Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Fluid Hydration of Athletes by Jamaican Track and Field High-school Coaches

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine whether or not Jamaican coaches' knowledge and practices of fluid replacement are on par with that of the National Athletic Association's and the American College of Sports Medicine Standards. Methods: A descriptive survey of 90 high-school track and field coaches in Jamaica was conducted. Coaches were given a 29-item survey questionnaire which adapted the content from previous surveys and also based on the National Athletic Trainers' Association guidelines for fluid replacement and information sources of fluid replacement. A pass score of 80% was employed. Results: Approximately 26.6% of participants passed the knowledge-based assessment with the minimum requirement of 80% and 73.4% of participants had an unacceptable level of knowledge about fluid replacement and hydration. Only 26 (28.9%) coaches received training in fluid replacement therapy. Most of them therefore relied on reading materials ranging from magazines to journals, or learnt it on the job from other coaches. Conclusion: Findings suggest that the level of knowledge in Jamaican track and field high-school coaches about fluid replacement and hydration is very poor. However, their attitudes towards fluid replacement and hydration are very good, and this will facilitate their acceptance and adoption of correct fluid replacement guidelines. Tapping into this positive attitude and implementing workshops, seminars and onsite promotion should improve the coaches' knowledge significantly.

Drug-metabolizing enzymes: role in drug resistance in cancer.

Although continuous researches are going on for the discovery of new chemotherapeutic agents, resistance to these anticancer agents has made it really difficult to reach the fruitful results. There are many causes for this resistance that are being studied by the researchers across the world, but still, success is far because there are several factors that are going along unattended or have been studied less. Drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) are one of these factors, on which less study has been conducted. DMEs include Phase I and Phase II enzymes. Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are major Phase I enzymes while glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenases are the major enzymes belonging to the Phase II enzymes. These enzymes play an important role in detoxification of the xenobiotics as well as the metabolism of drugs, depending upon the tissue in which they are expressed. When present in tumorous tissues, they cause resistance by metabolizing the drugs and rendering them inactive. In this review, the role of these various enzymes in anticancer drug metabolism and the possibilities for overcoming the resistance have been discussed.

Tracking the adoption of bread wheat varieties in Afghanistan using DNA fingerprinting.

BACKGROUND: Wheat is the most important staple crop in Afghanistan and accounts for the main part of cereal production. However, wheat production has been unstable during the last decades and the country depends on seed imports. Wheat research in Afghanistan has emphasized releases of new, high-yielding and disease resistant varieties but rates of adoption of improved varieties are uncertain. We applied DNA fingerprinting to assess wheat varieties grown in farmers' fields in four Afghan provinces. RESULTS: Of 560 samples collected from farmers' fields during the 2015-16 cropping season, 74% were identified as varieties released after 2000, which was more than the number reported by farmers and indicates the general prevalence of use of improved varieties, albeit unknowingly. At the same time, we found that local varieties and landraces have been replaced and were grown by 4% fewer farmers than previously reported. In 309 cases (58.5%), farmers correctly identified the variety they were growing, while in 219 cases (41.5%) farmers did not. We also established a reference library of released varieties, elite breeding lines, and Afghan landraces, which confirms the greater genetic diversity of the landraces and their potential importance as a genetic resource. CONCLUSIONS: Our study is the first in wheat to apply DNA fingerprinting at scale for an accurate assessment of wheat varietal adoption and our findings point up the importance of DNA fingerprinting for accuracy in varietal adoption studies.

[Ligamentun teres of the hip. Bibliographic revision]. / Ligamento teres de la cadera. Revisión bibliográfica.

The role and function of the ligamentum teres has drawn our attention in the last years due to the increasing and performance in hip arthroscopy, few is written in the literature, this is why we proposed to perform and assessed a review on the current literature of the anatomy, function, diagnose and rupture of the ligamentum teres of the hip.

La función del ligamento teres de la cadera ha llamado la atención en los últimos años debido al incremento y a la realización de la artroscopía de cadera, la información en la literatura es escasa, por ello nos propusimos realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre los conceptos actuales, su anatomía, función, biomecánica, diagnóstico y rupturas del ligamento de teres de la cadera.

Investigation of the Blood Glucose Lowering Potential of the Jamaican Momordica charantia (Cerasee) Fruit in Sprague-Dawley Rats.

The Momordica charantia (MC) fruit has been documented to possess antidiabetic properties. However, these studies were not without controversy surrounding the blood glucose-lowering ability and the mechanism of action in diabetes therapy. In an effort to evaluate such claims in the Jamaican MC species known as cerasee, aqueous extracts of the unripe fruit were studied in normal and diabetic rats. Normal male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into groups (n = 6) orally administered distilled water, 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution, the aqueous extract (400 mg/kg body weight) and glibenclamide (15 mg/kg body weight), respectively prior to assessment of fasting blood glucose (FBG) concentration. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted in normoglycaemic rats orally administered distilled water, 10% DMSO solution, glibenclamide (15 mg/kg body weight) or aqueous extracts of the fruit (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight). Blood glucose concentration was also monitored in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats administered the aqueous extract (250 mg/kg body weight) or water vehicle after an overnight fast. The aqueous extracts showed no hypoglycaemic or antidiabetic activity. However, the administration of the aqueous extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) resulted in significant improvement in glucose tolerance of glucose-primed normoglycaemic rats during the OGTT. These data suggest that the glucose-lowering mechanism of the Jamaican MC fruit species likely involves altered glucose absorption across the gastrointestinal tract.

The Protective Effect of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate on Paraquat-induced Haemolysis.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a major ingredient present in green tea, which has a high antioxidant activity. In this study, the effect of EGCG was investigated on paraquat-induced haemolysis of erythrocyte membrane. Erythrocytes were incubated in 0.03, 0.3, 3.0 and 30 mg/mL EGCG, respectively and exposed to 30 mg/mL of paraquat for 10 minutes. The effect of paraquat was determined by an analysis of the osmotic fragility of the erythrocytes. The results showed that EGCG (30 mg/mL) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the haemolysis of erythrocytes exposed to paraquat (5.0 mg/mL). This suggests that EGCG may have a protective effect on paraquat-induced erythrocyte membrane haemolysis and that consumption of green tea, with high EGCG concentration, could ameliorate the deleterious effect of paraquat toxicity on the haemolysis of erythrocyte membrane.

Heavy drinking and violent behaviour in youths in Guyana

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the problem of alcohol among Guyanese youths and its gender implications. DESIGN AND METHODS: The Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) was reviewed since there is a dearth of statistics on the consumption of alcohol in youths and violent behaviour. In all, 2,392 students participated in the GSHS. The focus was on early youth. RESULTS: There was a high prevalence of violence in girls. This was reflected by 33.8% having been physically attacked in a 12 month period, 36.6% were bullied in one month and 25% were involved in physical fights in a 12 month period. This indicates that bullying is a serious problem among adolescents in schools. CONCLUSION: This issue is one of particular concern because early initiation of alcohol use is associated with an increased risk of alcoholism in adults. The age at first drink and the regular consumption of alcoholic beverages during adolescence are strongly influenced by social, economic, and environmental factors as indicated in WHO Facts on Alcohol and Violence. There appears to be no surveillance system that captures data on gender based violence in Guyana. Thus, a system should be established to examine gender-based violence in the wider context of other forms of violence including childhood abuse, sexual victimizations, and self-harm and suicide.

Managing and debunking suicides in Guyana

OBJECTIVE: To review the suicide data in Guyana for mitigation. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data were collected and analyzed to establish gravity and trend of suicides in Guyana. RESULTS: In 2012, were 277 suicides and 6,925 attempted suicides in Guyana. There was a disproportionate increase in the Age-Specific Suicide Rates with age and sex. The most commonly used method for committing suicides was poisoning (pesticides and insecticides) accounting for more than 65% of cases, followed by hanging (>20%). East Indians accounted for 83.3% of all the suicides followed by Afro-Guyanese who accounted for 6.5% followed by Amerindians who accounted for 5.4% (Guyana Ministry of Health Reports, 2014). Hindus accounted for 33.7% of all attempted suicides while Pentecostals accounted for 34.3% Muslims 7.3%, and Adventists 7.0%. Catholics accounted for 3.8% while Jehovah’s Witnesses accounted for 2.0%. It was also hard to explain why “Orthodox Christians”, namely Anglicans, Presbyterians and Methodists accounted for 0.9%, 1.2% and 0.9% respectively while the rates were higher with Pentecostals. CONCLUSIONS: Given that 65% of suicide mortality was due to poisoning (pesticides) and that high rates of suicide mortality were concentrated in certain regions, limiting access to these lethal products through a comprehensive community program is a crucial intervention. Various (12 in number) known community myths about suicides in Guyana were discussed in full as tools for suicide prevention and management.

Genome-wide re-sequencing of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium leprae Airaku-3.

Genotyping and molecular characterization of drug resistance mechanisms in Mycobacterium leprae enables disease transmission and drug resistance trends to be monitored. In the present study, we performed genome-wide analysis of Airaku-3, a multidrug-resistant strain with an unknown mechanism of resistance to rifampicin. We identified 12 unique non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including two in the transporter-encoding ctpC and ctpI genes. In addition, two SNPs were found that improve the resolution of SNP-based genotyping, particularly for Venezuelan and South East Asian strains of M. leprae.

Genetic diversity studies in pea (Pisum sativum L.) using simple sequence repeat markers.

The genetic diversity among 28 pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes was analyzed using 32 simple sequence repeat markers. A total of 44 polymorphic bands, with an average of 2.1 bands per primer, were obtained. The polymorphism information content ranged from 0.657 to 0.309 with an average of 0.493. The variation in genetic diversity among these cultivars ranged from 0.11 to 0.73. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) revealed 2 distinct clusters, I and II, comprising 6 and 22 genotypes, respectively. Cluster II was further differentiated into 2 subclusters, IIA and IIB, with 12 and 10 genotypes, respectively. Principal component (PC) analysis revealed results similar to those of UPGMA. The first, second, and third PCs contributed 21.6, 16.1, and 14.0% of the variation, respectively; cumulative variation of the first 3 PCs was 51.7%.

Injuries in elite Jamaican netballers / Heridas en los voleibolistas jamaicanos de élite

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to identify the nature, spectrum and frequency of injuries among national netballers in Jamaica. METHODS: A retrospective study utilizing a questionnaire was used to gather the necessary information among netball players over a five-year period spanning two world cups. A 31-item questionnaire on player's profile, protective equipment, site of injury and associated factors of injury was completed by a study population recruited from players who had represented Jamaica at the senior level, under 21 or under 16 age groups between 2003 and 2007. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS version 12. RESULTS: Most of the injuries were confined to the ankle and knee, with the playing surface and poor landing technique the main reasons for the injuries. CONCLUSIONS: There are wide variations in training, players' fitness, levels of coaching and the standards of playing courts, all of which might have contributed to players' injuries.

OBJETIVOS: El propósito de este studio es identificar la natural, el espectro y la frecuencia de las heridas entre los voleibolistas nacionales de Jamaica. MÉTODOS: Por medio de un cuestionario, se realizó un estudio retrospectivo entre los jugadores de voleibol a fin de obtener la información necesaria, el cual cubrió un período de cinco años. Un cuestionario de 31 items sobre el perfil del jugador, el equipo de protección, el lugar de la herida y los factors asociados con la herida, fue respondido por una población de estudio, reclutada de jugadores que habían representado a Jamaica en la categoría de mayores, correspondiente a los grupos de menos de 21 años y menos de 16 años de edad. El análisis estadístico se realizó usando la versión 12 del SPSS. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de las heridas estuvieron confinadas al tobillo y las rodillas, siendo la superficie del terreno de juego y la pobre técnica de aterrizaje, las razones principales de las heridas. CONCLUSIONES: Existe una amplia gama de variaciones en el entrenamiento, el estar en forma (fitness), los niveles de coaching, y las normas de las canchas de juego, todas las cuales pudieron haber contribuido a que los jugadores sufrieran heridas.

Injuries in elite Jamaican netballers.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to identify the nature, spectrum and frequency of injuries among national netballers in Jamaica. METHODS: A retrospective study utilizing a questionnaire was used to gather the necessary information among netball players over a five-year period spanning two world cups. A 31-item questionnaire on player's profile, protective equipment, site of injury and associated factors of injury was completed by a study population recruited from players who had represented Jamaica at the senior level, under 21 or under 16 age groups between 2003 and 2007. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS version 12. RESULTS: Most of the injuries were confined to the ankle and knee, with the playing surface and poor landing technique the main reasons for the injuries. CONCLUSIONS: There are wide variations in training, players' fitness, levels of coaching and the standards of playing courts, all of which might have contributed to players' injuries.

A protocol for high-quality genomic DNA extraction from legumes.

Current DNA extraction protocols, which require liquid nitrogen, lyophilization and considerable infrastructure in terms of instrumentation, often impede the application of biotechnological tools in less researched crops in laboratories in developing countries. We modified and optimized the existing CTAB method for plant genomic DNA extraction by avoiding liquid nitrogen usage and lyophilization. DNA was extracted directly from freshly harvested leaves ground in pre-heated CTAB buffer. Chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:1) and RNase treatments followed by single-purification step decontaminated the samples thereby paving way for selective extraction of DNA. High molecular weight DNA yield in the range of 328 to 4776 ng/µL with an average of 1459 ng/µL was obtained from 45 samples of cultivated and wild Cajanus species. With an absorbance ratio at 260 to 280 nm, a range of 1.66 to 2.20, and a mean of 1.85, very low levels of protein and polysaccharide contamination were recorded. Forty samples can be extracted daily at a cost between 1.8 and US$2.0 per plant sample. This modified method is suitable for most plants especially members of the Leguminosae. Apart from Cajanus, it has been extensively applied in DNA extraction from Cicer and Vigna species.

Antiasthmatic and antiallergic potential of methanolic extract of leaves of Ailanthus excelsa

The aim of study was antiasthmatic potential of methanolic extract of leaves of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb., Simaroubaceae. Traditionally or in Indian system of medicine, A. excelsa is used in the treatment of asthma, cough, colic pain, cancer, diabetes and also used as antispasmodic, antifertility, bronchodilator. Stem bark of A. excelsa already reported for its potential against asthma. The pollens of Ailanthus excelsa reported allergic in nature and the time of collection of leaves were important in this study, generally the flowering stage of plant was avoided for the collection due to maximum chance of pollens at that time. Methanolic extract of leaves of A. excelsa was evaluated using in vitro goat tracheal chain preparation model and in vivo- Milk induced leucocytosis, eosinophilia, Clonidine induced catalepsy in mice model while Passive paw anaphylaxis and Clonidine induced mast cell degranulation in rat model. The extract showed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, quassonoids and test was also positive for alkaloids and steroids. The extract also showed the presence of quercetin which is flavonoid and detected on the preparative TLC plate with the help of standard quercetin. Dose response studies of methanolic extract of leaves of A. excelsa Roxb. were conducted at 100 µg mL-1 in vitro and 100, 200, 400 mg kg-1 p.o. in vivo models. The treatment with methanolic extract of A. excelsa at different dose level showed the significant (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001) antiasthmatic activity. Inhibition or decrease the release of inflammatory mediators potentiates the antiasthmatic as well as antiallergic activity of methanolic extract of leaves of A. excelsa.

Delays in presentations of stroke patients at the university hospital of the West Indies: Demoras en las presentaciones de pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular en el hospital universitario de West Indies

Thrombolytic therapy has been proven to be beneficial in selected patients with ischaemic strokes. Early diagnosis is paramount because there is a narrow therapeutic window for these patients to derive benefit from thrombolytics. We sought to evaluate the timing of stroke presentations at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) in order to assess the potential eligibility for definitive therapy. A retrospective audit of all consecutive patients who had emergent computed tomographic (CT) scans for suspected ischaemic stroke at the UHWI was performed over a six-month period between February 2006 and July 2006. Data were extracted from the hospital records and analysed using SPSS version 12. There were 331 patients evaluated with brain CT for a clinically suspected stroke during the study period. Complete time documentation and CT scans were available for analysis in 171 patients with ischaemic strokes. The average age was 64.5 years (range ± SD: 3-98 ± 19.9 years) with a slight male preponderance (58% vs 42%). There was considerable pre-hospital delay with 63% of patients presenting more than 12 hours after the onset of symptoms. There were also long inhospital delays. Only 52% of patients were assessed by a physician within an hour ofpresentation to hospital and only 55% of patients had CT scans completed within three hours of a physician's request. Although thrombolysis is not routinely performed for ischaemic strokes at our institution, sensitization of physicians and the general public in our setting to symptoms and signs ofthis disease is urgently needed to improve stroke management, whereby definitive treatment can be considered for selected patients.

Se ha demostrado que la terapia de trombolítica es beneficiosa en los pacientes seleccionados con accidentes cerebrovasculares isquémicos. El diagnóstico temprano es primordial porque hay una ventana terapéutica estrecha para que estos pacientes deriven beneficio de los trombolíticos. Buscamos evaluar el ritmo con que se presentaban los casos de accidente cerebrovascular en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies (HUWI) con el propósito d evaluar la elegibilidad potencial para una terapia definitiva. Una auditoría retrospectiva de todos los pacientes consecutivos a los que se realizó tomografia computarizada (TAC) de urgencia, se realizó por un período de seis meses, entre febrero de 2006y julio de 2006. Se tomaron datos de los archivos del hospital y se analizaron usando la versión 12 del SPSS. Hubo 331 pacientes evaluados con TAC por sospecha clínica de isquemia durante el período de estudio. el cerebro CT para un golpe clínicamente sospechado durante el periodo del estudio. Hubo documentación de tiempo completa y escáners disponibles para el análisis de 171 pacientes con accidentes cerebrovasculares isquémicos. La edad promedio fue de 64.5 años (el rango ± SD: 3-98 ± 19.9 años) con un ligero predominio de los machos (58% frente a 42%). Hubo una considerable demora pre-hospitalaria con el 63% de los pacientes presentándose 12 horas después del comienzo de los síntomas. Había también largas demoras en el hospital. Sólo el 52% de los pacientes fueron evaluados por un médico dentro de una hora tras su presentación al hospital, y sólo 55% de pacientes tuvieron su TAC completo en tres horas luego de la solicitud del médico. Aunque en nuestra institución no se realiza la trombólisis como rutina para los accidentes cerebrovasculares isquémicos, se necesita sensibilizar a los médicos y al público en general en nuestro contexto con los síntomas y señales de esta enfermedad, a fin de mejorar el tratamiento del accidente cerebrovascular, de modo que se puede considerar un tratamiento definitivo para los pacientes seleccionados.

A randomized clinical trial to determine the efficacy of regimens containing clarithromycin, metronidazole, and amoxicillin among histologic subgroups for Helicobacter pylori eradication in a developing country.

BACKGROUND: Most treatments deemed effective for Helicobacter pylori eradication in developed countries are less effective in developing countries. Regimens containing clarithromycin, metronidazole, and amoxicillin seem efficacious despite antibiotic resistance, and may be a viable option in developing countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the efficacy of a 14-day regimen with 500 mg clarithromycin b.i.d., 500 mg metronidazole t.i.d., and 500 mg amoxicillin t.i.d. (with and without a proton pump inhibitor), and a 10-day regimen containing 500 mg clarithromycin b.i.d., 1 g amoxicillin b.i.d., and 20 mg omeprazole b.i.d. in Pasto, Colombia, using a randomized, single-blind design stratified by presence of atrophic gastritis. RESULTS: H. pylori was eradicated in 86.8% and 85.3% of the participants randomized to a clarithromycin-metronidazole-amoxicillin and clarithromycin-amoxicillin-omeprazole regimens, respectively (p = .79). Per-protocol analyses indicated greater efficacy for the clarithromycin-metronidazole-amoxicillin regimen (97%) versus the clarithromycin-amoxicillin-omeprazole regimen (86%) (p = .04), particularly for participants with atrophic gastritis (clarithromycin-metronidazole-amoxicillin = 100%, clarithromycin-amoxicillin-omeprazole = 81%; p = .02). Adverse events were mild, but adverse event-related non-compliance was reported more often for regimens containing clarithromycin, metronidazole, and amoxicillin. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that an eradication rate of > 85% can be achieved with 14-day clarithromycin, metronidazole, and amoxicillin and 10-day clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and omeprazole regimens in Pasto, Colombia. The regimens containing clarithromycin, metronidazole, and amoxicillin appear to be superior to the clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and omeprazole regimen for compliant participants and those with atrophic gastritis. Our findings provide treatment options for a population in a developing country with a high prevalence of H. pylori infections and antibiotic resistance.