ABSTRACT
Biomarkers are used in the diagnosis, severity determination, and prognosis for patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Selected biomarkers may indicate a bacterial infection and need for antibiotic therapy (C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells). Biomarkers can differentiate CAP patients who require hospital admission and severe CAP requiring intensive care unit admission. Biomarker-guided antibiotic therapy may limit antibiotic exposure without compromising outcome and thus improve antibiotic stewardship. The authors discuss the role of biomarkers in diagnosing, determining severity, defining the prognosis, and limiting antibiotic exposure in CAP and ventilator-associated pneumonia patients.
Subject(s)
Community-Acquired Infections , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated , Pneumonia , Humans , Calcitonin , Biomarkers , Pneumonia/diagnosis , Pneumonia/drug therapy , Prognosis , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated/diagnosis , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated/drug therapy , Community-Acquired Infections/diagnosis , Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The role of repeated prone positioning in intubated subjects with acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by COVID-19 remains unclear. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study of critically ill intubated patients with COVID-19 who were placed in the prone position between March 18, 2020 and March 31, 2020. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, reintubation, and previous prone positioning at a referring hospital. Patients were followed up until hospital discharge. The primary outcome was oxygenation assessed by partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio (Pao2/Fio2) ratio. A positive response to proning was defined as an increase in Pao2/Fio2 ratio ≥20%. Treatment failure of prone positioning was defined as death or requirement for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). RESULTS: Forty-two subjects (29 males; age: 59 [52-69] yr) were eligible for analysis. Nine subjects were placed in the prone position only once, with 25 requiring prone positioning on three or more occasions. A total of 31/42 (74%) subjects survived to discharge, with five requiring ECMO; 11/42 (26%) subjects died. After the first prone positioning session, Pao2/Fio2 (mean (standard deviation)) ratio increased from 17.9 kPa (7.2) to 28.2 kPa (12.2) (P<0.01). After the initial prone positioning session, subjects who were discharged from hospital were more likely to have an improvement in Pao2/Fio2 ratio ≥20%, compared with those requiring ECMO or who died. CONCLUSION: Patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome frequently responded to initial prone positioning with improved oxygenation. Subsequent prone positioning in subjects discharged from hospital was associated with greater improvements in oxygenation.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/therapy , Intubation, Intratracheal/methods , Prone Position/physiology , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy , Respiratory Mechanics/physiology , Aged , COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/physiopathology , Cohort Studies , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/etiology , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/physiopathology , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
The pathobiology of the septic process includes a complex interrelationship between inflammation and the coagulations system. Antithrombin (AT) and tissue factor are important components of the coagulation system and have potential roles in the production and amplification of sepsis. Sepsis is associated with a decrease in AT levels, and low levels are also associated with the development of multiple organ failure and death. Treatment strategies incorporating AT replacement therapy in sepsis and septic shock have not resulted in an improvement in survival or reversal of disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Subject(s)
Antithrombin III/metabolism , Sepsis/metabolism , Sepsis/physiopathology , Thromboplastin/metabolism , Critical Illness , Humans , Multiple Organ Failure/etiology , Multiple Organ Failure/prevention & control , Sepsis/therapy , Shock, Septic/metabolism , Shock, Septic/physiopathology , Shock, Septic/therapyABSTRACT
Biomarkers are used in the diagnosis, severity determination, and prognosis for patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Selected biomarkers may indicate a bacterial infection and need for antibiotic therapy (C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells). Biomarkers can differentiate CAP patients who require hospital admission and severe CAP requiring intensive care unit admission. Biomarker-guided antibiotic therapy may limit antibiotic exposure without compromising outcome and thus improve antibiotic stewardship. The authors discuss the role of biomarkers in diagnosing, determining severity, defining the prognosis, and limiting antibiotic exposure in CAP and ventilator-associated pneumonia patients.
