The Yellow River is the key corridor for Tamarix austromongolica to disperse from Asia inlands to east seashores.

Plants of the Tamarix L. genus (Tamaricaceae) mainly occur in arid inlands of Asia, but a few species occur in the coastal areas of China, and the Yellow River may account for this. This study was conducted to elucidate whether and how the Yellow River affects the pattern and development of the Tamarix genus, involving two critical species of Tamarix austromongolica Nakai and Tamarix chinensis Lour. With geographical distribution data, relationships of T. austromongolica with the Yellow River and the pertaining watershed were examined using the method of random permutation. The base-diameter structures of T. austromongolica populations were investigated and compared between different riparian lands that suffer discriminative water inundation. The nearest distances from T. austromongolica locations to the Yellow River and the pertaining watershed were significantly lower than the theoretical expectations in the condition of random distribution (p < .05). In many riparian lands along the Yellow River, wild T. austromongolica populations occurred with vigorous juveniles, despite frequent human disturbances. In coastal areas near the present estuary of the river, wild T. austromongolica plants were still found. In T. austromongolica populations near the Yellow River and sea, the rates of juvenile plants were significantly higher than in other populations situated farther from the river or sea. These findings suggest that the Yellow River can facilitate the eastward dispersal of Tamarix plants that reasonably caused the evolution from T. austromongolica to T. chinensis in ancient coasts in the China east.

[Curative effect analysis of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in patients with cervical spondylosis of vertebral artery type].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effect of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) in the treatment of cervical spondylosis of vertebral artery type(CSA). METHODS: The clinical data of 42 patients with CSA from January 2020 to January 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 25 males and 17 females, aged from 30 to 74 years old with an average of (53.9±11.0) years old. There were 18 cases with single-segment lesions, 17 cases with two-segment lesions, and 7 cases with three-segment lesions. The American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery's Hearing and Balance Committee score (CHE), the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and the cervical curvature Cobb angle were recorded before surgery and after surgery at 6 months. RESULTS: All 42 ACDF patients were followed up for 6 to 30 months with an average of (14.0±5.2) months. The operative time ranged from 95 to 220 min with an average of (160.38±36.77) min, the intraoperative blood loss ranged from 30 to 85 ml with an average of (53.60±18.98) ml. Tow patients had mild postoperative dysphagia, which improved with symptomatic treatment such as nebulized inhalation. CHE score decreased from (4.05±0.96) preoperatively to (2.40±0.70) at 6 months postoperatively (t=12.97, P<0.05). The number of improved vertigo at 6 months postoperatively was 38, with an improvement rate of 90.5%. NDI score was reduced from (34.43±8.04) preoperatively to (20.76±3.91) at 6 months postoperatively (t=11.83, P<0.05). The cervical curvature Cobb angle improved from (8.04±6.70)° preoperatively to (12.42±5.23)° at 6 months postoperatively (t=-15.96, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The ACDF procedure has outstanding clinical efficacy in treating CSA. The operation can rapidly relieve patients' episodic vertigo symptoms by relieving bony compression and reconstructing cervical curvature. However, it is necessary to strictly grasp the indications for surgery and clarify the causes of vertigo in patients, and ACDF surgery is recommended for CSA patients for whom conservative treatment is ineffective.

MRI Radiomics Data Analysis for Differentiation between Malignant Mixed Müllerian Tumors and Endometrial Carcinoma.

The objective of this study was to compare the quantitative radiomics data between malignant mixed Müllerian tumors (MMMTs) and endometrial carcinoma (EC) and identify texture features associated with overall survival (OS). This study included 61 patients (36 with EC and 25 with MMMTs) and analyzed various radiomic features and gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) features. These variables and patient clinicopathologic characteristics were compared between EC and MMMTs using the Wilcoxon Rank sum and Fisher's exact test. The area under the curve of the receiving operating characteristics (AUC ROC) was calculated for univariate analysis in predicting EC status. Logistic regression with elastic net regularization was performed for texture feature selection. This study showed that skewness (p = 0.045) and tumor volume (p = 0.007) significantly differed between EC and MMMTs. The range of cluster shade, the angular variance of cluster shade, and the range of the sum of squares variance were significant predictors of EC status (p ≤ 0.05). The regularized Cox regression analysis identified the "256 Angular Variance of Energy" texture feature as significantly associated with OS independently of the EC/MMMT grouping (p = 0.004). The volume and texture features of the tumor region may help distinguish between EC and MMMTs and predict patient outcomes.

Dual excitation channel ratiometric fluorescent probes for visual and fluorescent detection of anthrax spore biomarker and tetracycline hydrochloride.

Long-term and excessive use of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) can lead to its accumulation in the environment, which can cause water contamination, bacterial resistance, and food safety problems. 2,6-Pyridine dicarboxylic acid (DPA) is a major biomarker of Bacillus anthracis spores, and its rapid and sensitive detection is of great significance for disease prevention and counter-terrorism. A bifunctional ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe has been fabricated to detect DPA and TC. 3,5-dicarboxyphenylboronic acid (BOP) was intercalated into layered europium hydroxide (LEuH) by the ion-exchange method and exfoliated into nanosheets as a fluorescent nanoprobe (PNP). DPA and TC could significantly enhance the red fluorescence of Eu3+ through the antenna effect under different excitation wavelengths, while the fluorescence of BOP can be used as a reference based on the constant emission intensity, realizing ratiometric detection. A low limit of detection (LOD) for the target (DPA: 9.7 nM, TC: 21.9 nM) can be achieved. In addition, visual detection of DPA and TC was realized using color recognition software based on the obvious color changes. This is the first ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe based on layered rare-earth hydroxide (LRH) for the detection of DPA and TC simultaneously, which opens new ideas in the design of multifunctional probes.

N-palmitoylethanolamide attenuates negative emotions induced by morphine withdrawal in mice.

Depression and anxiety are prominent symptoms of withdrawal syndrome, often caused by the abuse of addictive drugs like morphine. N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), a biologically active lipid, is utilized as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic medication. Recent studies have highlighted PEA's role in mitigating cognitive decline and easing depression resulting from chronic pain. However, it remains unknown whether PEA can influence negative emotions triggered by morphine withdrawal. This study seeks to explore the impact of PEA on such emotions and investigate the underlying mechanisms. Mice subjected to morphine treatment underwent a 10-day withdrawal period, followed by assessments of the effect of PEA on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors using various tests. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was conducted to measure levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in specific brain regions. The findings indicate that PEA mitigated anxiety and depression symptoms and reduced 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline, and dopamine levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. In summary, PEA demonstrates a significant positive effect on negative emotions associated with morphine withdrawal, accompanied with the reduction in levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in key brain regions. These insights could be valuable for managing negative emotions arising from morphine withdrawal.

AMDHD1 acts as a tumor suppressor and contributes to activation of TGF-ß signaling pathway in cholangiocarcinoma.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant tumor of the digestive system, characterized by its aggressive behavior and the absence of effective therapeutic biomarkers. Although recent studies have implicated AMDHD1 in tumor formation, its role in CCA development has been insufficiently explored. We utilized multiple bioinformatic datasets alongside 108 clinical samples to examine AMDHD1 expression in CCA. Then, in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to assess its impact on tumor growth and metastasis. Furthermore, proteomic analysis and immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry were employed to identify the downstream effectors of AMDHD1. We discovered that AMDHD1 was down-regulated in CCA and this down-regulation was associated with adverse clinicopathological features and prognosis. We also demonstrated that overexpression of AMDHD1 hindered G1/S progression in the cell cycle and promoted apoptosis, thereby inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. Mechanistically, we found that AMDHD1 operated in a TGF-ß-dependent manner and the inhibition of TGF-ß signaling abrogated the effect of AMDHD1 overexpression on CCA cells. Specifically, AMDHD1 inhibited the ubiquitination and degradation of the SMAD4 protein through binding to the MH2 domain and synergistically enhanced SMAD2/3 phosphorylation, which activated of TGF-ß signaling pathway and resulted in the suppression of CCA cell proliferation and migration. Our study identifies AMDHD1 as a significant prognostic biomarker and a tumor suppressor in CCA. It underscores the pivotal role of the AMDHD1/TGF-ß signaling pathway in the development and progression of CCA.

Epinephrine promotes breast cancer metastasis through a ubiquitin-specific peptidase 22-mediated lipolysis circuit.

Chronic stress-induced epinephrine (EPI) accelerates breast cancer progression and metastasis, but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we found a strong positive correlation between circulating EPI levels and the tumoral expression of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 22 (USP22) in patients with breast cancer. USP22 facilitated EPI-induced breast cancer progression and metastasis by enhancing adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)-mediated lipolysis. Targeted USP22 deletion decreased ATGL expression and lipolysis, subsequently inhibiting EPI-mediated breast cancer lung metastasis. USP22 acts as a bona fide deubiquitinase for the Atgl gene transcription factor FOXO1, and EPI architects a lipolysis signaling pathway to stabilize USP22 through AKT-mediated phosphorylation. Notably, USP22 phosphorylation levels are positively associated with EPI and with downstream pathways involving both FOXO1 and ATGL in breast cancers. Pharmacological USP22 inhibition synergized with ß-blockers in treating preclinical xenograft breast cancer models. This study reveals a molecular pathway behind EPI's tumor-promoting effects and provides a strong rationale for combining USP22 inhibition with ß-blockers to treat aggressive breast cancer.

The Impact of MRI-Based Advanced Neuroimaging on Neurooncologists' Clinical Decision-Making in Patients With Posttreatment High-Grade Glioma: A Prospective Survey-Based Study.

Background: Advanced MRI-based neuroimaging techniques, such as perfusion and spectroscopy, have been increasingly incorporated into routine follow-up protocols in patients treated for high-grade glioma (HGG), to help differentiate tumor progression from treatment effect. However, these techniques' influence on clinical management remains poorly understood. Objective: To evaluate the impact of MRI-based advanced neuroimaging on clinical decision-making in patients with HGG in the posttreatment setting. Methods: This prospective study, performed at a comprehensive cancer center from March 1, 2017, to October 31, 2020, included adult patients treated by chemoradiation for WHO grade 4 diffuse glioma who underwent MRIbased advanced neuroimaging (comprising multiple perfusion imaging sequences and spectroscopy) to further evaluate findings on conventional MRI equivocal for tumor progression versus treatment effect. The ordering neuro-oncologists completed surveys before and after each advanced neuroimaging session. The percent of care episodes with a change between the intended and actual management plan on the surveys conducted before and after advanced neuroimaging, respectively, was computed and compared with a previously published percent using the Wald test for independent samples proportions. Results: The study included 63 patients (mean age, 55±13 years; 36 women, 27 men) who underwent 70 advanced neuroimaging sessions. Ordering neuro-oncologists' intended and actual management plans on the surveys completed before and after advanced neuroimaging, respectively, differed in 44% (31/70, [95% CI: 33-56%]) of episodes, which differed from the previously published frequency of 8.5% (5/59) (p<.001). These management plan changes included selection of a different plan for 6/8 episodes with an intended plan to enroll patients in a clinical trial, 12/19 episodes with an intended plan to change chemotherapeutic agents, 4/8 episodes with an intended plan of surgical intervention, and 1/2 episodes with an intended plan of re-irradiation. The ordering neuro-oncologists found advanced neuroimaging to be helpful in 93% (95% CI: 87%-99%) (65/70) of episodes. Conclusion: Neuro-oncologists' management plans changed in a substantial fraction of adult patients with HGG who underwent advanced neuroimaging to further evaluate conventional MRI findings equivocal for tumor progression versus treatment effect. Clinical Impact: The findings support incorporation of advanced neuroimaging into HGG posttreatment monitoring protocols.

GABA Analogue HSK16149 in Chinese Patients With Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: A Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Many patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP) experience inadequate relief, despite best available medical treatments. There are no approved and effective therapies for patients with DPNP in China. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of capsules containing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue HSK16149 in the treatment of Chinese patients with DPNP. Design, Setting, and Participants: This phase 2 to 3 adaptive randomized clinical trial was multicenter, double blind, and placebo and pregabalin controlled. The trial started on December 10, 2020, and concluded on July 8, 2022. In stage 1, various doses of HSK16149 were evaluated to determine safety and efficacy for stage 2. The second stage then validated the efficacy and safety of the recommended dose. Intervention: In stage 1, enrolled patients (n = 363) were randomized 1:1:1:1:1:1 to 4 HSK16149 doses (40, 80, 120, or 160 mg/d), pregabalin (300 mg/d), or placebo. In stage 2, patients (n = 362) were randomized 1:1:1 to receive HSK16149, 40 or 80 mg/d, or placebo. The final efficacy and safety analysis pooled data from patients receiving the same treatment. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary efficacy end point in stage 1 was the change from baseline in average daily pain score (ADPS) at week 5. The primary efficacy end point in stage 2 was the change from baseline in ADPS at week 13. When the final statistical analysis was performed, the P values calculated from the independent data of each phase were combined using the weighted inverse normal method to make statistical inferences. Results: Of 725 randomized patients in the full-analysis set (393 men [54.2%]; mean [SD] age, 58.80 [9.53] years; 700 [96.6%] of Han Chinese ethnicity), 177 received placebo; 178, HSK16149, 40 mg/d; 179, HSK16149, 80 mg/d; 66, HSK16149, 120 mg/d; 63, HSK16149, 160 mg/d; and 62, pregabalin, 300 mg/d. A total of 644 patients (88.8%) completed the study. The 40- and 80-mg/d doses of HSK16149 were recommended in stage 2. At week 13, the ADPS mean (SD) change from baseline was -2.24 (1.55) for the 40-mg/d and -2.16 (1.79) for 80-mg/d groups and -1.23 (1.68) for the placebo group, showing statistical significance for both HSK16149 doses vs placebo (both P < .001). In a safety set (n = 726), 545 patients (75.1%) had adverse events, which were generally mild to moderate, with dizziness and somnolence being the most common. Conclusions and Relevance: Forty- and eighty-mg/d doses of HSK16149 were recommended for treating patients with DPNP in China. The efficacy of HSK16149 capsules was superior to placebo in all groups for relieving DPNP and appeared well tolerated. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04647773.

Iron supplementation and iron accumulation promote adipocyte thermogenesis through PGC1α-ATGL-mediated lipolysis.

Iron homeostasis is essential for maintaining metabolic health and iron disorder has been linked to chronic metabolic diseases. Increasing thermogenic capacity in adipose tissue has been considered as a potential approach to regulate energy homeostasis. Both Mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial function are iron dependent and essential for adipocyte thermogenic capacity, but the underlying relationships between iron accumulation and adipose thermogenesis is unclear. Firstly, we confirmed that iron homeostasis and the iron regulatory markers (e.g. Tfr1, Hfe) are involved in cold induced thermogenesis in subcutaneous adipose tissues using RNA-seq and bioinformatic analysis. Secondly, an Hfe (Hfe-/-) deficient mouse model, in which tissues become overloaded with iron, was employed. We found iron accumulation caused by Hfe deficiency enhanced mitochondrial respiratory chain expression in subcutaneous white adipose in vivo and resulted in enhanced tissue thermogenesis with upregulation of PGC-1α and ATGL, mitochondrial biogenesis and lipolysis. To investigate the thermogenic capacity in vitro, stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from adipose tissues was isolated, followed with adipogenic differentiation. Primary adipocyte from Hfe-/- mice exhibited higher cellular oxygen consumption, associated with enhanced expression of mitochondrial oxidative respiratory chain protein, while primary adipocytes or SVFs from WT mice supplemented with iron citrate (FAC) exhibited similar effect in thermogenic capacity. Taken together, these findings indicate iron supplementation and iron accumulation (Hfe deficiency) can regulate adipocyte thermogenic capacity, suggesting a potential role for iron homeostasis in adipose tissues.

Gitelman syndrome with primary hyperparathyroidism: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Gitelman syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive inherited salt-losing tubulopathy, typically devoid of hypercalcemia. Herein, we described one patient of GS presenting with hypercalcemia concomitant with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). METHODS: On September 28, 2020, a middle-aged female patient was admitted to our hospital with a 12-year history of hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia. Laboratory examinations unveiled hypokalemia with renal potassium wasting, hypomagnesemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypocalciuria, and gene sequencing revealed a homozygous mutation in SLC12A3 (c.179C > T [p.T60M]). Subsequently, the diagnosis of GS was confirmed. In addition, the patient exhibited hypercalcemia and elevated levels of parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid ultrasound revealed left parathyroid hyperplasia, consistent with PHPT. Following aggressive treatment with potassium chloride and magnesium oxide, her serum potassium rose to 3.23 mmol/L, serum magnesium was 0.29 mmol/L, and her joint pain was relieved. RESULTS: Based on the patient's medical history, laboratory findings, and gene sequencing results, the definitive diagnosis was GS concomitant with PHPT. CONCLUSION: PHPT should be taken into consideration when patients diagnosed with GS exhibit hypercalcemia. While the serum potassium level readily exceeded the target threshold, correcting hypomagnesemia proved challenging, primarily because PHPT augments urinary magnesium excretion.

PRSS50-mediated inhibition of MKP3/ERK signaling is crucial for meiotic progression and sperm quality.

Serine protease 50 (PRSS50/TSP50) is highly expressed in spermatocytes. Our study investigated its role in testicular development and spermatogenesis. Initially, PRSS50 knockdown was observed to impair DNA synthesis in spermatocytes. To further explore this, we generated PRSS50 knockout ( Prss50 -/- ) mice ( Mus musculus), which exhibited abnormal spermatid nuclear compression and reduced male fertility. Furthermore, dysplastic seminiferous tubules and decreased sex hormones were observed in 4-week-old Prss50 -/- mice, accompanied by meiotic progression defects and increased apoptosis of spermatogenic cells. Mechanistic analysis indicated that PRSS50 deletion resulted in increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and elevated levels of MAP kinase phosphatase 3 (MKP3), a specific ERK antagonist, potentially accounting for testicular dysplasia in adolescent Prss50 -/- mice. Taken together, these findings suggest that PRSS50 plays an important role in testicular development and spermatogenesis, with the MKP3/ERK signaling pathway playing a significant role in this process.

Five new glycosides from the culms of Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis.

Five new glycosides, namely methyl 3-methoxybenzoate-4,5-di-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (1), (1aS,3aS,3R)-3-(4'-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-3'-methoxyphenyl)-5,6-dioxa-bicyclo[3.3.0]octane-1-one (2), quinolin-4(1H)-one-3-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (3), 3-methoxy-propiophenone 4-O-(6'-ß-D-xylopyranosyl)-ß-D-glucopyranoside (4), methyl 3-methoxybenzoate 4-O-(6'-ß-D-xylopyranosyl)-ß-D-glucopyranoside (5), and one known compound, bambulignan B (6) were isolated from the culms of Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis. Their structures were determined using spectroscopic analysis. All compounds were evaluated for their DPPH radical scavenging activity. Compound 6 exhibited antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 59.5 µM (positive control, L-ascorbic acid, IC50 = 12.4 µM; 2,6-ditertbutyl-4-methyl phenol, IC50 = 11.8 µM).

Radiogenomics of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Correlation of Imaging Features With BAP1 and FGFR Molecular Subtypes.

PURPOSE: Clinical research has shown unique tumor behavioral characteristics of BRCA-associated protein-1- (BAP1-) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-mutated intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs), with BAP1-mutated tumors demonstrating more aggressive forms of disease and FGFR-altered CCAs showing more indolent behavior. We performed a retrospective case-control study to evaluate for unique imaging features associated with BAP1 and FGFR genomic markers in intrahepatic CCA (iCCA). METHODS: Multiple imaging features of iCCA at first staging were analyzed by 2 abdominal radiologists blinded to genomic data. Growth and development of metastases at available follow-up imaging were also recorded, as were basic clinical cohort data. Types of iCCA analyzed included those with BAP1, FGFR, or both alterations, as well as cases with low mutational burden or mutations with low clinical impact, which served as a control or "wild-type" group. There were 18 cases in the FGFR group, 10 with BAP1 mutations, and 31 wild types (controls). RESULTS: Cases with BAP1 mutations showed significantly larger growth at first year of follow-up (P = 0.03) and more frequent tumor-associated biliary ductal dilatation (P = 0.04) compared with controls. FGFR-altered cases showed more infiltrative margins compared with controls (P = 0.047) and demonstrated less enhancement between arterial to portal venous phases (P = 0.02). BAP1 and FGFR groups had more cases with stage IV disease at presentation than controls (P = 0.025, P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Compared with wild-type iCCAs, FGFR-mutated tumors often demonstrate infiltrative margins, and BAP1 tumors show increased biliary ductal dilatation at presentation. BAP1-mutated cases had significantly larger growth at first-year restaging.

PEX3 promotes regenerative repair after myocardial injury in mice through facilitating plasma membrane localization of ITGB3.

The peroxisome is a versatile organelle that performs diverse metabolic functions. PEX3, a critical regulator of the peroxisome, participates in various biological processes associated with the peroxisome. Whether PEX3 is involved in peroxisome-related redox homeostasis and myocardial regenerative repair remains elusive. We investigate that cardiomyocyte-specific PEX3 knockout (Pex3-KO) results in an imbalance of redox homeostasis and disrupts the endogenous proliferation/development at different times and spatial locations. Using Pex3-KO mice and myocardium-targeted intervention approaches, the effects of PEX3 on myocardial regenerative repair during both physiological and pathological stages are explored. Mechanistically, lipid metabolomics reveals that PEX3 promotes myocardial regenerative repair by affecting plasmalogen metabolism. Further, we find that PEX3-regulated plasmalogen activates the AKT/GSK3ß signaling pathway via the plasma membrane localization of ITGB3. Our study indicates that PEX3 may represent a novel therapeutic target for myocardial regenerative repair following injury.

[Species of Chinese materia medica resources based on the fourth national survey of Chinese materia medica resources].

This article outlined the composition and species characteristics of Chinese materia medica(CMM) resources identified in the fourth national survey of CMM resources. The survey was conducted based on field investigations and office collation, adhering to the "four principles", which emphasized the existence of survey records, voucher specimens, actual photographs, and evidence of medicinal use, so as to summarize the species of CMM resources and ensure the scientific integrity and accuracy of the results. According to the results, China had a total of 18 817 CMM resources, including 15 321 medicinal plants, 826 medicinal fungi, 2 517 medicinal animals, and 153 medicinal minerals. Additionally, the fourth national survey of CMM resources also conducted specialized investigations on 3 151 species of unique medicinal plants, 464 species of rare and endangered medicinal plants, and 196 new species in China. These latest statistics on these CMM resources will provide the most up-to-date foundational data for the protection, management, development, and utilization of these resources over an extended period, offering scientific guidance for the development of the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) industry.

[Material basis and mechanism of Bletillae Rhizoma for melasma, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, lung cancer and bronchoplumonary inflammation as "homotherapy for heteropathy" based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap HRMS coupled with network pharmacology and molecular docking].

Based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap HRMS coupled with the network pharmacology and molecular docking, the common material basis and molecular mechanisms of Bletillae Rhizoma for melasma, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, lung cancer and bronchoplumonary inflammation as "homotherapy for heteropathy" were explored. The fingerprint of 17 batches of Bletillae Rhizoma from different areas was established using HPLC, and the similarity analysis was carried out. The common chemical components of the 17 batches of Bletillae Rhizoma were identified using UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap HRMS. Depending on the bioavailability and drug-like properties of the common components, the active chemical components were screened, and then their protein targets were collected using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP) and SwissTargetPrediction database. The protein targets related to diseases were retrieved from the databases DrugBank, TTD and GeneCards to produce a Venn diagram. The shared targets were obtained between drugs and diseases as "homotherapy for heteropathy" targets. The protein-protein interaction(PPI) was analyzed with the STRING database, and KEGG and GO analyses of the "homotherapy for heteropathy" targets were performed using the Bioconductor database. Cytoscape 3.7.2 software was employed to construct the "chemical components of Bletillae Rhizoma-homotherapy for heteropathy targets" network and PPI network, and topological analysis was conducted to screen out the key active chemical components and core targets. Finally, the affinity between the active components and core targets was evaluated using the molecular docking by AutoDock Vina 4.2.6, which verified the interaction between them. Thirteen common peaks were identified by fingerprint chromatography, and the similarity between different batches was 0.941-0.998. Fifty-three chemical components were identified by mass spectrometry in Bletillae Rhizoma, and 18 common chemical constituents were obtained in the 17 batches of Bletillae Rhizoma. Network pharmacologic screening showed that the pharmacodynamic substances of Bletillae Rhizoma for melasma, gastrointestinal hemo-rrhage, lung cancer and bronchoplumonary inflammation with "homotherapy for heteropathy" were 11 compounds, such as polysaccharides, biphenanthrenes, dihydrophenanthrenes and bibenzyls. There were 42 common targets identified for the treatment of different diseases. These targets were involved in biological processes such as cell response to chemical stress, reactive oxygen species and positive regulation of protein kinase B signal transduction. They were also involved in 121 signaling pathways, encompassing vital pathways such as PI3K-Akt, ErbB, Rap1, FoxO, MAPK and estrogen. Molecular docking results showed a strong affinity between the key active components and the core targets. This study provides a preliminary explanation of how Bletillae Rhizoma exerts its therapeutic effect on chloasma, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, lung cancer, and bronchopneumonic lesions as "homotherapy for heteropathy" through a combined action involving multiple components, targets, and pathways. These findings offer a certain theoretical basis for the further deve-lopment and application of Bletillae Rhizoma.

A review of progress on complement and primary membranous nephropathy.

Primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) is a predominant cause of adult nephrotic syndrome, with its incidence witnessing a progressive surge over time. Approximately 35% to 47% of patients progress to renal failure within 10 years, causing a huge social burden. Within China, the proportion of PMN in primary glomerular disease exhibits a gradual ascension. Recent studies have shown that the 3 activation pathways of complement: the classical pathway, mannose-binding lectin pathway, and alternative pathway, are all involved in the pathogenesis of PMN. Despite historical limitations in detecting C1q deposits on the glomeruli of PMN in the past, recent studies have confirmed the classical pathway is implicated in patients with PMN. Considering the dysregulation of the complement system has been observed in PMN, complement inhibitors become increasingly promising. Several clinical trials are presently underway to evaluate the efficacy of complement inhibitors, such as MASP2 antagonists (OMS721), C3 and C3b antagonists (APL2), FD inhibitors (BCX9930), C3aR antagonists (SB290157 and JR14a), FB inhibitors (LNP023). This article reviews the recent research progress on the role of the complement pathway in the pathogenesis of PMN, and underscores the importance of continued research into the complement pathway and its inhibitors, which may pave the way for groundbreaking advancements in the management of PMN.

Risk assessment of infection of COVID-19 contacts based on scenario simulation.

We constructed a rapid infection risk assessment model for contacts of COVID-19. The improved Wells-Riley model was used to estimate the probability of infection for contacts of COVID-19 in the same place and evaluate their risk grades. We used COVID-19 outbreaks that were documented to validate the accuracy of the model. We analyzed the relationship between controllable factors and infection probability and constructed common scenarios to analyze the infection risk of contacts in different scenarios. The model showed the robustness of the fitting (mean relative error = 5.89%, mean absolute error = 2.03%, root mean squared error = 2.03%, R2 = 0.991). We found that improving ventilation from poorly ventilated to naturally ventilated and wearing masks can reduce the probability of infection by about two times. Contacts in places of light activity, loud talking or singing, and heavy exercise, oral breathing (e.g., gyms, KTV, choirs) were at higher risk of infection. The model constructed in this study can quickly and accurately assess the infection risk grades of COVID-19 contacts. Simply opening doors and windows for ventilation can significantly reduce the risk of infection in certain places. The places of light activity, loud talking or singing, and heavy exercise, oral breathing, should pay more attention to prevent and control transmission of the epidemic.