a public health problem. Moreover, the first VL outbreak was recently reported in Argentina, which has already caused 7 deaths and 83 reported cases. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: An inventory of the microbiota associated with insect vectors, especially of wild specimens, would aid in the development of novel strategies for controlling insect vectors. Given the recent VL outbreak in Argentina and the compelling need to develop appropriate control strategies, this study focused on wild male and female Lu. longipalpis from an Argentine endemic (Posadas, Misiones) and a Brazilian non-endemic (Lapinha Cave, Minas Gerais) VL location. Previous studies on wild and laboratory reared female Lu. longipalpis have described gut bacteria using standard bacteriological methods. In this study, total RNA was extracted from the insects and submitted to high-throughput pyrosequencing. The analysis revealed the presence of sequences from bacteria, fungi, protist parasites, plants and metazoans. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first time an unbiased and comprehensive metagenomic approach has been used to survey taxa associated with an infectious disease vector. The identification of gregarines suggested they are a possible efficient control method under natural conditions. Ongoing studies are determining the significance of the associated taxa found in this study in a greater number of adult male and female Lu. longipalpis samples from endemic and non-endemic locations. A particular emphasis is being given to those species involved in the biological control of this vector and to the etiologic agents of animal and plant diseases.

Ciencia, Tecnología y bioética: una relación de implicaciones mutuas / Science, technology and bioethics: a relation of mutual implications / Ciência, tecnologia e bioética: uma relação de implicações mútuas

Este artículo aborda el tema de los valores en la ciencia y en la tecnología desde la perspectiva tecnocientífica, procurando una base filosófica para la discusión. Se revisan algunos avances tecnológicos que afectan la vida de los seres humanos y sus interrelaciones, así como las posibles formas que estos efectos puedan adoptar en el futuro. Se plantean algunas preguntas que se derivan de manera natural de estos y otros desarrollos, y se propone una política de participación social en las grandes decisiones sobre la ciencia y la tecnología, enfatizándose la importancia de difundir una cultura científica en la sociedad. Finalmente, se considera a la ciencia y tecnología actuales como sistemas no ajenos a valores y las implicaciones de esta concepción para las actividades de investigación y la formación de recursos humanos en las áreas científico-técnicas.

This article deals with the subject of values in science and technology from the techno-scientific perspective, providing a philosophical basis for discussion. Various technological advances which affect the lives of people and human relations are reviewed as well as the possible forms these effects can adopt in the future. Questions which naturally result from these and other technological developments are considered, and a policy of social participation in the big decisions about science and technology is proposed, with emphasis on the importance of spreading a scientific culture in society. Finally, the article considers science and technology as systems not devoid of values, and ponders the implications of this concept for research activities and the formation of human resources in scientific and technical areas.

Este artigo aborda o tema dos valores na ciência e na tecnologia a partir da perspectiva tecnocientífica, procurando uma base filosófica para a discussão. São revisados alguns avanços tecnológicos que afetam a vida dos seres humanos e suas inter-relações, assim como as possíveis formas que estes efeitos podem adotar no futuro. São propostas algumas questões que derivam de maneira natural destes e de outros desenvolvimentos, e se propõe uma política de participação social nas grandes decisões sobre a ciência e a tecnologia, enfatizando-se a importância de se difundir uma cultura científica na sociedade. Finalmente, se considera a ciência e a tecnologia atuais como sistemas não alheios a valores e às implicações desta concepção para as atividades de pesquisa e formação de recursos humanos nas áreas científico-técnicas.

Sepsis relacionada con Cateterismo Centrovenoso Percutáneo en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos / Sepsis related to Percutaneous Central Venous Catheterization in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo comprendido entre el 1o de enero del año 2002 hasta el 31 de diciembre del mismo año, en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Pediátrico Docente Provincial de Sancti Spíritus, en el que se estudiaron los pacientes a los que se les realizó cateterismo centrovenoso percutáneo, con el objetivo de describir la sepsis y colonización relacionada con dicho proceder, La tasa de infección asociada a cateterismo venoso profundo fue de 4.6% y 7.8 x 1000 catéter/día. La sepsis por catéter predominó en los pacientes ingresados por sepsis respiratoria. La frecuencia de la sepsis por catéter fue mayor en los pacientes que se utilizó la vía femoral. La sepsis asociada a los catéteres tuvo mayor incidencia en aquellos en los que el cateterismo se utilizó más de 7 días. Los gérmenes que con mayor frecuencia se aislaron fueron los Gram negativos.(AU)

Posición al dormir en lactantes: razón por la que prevalece la posición prona / Sleeping position in breastfeeding babies. Reasons for the prevalence of prone position

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 287 padres de niños menores de un año durante los meses de abril y mayo de 2005 en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente Provincial "José Martí y Pérez" de Sancti Spíritus con el objetivo de identificar la frecuencia de la posición prona al dormir , así como las razones para su uso, se les realizó una encuesta a cada uno de ellos, resultando que la posición de decúbito prono fue la más frecuente con un 82,9% del total de encuestados; en la mayoría de los casos (95,8%) la razón que se da es la de evitar la aspiración de contenido gástrico en vías respiratorias y en el 57,1% de ellos es recomendado por algún profesional de la salud. A la luz de los conocimientos actuales la posición prona, al dormir, es un factor de riesgo para el síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante, posición supina al dormir.(AU)

Trypanosoma cruzi poly-zinc finger protein: a novel DNA/RNA-binding CCHC-zinc finger protein.

A poly-zinc finger protein, designated PZFP1 was identified in Trypanosoma cruzi for the first time. The protein has 191 amino acids, contains seven motifs Cys(X)(2)Cys(X)(4)His(X)(4)Cys. A recombinant PZFP1 was generated in E. coli and the expected 21kDa polypeptide co-purified with two other inducible products of about 42 and 63kDa. Western blot analysis of cell extracts using an anti-PZFP1 antibody recognized a major band of 41kDa. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis demonstrated that both, recombinant and native PZFP1, specifically interact with single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides carrying recognition sequences of other CCHC proteins. The protein was localized mainly in the cytoplasm and nucleus as observed by indirect immunofluorescence analysis. PZFP1 interacted specifically with a T. cruzi serine-arginine-rich protein (TcSR) in a yeast two-hybrid assay, suggesting a role in pre-mRNA processing.

Patterns of transient expression of the arenavirus nucleocapsid protein gene in transfected cells

Los genes clonados de las proteínas de nucleocápside, N, de los arenavirus Junín y LCM (choriomeningitis linfocitaria) se insertaron en el vector de expresión pKG4 regulado por el promotor tardío del virus SV40. Cuando estas construcciones se utilizaron para transfectar las líneas celulares BHK-21 (fibroblastos de hamster lactante) y CV-1 (fibroblastos de riñón de mono verde africano) se observó la expresión transiente de un polipéptido de tamaño e inmunoreactividad indistinguible de la proteína N sintetizada durante una infección viral. El análisis por inmunofluorescencia reveló un patrón de distribución intracelular semejante al observado en células infectadas. Este patrón presentó variaciones desde una tinción citoplásmica difusa hasta gránulos citoplásmicos dispersos o concentrados en la zona perinuclear. La asociación de la proteína N con gránulos basófilos es semejante a la descripta en el efecto citópático causado por los arenavirus en las células infectadas, y podría relacionarse con las características fisicoquímicas de la proteina N, que contiene numerosas secuencias de aminoácidos básicos capaces de interactuar con ácidos ribonucleicos celulares

Patterns of transient expression of the arenavirus nucleocapsid protein gene in transfected cells

Los genes clonados de las proteínas de nucleocápside, N, de los arenavirus Junín y LCM (choriomeningitis linfocitaria) se insertaron en el vector de expresión pKG4 regulado por el promotor tardío del virus SV40. Cuando estas construcciones se utilizaron para transfectar las líneas celulares BHK-21 (fibroblastos de hamster lactante) y CV-1 (fibroblastos de riñón de mono verde africano) se observó la expresión transiente de un polipéptido de tamaño e inmunoreactividad indistinguible de la proteína N sintetizada durante una infección viral. El análisis por inmunofluorescencia reveló un patrón de distribución intracelular semejante al observado en células infectadas. Este patrón presentó variaciones desde una tinción citoplásmica difusa hasta gránulos citoplásmicos dispersos o concentrados en la zona perinuclear. La asociación de la proteína N con gránulos basófilos es semejante a la descripta en el efecto citópático causado por los arenavirus en las células infectadas, y podría relacionarse con las características fisicoquímicas de la proteina N, que contiene numerosas secuencias de aminoácidos básicos capaces de interactuar con ácidos ribonucleicos celulares (AU)