Association of chronic kidney dysfunction and preeclampsia: insights of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.

BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia occurs in 3% to 5% of pregnancies and can lead to potentially fatal outcomes for parent and child. Disparities in socioeconomic status, medical access, racial or ethnic, and regional background within the United States result in a very heterogenic population. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the regional differences in the severity of chronic kidney disease in pregnant patients as well as the risk of preeclampsia in a contemporary cohort within the United States. STUDY DESIGN: Pregnant patients were identified within the National Inpatient Sample database between 2015 and 2019. Patients were stratified by diagnosis of end-stage kidney disease or chronic kidney disease. The primary endpoint of this study was to determine the incidence of mild preeclampsia, severe preeclampsia, and eclampsia in hospitalized pregnant patients with kidney dysfunction compared with controls. Secondary endpoints were to determine regional, racial or ethnic, and socioeconomic differences within the United States. RESULTS: A total of 16,343,563 pregnant patients were identified from 2015 to 2019. Presence of chronic kidney disease increased risk of mild and severe preeclampsia independent of the stage of chronic kidney disease (odds ratio >2 each). There was a markedly difference in prevalence of chronic kidney disease in regard to geographic location within the United States, with patients in the Northeast having predominantly milder stages of chronic kidney disease and patients in the South and West having more progressive kidney disease. There was a significant difference in chronic kidney disease distribution in relation to racial/ethnic background within the United States. Black and Latinx patients were at increased risk of eclampsia and death. There was no significant difference regarding chronic kidney disease and socioeconomic background. However, a larger proportion of patients with very low income had advanced stages of chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSION: Our data add to the previous findings that patients with chronic kidney disease are at increased risk of developing preeclampsia even in the modern era of medical management, independent of the cause of chronic kidney disease. Racial or ethnic and geographic differences in chronic kidney disease prevalence exist. A multidisciplinary team approach to follow-up with pregnant patients with chronic kidney disease could decrease maternal and neonatal mortality.

Management of pregnancy in left ventricular assist device and heart transplant recipients: a concise review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Women of reproductive age are increasingly undergoing heart transplantation (HT) or left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation for advanced heart failure. This review is intended to give an overview of the current state of the art management of pregnancy in patients with LVAD or HT recipients. RECENT FINDINGS: Heart transplant recipients are at increased risk for graft rejection, renal dysfunction, preeclampsia and worsening of comorbidities (hypertension and diabetes). Patients with LVAD are at higher risk of thromboembolic events, infections, right ventricular failure and require close surveillance during pregnancy. Preconception counseling must be offered to all women of reproductive age group with HT or LVAD to avoid unplanned pregnancies. SUMMARY: A multidisciplinary approach with close antepartum and postpartum surveillance is recommended.

COVID-19 associated development of antibody mediated rejection in orthotopic heart transplantation patients.

Solid organ transplant candidates encountered increased wait times and mortality rates during the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Despite improvement in medical management and vaccination efficacy, this patient population remains at increased risk for complications post COVID-19 including organ rejection. We describe the development of antibody mediated rejection with or without cellular rejection in heart transplant (HT) recipients and previous COVID-19 infection or vaccination. Although centers have changed their management of outpatient follow-up for orthotopic heart transplant patients, little is known on surveillance of rejection and management of HT recipients after COVID-19 infection. We recommend frequent surveillance for rejection or allograft dysfunction after COVID-19 infection. We have adopted a transplant surveillance protocol for HT recipients with COVID-19 infection, given our recent experience with transplanted patients affected of COVID-19.

Azithromycin versus erythromycin infusions prior to endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Background: Intravenous erythromycin prior to endoscopy for upper gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) improves outcomes but requires immediate preparation delaying administration in emergency cases. Azithromycin is readily available and does not require prolonged preparation. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of azithromycin in improving the quality of endoscopic visualization in upper GIB compared to erythromycin. Methods: Patients admitted with upper GIB who received erythromycin or azithromycin before urgent endoscopy were included. Primary outcome of the quality of visualization was assessed by two gastroenterologists, blinded to the choice of infusion, using a scoring system ranging from 0 to 8, with a maximum of 2 points assigned to the fundus, body, antrum and bulb. Results: Sixty-six patients were included; 25 received azithromycin and 41 received erythromycin. Mean total visualization score was significantly higher with azithromycin compared to that with erythromycin (6.8±1.4 vs. 5.5±2.2, respectively; P=0.01) and remained significant after adjusting for confounders (Diff: 0.01, 1.88; P=0.05). Secondary outcomes analyses showed a shorter LOS when given azithromycin compared to erythromycin [6 (3 to 9) vs. 8 (7 to 16) days, respectively, 95% CI: 1.03, 3.89; P=0.04]. Time between initiating the infusion and endoscopy was longer with azithromycin (Diff: 40.64 min; 95% CI: 7.23, 74.05; P=0.02). Need for second look endoscopy, procedure time, blood transfusion requirements and procedure-related complications did not differ between the groups. Conclusions: Azithromycin infusion before endoscopy for upper GIB was associated with better visualization than that of erythromycin. Randomized trials are needed to validate these findings.

Evaluation and management of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension - consensus statement from the ISHLT.

ISHLT members have recognized the importance of a consensus statement on the evaluation and management of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. The creation of this document required multiple steps, including the engagement of the ISHLT councils, approval by the Standards and Guidelines Committee, identification and selection of experts in the field, and the development of 6 working groups. Each working group provided a separate section based on an extensive literature search. These sections were then coalesced into a single document that was circulated to all members of the working groups. Key points were summarized at the end of each section. Due to the limited number of comparative trials in this field, the document was written as a literature review with expert opinion rather than based on level of evidence.

Report from the 2018 consensus conference on immunomodulating agents in thoracic transplantation: Access, formulations, generics, therapeutic drug monitoring, and special populations.

In 2009, the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation recognized the importance and challenges surrounding generic drug immunosuppression. As experience with generics has expanded and comfort has increased, substantial issues have arisen since that time with other aspects of immunomodulation that have not been addressed, such as access to medicines, alternative immunosuppression formulations, additional generics, implications on therapeutic drug monitoring, and implications for special populations such as pediatrics and older adults. The aim of this consensus document is to address critically each of these concerns, expand on the challenges and barriers, and provide therapeutic considerations for practitioners who manage patients who need to undergo or have undergone cardiothoracic transplantation.

Elevated AT1R Antibody and Morbidity in Patients Bridged to Heart Transplant Using Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices.

BACKGROUND: We studied longitudinal levels of angiotensin-II type 1 receptor antibody (AT1R-Ab) and their effects on adverse events (death, treated rejection and cardiac allograft vasculopathy) in patients who were bridged to heart transplant using a continuous flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD). METHODS AND RESULTS: Sera of 77 patients bridged to heart transplant (from 2009 to 2017) were tested for AT1R-Ab and CRP before and after LVAD. Elevated AT1R-Ab was defined as >10.0 U/mL. The median follow-up after transplant was 3.6 years (interquartile range, 2.2-5.6 years). After LVAD, AT1R-Ab levels increased from baseline and remained elevated until transplant. Freedom from adverse events at 5 years was lower in those with elevated AT1R-Ab levels at time of transplant. In an adjusted, multivariable Cox analysis, an AT1R-Ab level of >10 U/mL was associated with developing the primary end point (adjusted hazard ratio 3.4, 95% confidence interval 1.2-9.2, P = .017). Although C-reactive protein levels were high before and after LVAD placement, C-reactive protein did not correlate with AT1R-Ab. CONCLUSIONS: In LVAD patients bridged to heart transplant, an increased AT1R-Ab level at time of transplant was associated with poor outcomes after heart transplant. Post-LVAD AT1R-Ab elevations were not correlated with serum markers of systemic inflammation. Larger studies are needed to examine the pathologic role of AT1R-Ab in heart transplant.

Donor heart and lung procurement: A consensus statement.

Heart and lung procurements are multiphased processes often accompanied by an array of complex logistics. Approaches to donor evaluation and management, organ procurement, and organ preservation vary among individual procurement teams. Because early graft failure remains a major cause of mortality in contemporary thoracic organ transplant recipients, we sought to establish some standardization in the procurement process. This paper, in this vein, represents an international consensus statement on donor heart and lung procurement and is designed to serve as a guide for physicians, surgeons, and other providers who manage donors to best optimize the clinical status for the procurement of both heart and lungs for transplantation. Donation after brain death (DBD) and donation after circulatory determination death (referred to as donation after circulatory death [DCD] for the remainder of the paper) for both heart and lung transplantation will be discussed in this paper. Although the data available on DCD heart donation are limited, information regarding the surgical technique for procurement is included within this consensus statement. Furthermore, this paper will focus on adult DBD and DCD heart and lung procurement. Currently, no certification, which is either recognized and/or endorsed by the transplant community at large, exists for the training of a cardiothoracic procurement surgeon. Nevertheless, establishing a training curriculum and credentialing requirements are beyond the scope of this paper.

Multicenter Evaluation of Octreotide as Secondary Prophylaxis in Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Devices and Gastrointestinal Bleeding.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is one of the most common complications after continuous-flow left ventricular assist device implantation. More than one third of patients with incident bleed go on to develop recurrent GI bleeding. Octreotide, a somatostatin analog, is proposed to reduce the risk of recurrent GI bleeding in this population. METHODS AND RESULTS: This multicenter, retrospective analysis evaluated 51 continuous-flow left ventricular assist device patients who received secondary prophylaxis with octreotide after their index GI bleed from 2009 to 2015. All patients had a hospitalization for GI bleed and received octreotide after discharge. Patient demographics, medical and medication history, and clinical characteristics of patients who rebled after receiving octreotide were compared with non-rebleeders. These data were also compared with matched historical control patients previously enrolled in the HMII (HeartMate II) clinical trials, none of whom received octreotide, to provide a context for the bleeding rates. Twelve patients (24%) who received secondary octreotide prophylaxis developed another GI bleed, whereas 39 (76%) did not. There were similar intergroup demographics; however, significantly more bleeders had a previous GI bleeding history before left ventricular assist device placement (33% versus 5%; P=0.02) and greater frequency of angiodysplasia confirmed during endoscopy (58% versus 23%; P=0.03). Fewer patients in this study experienced a recurrent GI bleed compared with a matched historical control group that did not receive octreotide (24% versus 43%; P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist device receiving secondary prophylaxis with octreotide had a significantly lower GI bleed recurrence compared with historical controls not treated with octreotide. Additional prospective studies are needed to confirm these data.

The vexing problem of thrombosis in long-term mechanical circulatory support.

Durable left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have not only enhanced longevity but also conferred sustained improvements in quality of life, symptom control, and functional capacity in patients with medically refractory advanced heart failure. Problems with device-related infection, bleeding, neurologic events, right-sided heart failure, and device malfunction have dominated the clinical care of patients living on mechanical support. Even as adoption of durable LVADs accelerated globally, we began to encounter a growing dilemma of pump malfunction caused by thrombosis. In early 2011, clinicians began to notice a spike in the incidence of pump thrombosis with the HeartMate II (Thoratec Corp, Pleasanton, CA) LVAD. By 2012, the problem of thrombosis in LVADs began to consume most of the scientific direction as centers and collaborative groups began to dissect this nascent phenomenon. In this perspective, we describe the magnitude and implications of pump thrombosis, discuss secular and management trends in this unique population, attempt to dissect the problem at its root, offer guidance on surveillance and therapeutic principles, and outline issues that deserve our immediate and collaborative attention.

Current and future challenges in therapy for antibody-mediated rejection.

Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) continues to present a challenge for the survival of the cardiac allograft. AMR appears to be on the rise, likely secondary to changing trends in clinical practice, including selection of patients for transplantation on mechanical circulatory support and development of more effective combinations of immunosuppressive drugs against acute cellular rejection. Most current strategies are aimed at treating acute AMR, but the treatment of chronic AMR is still not well defined. Clinically, AMR can often be more severe than cellular rejection and more difficult to treat, often not responding to typical protocols of increased immunosuppression. Complex steps involved in the antibody response allows for several potential targets for therapeutic intervention, including suppression of T and B cells, elimination of circulating antibodies, and inhibition of residual antibodies. Existing evidence suggests a multiregimen approach is the best option. Sustenance of accommodation and induction of tolerance could be viewed as viable options if adequate immune surveillance can be achieved in this setting. This review discusses the challenges in treating AMR and provides a critical analysis of current and possible future therapies.

International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation working formulation of a standardized nomenclature for cardiac allograft vasculopathy-2010.

The development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy remains the Achilles heel of cardiac transplantation. Unfortunately, the definitions of cardiac allograft vasculopathy are diverse, and there are no uniform international standards for the nomenclature of this entity. This consensus document, commissioned by the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation Board, is based on best evidence and clinical consensus derived from critical analysis of available information pertaining to angiography, intravascular ultrasound imaging, microvascular function, cardiac allograft histology, circulating immune markers, non-invasive imaging tests, and gene-based and protein-based biomarkers. This document represents a working formulation for an international nomenclature of cardiac allograft vasculopathy, similar to the development of the system for adjudication of cardiac allograft rejection by histology.