Tissue-derived extracellular vesicles: Research progress from isolation to application.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the structures that all cells release into the environment. They are separated by a lipid bilayer and contain the cellular components that release them. To date, most studies have been performed on EVs derived from cell supernatants or different body fluids, while the number of studies on EV isolation directly from tissues is still limited. Studies of EV isolation directly from tissues may provide us with better information. This review summarizes the role of EV in the extracellular matrix, the protocol for isolation of EV in the tissue interstitium, and the application of the protocol in different tissues.

Application of Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants.

Somatic embryogenesis is a developmental process where a plant somatic cell can dedifferentiate to a totipotent embryonic stem cell that has the ability to give rise to an embryo under appropriate conditions. This new embryo can further develop into a whole plant. In woody plants, somatic embryogenesis plays a critical role in clonal propagation and is a powerful tool for synthetic seed production, germplasm conservation, and cryopreservation. A key step in somatic embryogenesis is the transition of cell fate from a somatic cell to embryo cell. Although somatic embryogenesis has already been widely used in a number of woody species, propagating adult woody plants remains difficult. In this review, we focus on molecular mechanisms of somatic embryogenesis and its practical applications in economic woody plants. Furthermore, we propose a strategy to improve the process of somatic embryogenesis using molecular means.

Phytoremediation of trichlorophenol by Phase II metabolism in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing a Populus glucosyltransferase.

Trichlorophenol (TCP) and its derivatives are introduced into the environment through numerous sources, including wood preservatives and biocides. Environmental contamination by TCPs is associated with human health risks, necessitating the development of cost-effective remediation techniques. Efficient phytoremediation of TCP is potentially feasible because it contains a hydroxyl group and is suitable for direct phase II metabolism. In this study, we present a system for TCP phytoremediation based on sugar conjugation by overexpressing a Populus putative UDP-glc-dependent glycosyltransferase (UGT). The enzyme PtUGT72B1 displayed the highest TCP-conjugating activity among all reported UGTs. Transgenic Arabidopsis demonstrated significantly enhanced tolerances to 2,4,5-TCP and 2,4,6-TCP. Transgenic plants also exhibited a strikingly higher capacity to remove TCP from their media. This work indicates that Populus UGT overexpression in Arabidopsis may be an efficient method for phytoremoval and degradation of TCP. Our findings have the potential to provide a suitable remediation strategy for sites contaminated by TCP.

Stress responses to phenol in Arabidopsis and transcriptional changes revealed by microarray analysis.

Phenols are toxic, environmentally persistent products of the chemical industry that are capable of bioaccumulation and biomagnifications in the food chain. Little is known of how plants respond to this compound. To understand the transcriptional changes under phenol, microarray experiments on Arabidopsis thaliana were performed. Microarray results revealed numerous perturbations in signaling and metabolic pathways. The results indicated that the phenol response was related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and oxidative conditions, including ROS generated for pathogen defense.

N-(2-Amino-ethyl)-5-(dimethyl-amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonamide.

In the title compound, C(14)H(19)N(3)O(2)S, the N atom of the dimethyl-amino group and the S atom are displaced by 0.078 (2) and 0.084 (2) Å, respectively, from the naphthalene ring plane. The 2-amino-ethyl group has a coiled conformation with an N-C-C-NH(2) torsion angle of 53.6 (4)°. In the crystal structure, inter-molecular N-H⋯N and weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link mol-ecules into chains along [001].

2-(4-Amino-phen-yl)-1,3-benzothia-zole.

The title compound, C(13)H(10)N(2)S, contains two independent mol-ecules in its asymmetric unit, with slightly different conformations. In one mol-ecule, the dihedral angle between the benzothia-zole unit and the benzene ring is 6.73 (1)°, while the corresponding angle in the other mol-ecule is 1.8 (1)°. In the crystal structure, the mol-ecules are linked into layers by N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds.

4-(1,3-Benzothia-zol-2-yl)-N-(2-pyridylmeth-yl)aniline monohydrate.

In the title compound, C(19)H(15)N(3)S·H(2)O, the benzothia-zole ring system forms a dihedral angle of 7.22 (1)° with the benzene ring and the benzene ring forms a dihedral angle of 80.89 (1)° with the pyridine ring. An intra-molecular N-H⋯O inter-action is present. The crystal structure is stablized by inter-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, π-π [centroid-centroid distances = 3.782 (1), 3.946 (1) and 3.913 (1) Å] and C-H⋯π inter-actions, forming a three dimensional-network.