The influence of hepatitis C virus eradication on hepatocarcinogenesis in patients with hemophilia.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in patients with hemophilia lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at a relatively younger age than that in patients without hemophilia. Although recent progress in direct-acting-antivirals has facilitated a high rate of sustained virological response (SVR), the clinical influence of HCV eradication in hemophilia patients remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of SVR against HCV in patients with and without hemophilia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study enrolled 699 patients who achieved SVR after HCV antiviral treatment. Patients were divided into two groups: 78 patients with hemophilia (H group) and 621 patients without hemophilia (NH group). We evaluated patient characteristics, clinical outcomes, and the cumulative incidence of HCC after SVR. RESULTS: Compared with the NH group, patients in the H-group were significantly younger and had a lower hepatic fibrosis score. No difference was found in the incidence of liver-related disease or overall death between the two groups over a mean follow-up period of 7 years. Four patients in the H group and 36 patients in the NH group were diagnosed with HCC after SVR. Multivariate analysis showed that male sex, age, and cirrhosis were significant risk factors for HCC incidence. There was no significant difference in the cumulative incidence of HCC after propensity-score matching adjusting for the risk factors of HCC between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Hemophilia is not a significant risk factor for hepatocarcinogenesis after SVR against HCV.

[Use of optical coherence tomography for accurate characterization of atherosclerosis].

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a novel imaging technology based on low-coherence interferometry that uses scattering of near-infrared light as a signal source to provide vascular cross-sectional imaging with definition far superior to any other available modality. With spatial resolution of up to 10 microm, OCT provides 20-fold higher resolution than intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), currently the most used modality for intra-coronary imaging. OCT has the capacity to provide invaluable insight into the various phases of atherosclerotic disease and vascular response to therapeutics. Studies have shown the ability of OCT to detect arterial structures and assist in the determination of different histological constituents. Its capacity to distinguish different grades of atherosclerotic changes and the various types of plaques, as compared to histology, has recently been demonstrated with acceptable intra-observer and inter-observer correlations for these findings. OCT provides unrivaled real-time in vivo endovascular resolution, which has been exploited to assess the vascular structures and response to device deployment. While depth remains a limitation for OCT plaque characterization beyond 2-mm, near-histological resolution can be achieved within the first millimeter of the vessel wall allowing unique assessment of fibrous cap characteristics and thickness. In addition, assessment of neointimal coverage, para-strut tissue patterns and stent apposition can now be scrutinized for individual struts on the micron scale, the so-called strut-level analysis. OCT has propelled intravascular imaging into micron-level in vivo vascular analysis and is expected to soon become a valuable and indispensable tool for the cardiologists on both clinical and research applications.

Uso da tomografia de coerência ótica intracoronariana para caracterização precisa da aterosclerose / Uso de la tomografía de coherencia óptica intracoronaria para caracterización precisa de la aterosclerosis / Use of optical coherence tomography for accurate characterization of atherosclerosis

A Tomografia de Coerência Ótica (TCO) é uma nova tecnologia de imagem baseada em interferometria de baixa coerência que utiliza a dispersão de luz quase-infravermelha como uma fonte de sinal para fornecer imagens transversais vasculares com definição muito superior à de qualquer outra modalidade disponível. Com uma resolução espacial de até 10μm, a TCO fornece uma resolução 20 vezes maior do que o ultrassom intravascular (USIV), a modalidade atualmente mais utilizada para obter imagens intra-coronárias. A TCO tem uma capacidade de fornecer um entendimento das várias fases da doença aterosclerótica e a resposta vascular ao tratamento. Estudos tem mostrado a capacidade da TCO em detectar estruturas arteriais e ajudar na determinação de diferentes constituintes histológicos. Sua capacidade de distinguir diferentes graus de alterações ateroscleróticas e os vários tipos de placas, quando comparada à histologia, tem sido recentemente demonstrada com correlações inter e intra-observador aceitáveis para esses achados. A TCO fornece uma resolução endovascular excepcional em tempo real in vivo, que tem sido explorada para avaliar as estruturas vasculares e a resposta ao uso do equipamento. Embora a profundidade permaneça uma limitação para a caracterização de placa além de 2 mm através da TCO, uma resolução próxima à histológica pode ser obtida dentro do primeiro milímetro da parede do vaso, permitindo uma avaliação extraordinária das características e espessura da capa fibrosa. Além disso, a avaliação da cobertura de neoíntima, padrões de tecido para-haste e aposição de stent podem agora ser escrutinizados para hastes individuais na escala de mícrons, a assim chamada análise em nível de haste. A TCO levou a imagem intravascular ao nível de mícron na análise vascular in vivo e espera-se que breve se torne uma ferramenta valiosa e indispensável para cardiologistas em aplicações clínicas e de pesquisa.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a novel imaging technology based on low-coherence interferometry that uses scattering of near-infrared light as a signal source to provide vascular cross-sectional imaging with definition far superior to any other available modality. With spatial resolution of up to 10μm, OCT provides 20-fold higher resolution than intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), currently the most used modality for intra-coronary imaging. OCT has the capacity to provide invaluable insight into the various phases of atherosclerotic disease and vascular response to therapeutics. Studies have shown the ability of OCT to detect arterial structures and assist in the determination of different histological constituents. Its capacity to distinguish different grades of atherosclerotic changes and the various types of plaques, as compared to histology, has recently been demonstrated with acceptable intra-observer and inter-observer correlations for these findings. OCT provides unrivaled real-time in vivo endovascular resolution, which has been exploited to assess the vascular structures and response to device deployment. While depth remains a limitation for OCT plaque characterization beyond 2-mm, near-histological resolution can be achieved within the first millimeter of the vessel wall allowing unique assessment of fibrous cap characteristics and thickness. In addition, assessment of neointimal coverage, para-strut tissue patterns and stent apposition can now be scrutinized for individual struts on the micron scale, the so-called strut-level analysis. OCT has propelled intravascular imaging into micron-level in vivo vascular analysis and is expected to soon become a valuable and indispensable tool for the cardiologists on both clinical and research applications.

La Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica (TCO) es una nueva tecnología de imagen basada en interferometría de baja coherencia que utiliza la dispersión de luz casi infrarroja como una fuente de señal para suministrar imágenes transversales vasculares con definición muy superior a la de cualquier otra modalidad disponible. Con una resolución espacial de hasta 10 μm, la TCO ofrece una resolución 20 veces mayor que la ecografía intravascular (EIV), la modalidad actualmente más utilizada para obtener imágenes intracoronarias. La TCO tiene capacidad de suministrar comprensión de las varias fases de la enfermedad aterosclerótica y la respuesta vascular al tratamiento. Estudios han mostrado la capacidad de la TCO para detectar estructuras arteriales y ayudar en la determinación de diferentes constituyentes histológicos. Su capacidad para distinguir diferentes grados de alteraciones ateroscleróticas y los varios tipos de placas, cuando se la compara con la histología, ha sido demostrada recientemente con correlaciones inter e intra observador aceptables para esos hallazgos. La TCO ofrece una resolución endovascular excepcional en tiempo real in vivo, que se ha explorado para evaluar las estructuras vasculares y la respuesta al auso del equipamiento. Aunque la profundida continúe siendo una limitación para la caracterización de placa más allá de 2 mm a través de la TCO, una resolución próxima a la histológica puede obtenerse dentro del primer milímetro de la pared del vaso, permitiendo una evaluación extraordnaria de las característica y espesor de la capa fibrosa. Además de ello, la evaluación de la cobertura de neoíntima, patrones de tejido para vástago y aposición de stent pueden ahora ser escrutados para vástagos individuales en la escala de micrones, el llamado análisis a nivel de vástago.