ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and is the seventh most common in Botswana. Lack of improvement in oral cancer survival despite the availability of multiple treatment options may be due to the high prevalence of advanced stage at presentation. We identified risk factors for presenting with oral cancer at an advanced stage to facilitate interventions to reduce mortality from oral cancers. METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted among individuals with biopsy-confirmed oral cancer at Princess Marina Hospital in Gaborone, Botswana, between 2010 and 2020. Data collected included age at diagnosis, sex, place of residence, HIV status, oral cancer stage, and oral subsite. Multivariable analyses were controlled for age, sex, district of residence, and oral subsite. RESULTS: Of the 218 records analyzed, 79% were male, 58% were HIV-positive, the median age was 56 years (interquartile range: 47-63), and 67% presented with advanced-stage disease. Cancers from hidden oral sites were more likely to present at an advanced stage with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.98 (95% CI, 1.29 to 6.89; P = .01). Residence in socioeconomically disadvantaged districts was associated with higher likelihood (OR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.28 to 4.39; P = .01) of advanced stage presentation compared with other districts. HIV infection was not associated with risk of advanced lesion presentation (OR, 1; 95% CI, 0.61 to 1.61; P = .97). CONCLUSION: Hidden oral cancer sites and residence in districts with limited access to care were risk factors for advanced oral cancer at the time of diagnosis in Botswana. These findings support a need to increase efforts to improve access to care and increase oral cancer awareness to decrease the burden of advanced oral cancer.