Physical Activity in Patients with Neuromuscular Disease Three Years after COVID-19, a Longitudinal Survey: The After-Effects of the Quarantine and the Benefits of a Return to a Healthier Life-Style.

BACKGROUND: Quarantine was one of the strategies adopted by governments against the spread of COVID-19. This restriction has caused an increase in sedentary behaviors and a decrease in the practice of physical activity (PA), with a consequent negative impact on lifestyle both in healthy people and in those who need constant practice of PA to combat diseases, such as patients suffering from neuromuscular diseases (NMDs). Hence, this study aimed to compare PA levels among patients with NMD during and after quarantine. METHODS: An adapted version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short-Form and the Short-Form Health Survey were administered during COVID-19 quarantine (T0) and after 3 years (T1) to 91 Italian patients with NMDs. RESULTS: We found a significant increase in the total PA level at T1, with no significant changes in vigorous-intensity PA. Moreover, a significant decrease in the PA level was found among the patients with different NMDs. No significant changes in physical component scores and mental component scores were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that it would be necessary to provide alternative indoor exercise settings to prevent the adoption of sedentary behaviors.

Study of Through-Hole Micro-Drilling in Sapphire by Means of Pulsed Bessel Beams.

Ultrashort Bessel beams have been used in this work to study the response of a 430-µm-thick monocrystalline sapphire sample to laser-matter interaction when injecting the beam orthogonally through the whole sample thickness. We show that with a 12° Bessel beam cone angle, we are able to internally modify the material and generate tailorable elongated microstructures while preventing the formation of surface cracks, even in the picosecond regime, contrary to what was previously reported in the literature. On the other hand, by means of Bessel beam machining combined with a trepanning technique where very high energy pulses are needed, we were able to generate 100 µm diameter through-holes, eventually with negligible cracks and very low taper angles thanks to an optimization achieved by using a 60-µm-thick layer of Kapton Polyimide removable tape.

Micro-Hole Generation by High-Energy Pulsed Bessel Beams in Different Transparent Materials.

Micro-drilling transparent dielectric materials by using non-diffracting beams impinging orthogonally to the sample can be performed without scanning the beam position along the sample thickness. In this work, the laser micromachining process, based on the combination of picosecond pulsed Bessel beams with the trepanning technique, is applied to different transparent materials. We show the possibility to create through-apertures with diameter on the order of tens of micrometers, on dielectric samples with different thermal and mechanical characteristics as well as different thicknesses ranging from two hundred to five hundred micrometers. Advantages and drawbacks of the application of this technique to different materials such as glass, polymer, or diamond are highlighted by analyzing the features, the morphology, and the aspect-ratio of the through-holes generated. Alternative Bessel beam drilling configurations, and the possibility of optimization of the quality of the aperture at the output sample/air interface is also discussed in the case of glass.

Laser surface structuring of diamond with ultrashort Bessel beams.

We investigate the effect of ultrafast laser surface machining on a monocrystalline synthetic diamond sample by means of pulsed Bessel beams. We discuss the differences of the trench-like microstructures generated in various experimental conditions, by varying the beam cone angle, the energy and pulse duration, and we present a brief comparison of the results with those obtained with the same technique on a sapphire sample. In diamond, we obtain V-shaped trenches whose surface width varies with the cone angle, and which are featured by micrometer sized channels having depths in the range of 10-20 µm. By laser writing crossed trenches we are also able to create and tailor on the diamond surface pillar-like or tip-like microstructures potentially interesting for large surface functionalization, cells capturing and biosensing.

Broadband and efficient adiabatic three-wave-mixing in a temperature-controlled bulk crystal.

Nonlinear interactions are commonly used to access to wavelengths not covered by standard laser systems. In particular, optical parametric amplification (OPA) is a powerful technique to produce broadly tunable light. However, common implementations of OPA suffer from a well-known trade-off, either achieving high efficiency for narrow spectra or inefficient conversion over a broad bandwidth. This shortcoming can be addressed using adiabatic processes. Here, we demonstrate a novel technique towards this direction, based on a temperature-controlled phase mismatch between the interacting waves. Using this approach, we demonstrate, by tailoring the temperature profile, an increase in conversion efficiency by 21%, reaching a maximum of 57%, while simultaneously expanding the bandwidth to over 300 nm. Our technique can readily enhance the performances of current OPA systems.

Colors of transparent submicron suspensions on approaching the Rayleigh regime.

The features of scattered and transmitted light by dilute suspensions of transparent submicron particles are investigated both in the spectral and in the perceived colorimetric domains, as a function of effective particle diameter D, particle-host refractive-index mismatch m, and scattering angle θ. Our results show that the wavelength λ-dependence of the scattering and extinction cross sections remains quite similar well beyond the Rayleigh regime up to particle sizes of a few hundreds nm, but only for specific scattering angles that depend on D and m, and tend to 90° on approaching the Rayleigh regime. Close to this limit (D/λ<<1), a simple criterion that relates the perceived scattering color at θ=90° and the ratio of the sample extinction coefficients at two properly selected wavelengths is demonstrated. A comparison between computed and measured data is presented.

High visibility pump reconstruction via ultra broadband sum frequency mixing of intense phase-conjugated twin beams.

In this paper we show how after the generation of parametric down-conversion radiation (PDC) in the very high gain pulsed regime, we are able to reconstruct the pump via up-conversion of the twin beams originated from that PDC process. The peculiarity of the experiment is the ultra-broad spectral and angular bandwidth sent into the process of sum frequency mixing thanks to an achromatic imaging technique from the exit face of the PDC crystal using off-axis parabolic mirrors. The recorded spectra presented illustrate the high visibility recombination of the intense phase-conjugated signal and idler beams and pave the way for the investigation of both the spatial and temporal properties of the near field biphoton amplitude.

Spatiotemporal amplitude and phase retrieval of space-time coupled ultrashort pulses using the Shackled-FROG technique.

We demonstrate the validity of the Shackled-frequency-resolved-optical-gating technique for the complete characterization, both in space and in time, of ultrashort optical pulses that present strong angular dispersion. Combining a simple imaging grating with a Hartmann-Shack sensor and standard frequency-resolved-optical-gating detection at a single spatial position, we are able to retrieve the full spatiotemporal structure of a tilted pulse.

Accurate retrieval of pulse-splitting dynamics of a femtosecond filament in water by time-resolved shadowgraphy.

By means of a time-resolved, shadowgraphic method we observed directly the development of the pulse-splitting dynamics of a femtosecond laser pulse propagating in the filamentary regime in water. For the first time to our knowledge, the relative splitting velocity was measured. We compare the experimental data with numerical simulations. A possible scenario for the splitting event and evolution of the fragments is discussed.

Spiraling zero-order Bessel beam.

The question that we are addressing concerns the possibility of creating a zeroth-order Bessel-like beam that spirals around the axis of propagation. The analytical features of the beam propagation are studied theoretically. Approximations to such a light field can be experimentally realized by using an axicon and a hologram. The beam potentially can attract interest in microfabrication applications.

Experimental energy-density flux characterization of ultrashort laser pulse filaments.

Visualization of the energy density flux gives a unique insight into the propagation properties of complex ultrashort pulses. This analysis, formerly relegated to numerical investigations, is here shown to be an invaluable experimental diagnostic tool. By retrieving the spatio-temporal amplitude and phase we experimentally obtain the energy density flux within complex ultrashort pulses generated by filamentation in a nonlinear Kerr medium.

Generation of extended plasma channels in air using femtosecond Bessel beams.

Extending the longitudinal range of plasma channels created by ultrashort laser pulses in atmosphere is important in practical applications of laser-induced plasma such as remote spectroscopy and lightning control. Weakly focused femtosecond Gaussian beams that are commonly used for generating plasma channels offer only a limited control of filamentation. Increasing the pulse energy in this case typically results in creation of multiple filaments and does not appreciably extend the longitudinal range of filamentation. Bessel beams with their extended linear foci intuitively appear to be better suited for generation of long plasma channels. We report experimental results on creating extended filaments in air using femtosecond Bessel beams. By probing the linear plasma density along the filament, we show that apertured Bessel beams produce stable single plasma channels that span the entire extent of the linear focus of the beam. We further show that by temporally chirping the pulse, the plasma channel can be longitudinally shifted beyond the linear-focus zone, an important effect that may potentially offer additional means of controlling filament formation.

Ultrashort laser pulse filamentation from spontaneous X-Wave formation in air.

The description of ultrashort laser pulse filamentation in condensed media as a spontaneous formation of X waves is shown to apply also to filaments generated in air. Within this framework, a simple explanation is brought for several features of the filament such as the subdiffractive propagation and the energy flux from the weakly localized tails of the X-waves to the intense core.

Time-resolved refractive index and absorption mapping of light-plasma filaments in water.

By means of a quantitative shadowgraphic method, we performed a space-time characterization of the refractive index variation and transient absorption induced by a light-plasma filament generated by a 120 fs laser pulse in water. The formation and evolution of the plasma channel in the proximity of the nonlinear focus were observed with a 23 fs time resolution.

Three-dimensional vortex solitons in self-defocusing media.

We demonstrate that families of vortex solitons are possible in a bidispersive three-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation. These solutions can be considered as extensions of two-dimensional dark vortex solitons which, along the third dimension, remain localized due to the interplay between dispersion and nonlinearity. Such vortex solitons can be observed in optical media with normal dispersion, normal diffraction, and defocusing nonlinearity.

Stimulated Raman X waves in ultrashort optical pulse filamentation.

We demonstrate that ultrashort pulse filamentation in liquids with strong Raman gain leads to the spontaneous formation of nonlinear X waves at a Raman-shifted wavelength. We measured as much as 75% energy conversion efficiency into a Raman X wave in ethanol starting from 1 ps pulses due to the group velocity matching between the pump and Raman X pulses. Large Raman gain of a weak seed signal was observed in water, associated with a strong spatiotemporal transformation of the seed into an X wave.

Competition between phase-matching and stationarity in Kerr-driven optical pulse filamentation.

Experiments show that the spatiotemporal spectral broadening of an intense pump pulse in a Kerr medium in the presence of strong higher-order dispersion does not lead to symmetric profiles, and hence cannot be interpreted as standard modulational instability of a plane and monochromatic nonlinear eigenmode. The highly asymmetric features of the generated (K perpendicular,Omega) spectrum are due to odd-order dispersion terms and are interpreted in terms of spontaneous formation of stationary conical waves.

Conical emission, pulse splitting, and X-wave parametric amplification in nonlinear dynamics of ultrashort light pulses.

The precise observation of the angle-frequency spectrum of light filaments in water reveals a scenario incompatible with current models of conical emission (CE). Its description in terms of linear X-wave modes leads us to understand filamentation dynamics requiring a phase- and group-matched, Kerr-driven four-wave-mixing process that involves two highly localized pumps and two X waves. CE and temporal splitting arise naturally as two manifestations of this process.

High localization, focal depth and contrast by means of nonlinear Bessel beams.

We show an experimental and computational comparison between the resolution power, the contrast and the focal depth of a nonlinearly propagated diffraction-free beam and of other beams (a linear and a nonlinearly propagated Gaussian pulse): launching a nondiffractive Bessel pulse in a solution of Coumarine 120 in methanol creates a high contrast, 40 mm long, 10 microm width fluorescence channel excited by 3-photon absorption process. This fluorescence channel exhibits the same contrast and resolution of a tightly focused Gaussian pulse, but reaches a focal depth that outclasses by orders of magnitude that reached by an equivalent Gaussian pulse.

From X- to O-shaped spatiotemporal spectra of light filaments in water.

We show that the angle-wavelength spectra of light filaments excited by ultrashort pulses experience a transition from X- to O-like structures when their carrier wavelengths are switched from normal to anomalous dispersion. Calculations confirm that the O-shaped conical emission follows the elliptic geometry of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with anomalous dispersion.