Environmental and Genetic Risk Factors in Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip for Early Detection of the Affected Population.

Diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) mostly relies on physical examination and ultrasound, and both methods are operator-dependent. Late detection can lead to complications in young adults. Current evidence supports the involvement of environmental and genetic factors, such as single nucleotide variants (SNVs). Incorporating genetic factors into diagnostic methods would be useful for implementing early detection and management of affected individuals. Our aim was to analyze environmental factors and SNVs in DDH patients. We included 287 DDH cases and 284 controls. Logistic regression demonstrated an association for sex (OR 9.85, 95% CI 5.55-17.46, p = 0.0001), family history (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.5, p = 0.006), fetal presentation (OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.55-6.54, p = 0.002), and oligohydramnios (OR 2.74, 95%CI 1.12-6.70, p = 0.026). A model predicting the risk of DDH including these variables showed sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 0.91, 0.53, 0.74, and 0.80 respectively. The SNV rs1800470 in TGFB1 showed an association when adjusted for covariables, OR 0.49 (95% CI 0.27-0.90), p = 0.02. When rs1800470 was included in the equation, sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 0.90, 0.61, 0.84, and 0.73, respectively. Incorporating no-operator dependent variables and SNVs in detection methods could be useful for establishing uniform clinical guidelines and optimizing health resources.

Costo de la atención médica en el trauma severo de mano / Cost of medical care in severe hand trauma

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar los costos directos e indirectos en la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Traumatología y Ortopedia «Lomas Verdes¼ de la patología del trauma complejo de mano calificado como riesgo de trabajo. Material y métodos: Se analizaron 50 expedientes clínicos completos con diagnóstico de trauma complejo de mano de Enero de 2019 a Agosto de 2020. La perspectiva del estudio es determinar los costos de la atención médica del trauma complejo de mano en trabajadores activos. Resultados: Se revisaron 50 expedientes clínicos de pacientes con diagnóstico clínico y radiológico de trauma severo de mano, trabajadores asegurados con dictamen de riesgo de trabajo. Conclusión: La presencia de estas lesiones en la edad activa de nuestros pacientes nos habla de la gran importancia que conlleva una atención oportuna y adecuada del trauma severo de mano, que impacta de manera importante en la economía del país. De ahí de la gran necesidad de establecer métodos de prevención de dichas lesiones en las empresas y la necesidad de establecer protocolos de atención médica para estas lesiones y buscar disminuir los procedimientos quirúrgicos para resolver esta patología.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the direct and indirect costs in the High Specialty Medical Unit Hospital de Traumatology y Orthopedic «Lomas Verdes¼ of the pathology of complex hand trauma classified as occupational risk. Material and methods: 50 complete clinical records with a diagnosis of complex hand trauma were analyzed from January 2019 to August 2020. The perspective of the study is to determine the costs of medical care for complex hand trauma in active workers. Results: 50 clinical records of patients with clinical and radiological diagnosis of trauma severe de mano, insured workers with a work risk opinion, were reviewed. Conclusion: The presence of these injuries in the active age of our patients speaks to us of the great importance of timely and adequate care for severe hand trauma, which has a significant impact on the country's economy. Hence the great need to establish methods of prevention of such injuries in companies and the need to establish medical care protocols for these injuries and seek to reduce surgical procedures to resolve this pathology.

[Cost of medical care in severe hand trauma]. / Costo de la atención médica en el trauma severo de mano.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the direct and indirect costs in the High Specialty Medical Unit Hospital de Traumatology y Orthopedic "Lomas Verdes" of the pathology of complex hand trauma classified as occupational risk. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 50 complete clinical records with a diagnosis of complex hand trauma were analyzed from January 2019 to August 2020. The perspective of the study is to determine the costs of medical care for complex hand trauma in active workers. RESULTS: 50 clinical records of patients with clinical and radiological diagnosis of trauma severe de mano, insured workers with a work risk opinion, were reviewed. CONCLUSION: the presence of these injuries in the active age of our patients speaks to us of the great importance of timely and adequate care for severe hand trauma, which has a significant impact on the country's economy. Hence the great need to establish methods of prevention of such injuries in companies and the need to establish medical care protocols for these injuries and seek to reduce surgical procedures to resolve this pathology.

OBJETIVO: determinar los costos directos e indirectos en la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Traumatología y Ortopedia "Lomas Verdes" de la patología del trauma complejo de mano calificado como riesgo de trabajo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se analizaron 50 expedientes clínicos completos con diagnóstico de trauma complejo de mano de Enero de 2019 a Agosto de 2020. La perspectiva del estudio es determinar los costos de la atención médica del trauma complejo de mano en trabajadores activos. RESULTADOS: se revisaron 50 expedientes clínicos de pacientes con diagnóstico clínico y radiológico de trauma severo de mano, trabajadores asegurados con dictamen de riesgo de trabajo. CONCLUSIÓN: la presencia de estas lesiones en la edad activa de nuestros pacientes nos habla de la gran importancia que conlleva una atención oportuna y adecuada del trauma severo de mano, que impacta de manera importante en la economía del país. De ahí de la gran necesidad de establecer métodos de prevención de dichas lesiones en las empresas y la necesidad de establecer protocolos de atención médica para estas lesiones y buscar disminuir los procedimientos quirúrgicos para resolver esta patología.

[Measurement of the pressure force and hand clamps in healthy patients]. / Medición de la fuerza de prensión y de las pinzas de la mano en pacientes sanos.

INTRODUCTION: The biomechanical characterization of grip involves the determination of the different kinematic and dynamic variables that affect its different phases: transport, grip formation and manipulation, as well as its relationship with the anthropometric characteristics of the subject and those of the object. The contact force in the fingers during the making of bidigital or multi-digital grips but involving only the use of distal phalanges (grip type clamp) and cylindrical power grip are among the most used for daily activities. Hand grip force measurement is an essential element for follow-up during growth, injury, rehabilitation and therapeutic trials. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive, prospective, cross-sectional study with 61 patients without upper extremity pathology, 30 male, 31 female, with age range of 20 to 59 years, anthropometric measurements and Force test (kg/strength) were performed. The variables were statistically analyzed with Pearson's "r" and Mann-Whitney's U. RESULTS: The hand grip and clamp 1 Force of the dominant hand as non-dominant is correlated with weight, size, body fat percentage and wrist circumference, HGF and clamp 1 in both the dominant and non-dominant hand is higher in men than in women, with p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: The average HGF of the dominant hand is higher than in the non-dominant for men and women. This is related to weight, size, body fat percentage and wrist circumference.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La caracterización biomecánica de agarre supone la determinación de las diferentes variables cinemáticas y dinámicas que afectan sus distintas fases: transporte, formación del agarre y manipulación; su relación con las características antropométricas del sujeto y las propias del objeto. La fuerza de contacto en los dedos durante la realización de agarres bidigitales o multidigitales pero que involucran únicamente uso de las falanges distales (agarre tipo pinza) y el agarre de potencia cilíndrico son de los más empleados para las actividades diarias. La medición de la fuerza de presión (FPM) es un elemento esencial para seguimiento durante el crecimiento, lesiones, rehabilitación y ensayos terapéuticos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, transversal con 61 pacientes sin patología de miembro torácico, 30 hombres y 31 mujeres, con rango de edad de 20 a 59 años, se realizaron mediciones antropométricas y prueba de fuerza (kg/fuerza). Se analizaron las variables estadísticamente con "r" de Pearson y U de Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: La fuerza de prensión de la mano y la pinza 1 de la mano dominante como la no dominante está correlacionada con el peso, talla, porcentaje de grasa corporal y circunferencia de la muñeca, la FPM y la pinza 1 tanto en la mano dominante como en la no dominante es mayor en los hombres que en las mujeres, con p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONES: La FPM promedio de la mano dominante es mayor que en la no dominante para hombres y mujeres, relacionado con el peso, talla, porcentaje de grasa corporal y circunferencia de la muñeca.

Carpectomía proximal en paciente con artrosis de muñeca / Proximal row carpectomy in patient with wrist osteoarthritis

Resumen: La artrosis de la muñeca es un proceso degenerativo, postraumático o idiopático que provoca al paciente dolor, pérdida de la movilidad, inflamación y deformidad. Las opciones quirúrgicas incluyen: artrodesis total de muñeca que produce una mejoría del dolor y disminución de la inflamación, otros tratamientos que permiten movilidad relativa son las artrodesis parciales. Otra solución quirúrgica es la carpectomía o la resección de la primera hilera del carpo, de tal manera que constituya una nueva articulación entre el radio y la segunda fila del carpo, obteniendo una congruencia articular adecuada. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, serie de casos. Se valoraron 15 pacientes con carpectomía proximal durante el período de Enero de 2007 a Agosto de 2009, a quienes se realizó medición de arcos de movilidad y fuerza mediante las escalas de Mayo-DASH. Resultados: En 80% de los pacientes entre 35 y 64 años se encontró predominio del sexo masculino en 67%. La mejoría del dolor fue evidente, pasando de una media 7.7 en el preoperatorio a 2.7 en el postoperatorio, 10% de los casos presentaron dolor residual. Conclusiones: La carpectomía proximal representa una alternativa terapéutica que permite conservar la movilidad con mejora del dolor en la artrosis de muñeca.

Abstract: The arthrosis of the wrist is a degenerative, traumatic or idiopathic process, which cause problem for patient characterized by pain, loss of mobility, swelling and deformity of the affected wrist. A surgical alternative is proximal row carpectomy, which consists of resection of the lunate, scaphoid and triquetrum, forming a new joint between the radius and the distal row carpus. Material and methods: Observational, descriptive, case series. 15 patients were evaluated who underwent proximal row carpectomy during the period January 2007-August 2009, with clinical follow-up until august 2010 through mayo and DASH scores, measuring strength. Range of motion and pain. 80% of patients were between 35 and 64 years. The predominant sex was male in 67%. The result was satisfactory in 73%, according to the scale of Mayo. The DASH scale in the postoperative period also improves. Conclusions: The proximal carpectomy is a surgical alternative, it preserves some joint mobility, reduced pain and improved disability of the limb.

Carpectomía de fila proximal versus artrodesis de cuatro esquinas en pacientes con lesiones de SLAC y SNAC / Proximal carpectomy versus four-cornered arthrodesis in patients with lesions SLAC and SNAC

Resumen: Las lesiones por el colapso escafosemilunar avanzado y el colapso avanzado por seudoartrosis del escafoides son consecuencia de un traumatismo que origina la fractura de escafoides y la consecuente seudoartrosis, resultando en una cinemática anormal de la muñeca y en una lesión de ligamento escafosemilunar, respectivamente. Las opciones quirúrgicas actuales para el tratamiento incluyen artrodesis parcial y carpectomía de la línea proximal del carpo. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, transversal y descriptivo en el período comprendido de Enero de 2010 a Diciembre de 2015. Se estudiaron 52 pacientes operados con artrodesis de cuatro esquinas y 19 pacientes manejados con carpectomía. Resultados: Del total de 71 pacientes, 62 fueron masculinos y nueve femeninos. Para el procedimiento de carpectomías, fueron 14 varones y cinco mujeres, para los pacientes con artrodesis de cuatro esquinas se incluyeron 48 masculinos y cuatro femeninos. Se identificaron 48 pacientes con colapso avanzado por seudoartrosis del escafoides y 23 pacientes con colapso escafosemilunar avanzado. Se realizaron 19 carpectomías y 52 artrodesis de cuatro esquinas del total de pacientes, 65 de ellos cursaron sin ninguna complicación, tres pacientes con retardo de la consolidación, dos con dolor residual, y uno con proceso infeccioso superficial. Discusión: La técnica de artrodesis de cuatro esquinas implica mayor tiempo de cirugía y de costos en relación con la carpectomía; sin embargo, la artrodesis tiene una reincorporación más rápida al trabajo con mejoría del dolor con respecto a la carpectomía; la decisión final en nuestra institución dependerá del caso y de la actividad del paciente.

Abstract: Advanced scafosemilunar collapse (SLAC) and advanced scaphoid pseudoarthrosis (SNAC) collapse are the result of trauma causing scaphoid fracture and the consequent pseudoarthrosis resulting in abnormal kinematics of the wrist and a scapholunate ligament injury, respectively. Current surgical options for SLAC/SNAC treatment include partial arthrodesis, carpal proximal row resection. Material and methods: Retrospective, cross-cutting and descriptive study was carried out in the period from January 2010 to December 2015. 52 patients operated on with 4-cornered arthrodesis and 19 patients with carpectomy were studied. Results: 71 patients, 62 male patients and 9 female patients were analysed. For the carpectomy procedure were 5 female patients, for patients with four-corner arthrodesis 48 male patient and 4 female patient were included. 48 patients with SNAC and 23 patients with SLAC were identified. 19 carpectomies and 52 arthrodesis of four corners of the total patients 65 of them were carried without any complications, 3 patients with delay of consolidation two with residual pain, and one with superficial infectious process. Discussion: The four-corner arthrodesis technique involves longer surgery and costs in relation to carpectomy, however arthrodesis has a faster return to pain-improvement work with respect to carpectomy; the final decision will depend on the case, the patient's activity.

[Proximal carpectomy versus four-cornered arthrodesis in patients with lesions SLAC and SNAC]. / Carpectomía de fila proximal versus artrodesis de cuatro esquinas en pacientes con lesiones de SLAC y SNAC.

Advanced scafosemilunar collapse (SLAC) and advanced scaphoid pseudoarthrosis (SNAC) collapse are the result of trauma causing scaphoid fracture and the consequent pseudoarthrosis resulting in abnormal kinematics of the wrist and a scapholunate ligament injury, respectively. Current surgical options for SLAC/SNAC treatment include partial arthrodesis, carpal proximal row resection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective, cross-cutting and descriptive study was carried out in the period from January 2010 to December 2015. 52 patients operated on with 4-cornered arthrodesis and 19 patients with carpectomy were studied. RESULTS: 71 patients, 62 male patients and 9 female patients were analysed. For the carpectomy procedure were 5 female patients, for patients with four-corner arthrodesis 48 male patient and 4 female patient were included. 48 patients with SNAC and 23 patients with SLAC were identified. 19 carpectomies and 52 arthrodesis of four corners of the total patients 65 of them were carried without any complications, 3 patients with delay of consolidation two with residual pain, and one with superficial infectious process. DISCUSSION: The four-corner arthrodesis technique involves longer surgery and costs in relation to carpectomy, however arthrodesis has a faster return to pain-improvement work with respect to carpectomy; the final decision will depend on the case, the patients activity.

Las lesiones por el colapso escafosemilunar avanzado y el colapso avanzado por seudoartrosis del escafoides son consecuencia de un traumatismo que origina la fractura de escafoides y la consecuente seudoartrosis, resultando en una cinemática anormal de la muñeca y en una lesión de ligamento escafosemilunar, respectivamente. Las opciones quirúrgicas actuales para el tratamiento incluyen artrodesis parcial y carpectomía de la línea proximal del carpo. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, transversal y descriptivo en el período comprendido de Enero de 2010 a Diciembre de 2015. Se estudiaron 52 pacientes operados con artrodesis de cuatro esquinas y 19 pacientes manejados con carpectomía. Resultados: Del total de 71 pacientes, 62 fueron masculinos y nueve femeninos. Para el procedimiento de carpectomías, fueron 14 varones y cinco mujeres, para los pacientes con artrodesis de cuatro esquinas se incluyeron 48 masculinos y cuatro femeninos. Se identificaron 48 pacientes con colapso avanzado por seudoartrosis del escafoides y 23 pacientes con colapso escafosemilunar avanzado. Se realizaron 19 carpectomías y 52 artrodesis de cuatro esquinas del total de pacientes, 65 de ellos cursaron sin ninguna complicación, tres pacientes con retardo de la consolidación, dos con dolor residual, y uno con proceso infeccioso superficial. Discusión: La técnica de artrodesis de cuatro esquinas implica mayor tiempo de cirugía y de costos en relación con la carpectomía; sin embargo, la artrodesis tiene una reincorporación más rápida al trabajo con mejoría del dolor con respecto a la carpectomía; la decisión final en nuestra institución dependerá del caso y de la actividad del paciente.

[Proximal row carpectomy in patient with wrist osteoarthritis]. / Carpectomía proximal en paciente con artrosis de muñeca.

The arthrosis of the wrist is a degenerative, traumatic or idiopathic process, which cause problem for patient characterized by pain, loss of mobility, swelling and deformity of the affected wrist. A surgical alternative is proximal row carpectomy, which consists of resection of the lunate, scaphoid and triquetrum, forming a new joint between the radius and the distal row carpus. Material and methods: Observational, descriptive, case series. 15 patients were evaluated who underwent proximal row carpectomy during the period January 2007-August 2009, with clinical follow-up until august 2010 through mayo and DASH scores, measuring strength. Range of motion and pain. 80% of patients were between 35 and 64 years. The predominant sex was male in 67%. The result was satisfactory in 73%, according to the scale of Mayo. The DASH scale in the postoperative period also improves. Conclusions: The proximal carpectomy is a surgical alternative, it preserves some joint mobility, reduced pain and improved disability of the limb.

La artrosis de la muñeca es un proceso degenerativo, postraumático o idiopático que provoca al paciente dolor, pérdida de la movilidad, inflamación y deformidad. Las opciones quirúrgicas incluyen: artrodesis total de muñeca que produce una mejoría del dolor y disminución de la inflamación, otros tratamientos que permiten movilidad relativa son las artrodesis parciales. Otra solución quirúrgica es la carpectomía o la resección de la primera hilera del carpo, de tal manera que constituya una nueva articulación entre el radio y la segunda fila del carpo, obteniendo una congruencia articular adecuada. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, serie de casos. Se valoraron 15 pacientes con carpectomía proximal durante el período de Enero de 2007 a Agosto de 2009, a quienes se realizó medición de arcos de movilidad y fuerza mediante las escalas de Mayo-DASH. Resultados: En 80% de los pacientes entre 35 y 64 años se encontró predominio del sexo masculino en 67%. La mejoría del dolor fue evidente, pasando de una media 7.7 en el preoperatorio a 2.7 en el postoperatorio, 10% de los casos presentaron dolor residual. Conclusiones: La carpectomía proximal representa una alternativa terapéutica que permite conservar la movilidad con mejora del dolor en la artrosis de muñeca.

[Morphological and dimensional changes of the magnetic resonance imaging in the carpal tunnel (pre- and postoperatively)]. / Cambios morfológicos y dimensionales en el túnel del carpo por resonancia magnética (preoperatorios y postoperatorios).

INTRODUCTION: Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common compression neuropathy of the upper limb, and the release of the median nerve is the surgical treatment that is carried out. There are several surgical techniques used to treat this condition; However, this virtual cavity, which we call the carpal tunnel, undergoes several morphological and dimensional changes, prior to surgery and after surgery using the various techniques that the surgeon has a predilection for. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, prospective and longitudinal study conducted in the period from March to November 2009. We studied patients of both sex, with a diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome, who underwent MRI pre and post-surgery studies, to which measurements and analysis of it were made. RESULTS: We evaluated 25 patients with an average of 40 years, 14 female patients and 11 male, finding a palmar displacement of the nerve after surgery with a diameter of 6.2 mm, maintaining changes from the oval to a circular shape. DISCUSSION: There are morphological and dimensional changes, evaluated by magnetic resonance after the release, for which the favorable clinical response after surgery is related; however, we found a larger diameter of the nerve due to the fact that they underwent neurolysis.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El síndrome del túnel de carpo es la neuropatía por compresión más frecuente de la extremidad superior y la liberación del nervio mediano es el tratamiento quirúrgico que se aplica. Existen diversas técnicas quirúrgicas que se utilizan para tratar este padecimiento; sin embargo, esa cavidad virtual a la que llamamos túnel del carpo sufre diversos cambios morfológicos y dimensionales previo y posterior a la cirugía con el uso de diversas técnicas que el cirujano elige. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, prospectivo y longitudinal realizado en el período comprendido de Marzo a Noviembre de 2009. Se estudiaron pacientes de ambos sexos con diagnóstico de síndrome del túnel del carpo, a los cuales se les realizaron estudios de resonancia magnética antes y después de la cirugía para obtener mediciones y análisis. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 25 pacientes con una media de 40 años, 14 pacientes femeninos y 11 masculinos, encontrándose un desplazamiento palmar del nervio posterior a la cirugía con un diámetro de 6.2 mm manteniendo cambios de la forma oval a una circular. DISCUSIÓN: Existen cambios morfológicos y dimensionales evaluados por resonancia magnética después de la liberación, por lo cual se relaciona la respuesta clínica favorable posterior a la cirugía; sin embargo, encontramos un diámetro mayor del nervio, esto debido a que se les realizó neurólisis.

Cambios morfológicos y dimensionales en el túnel del carpo por resonancia magnética (preoperatorios y postoperatorios) / Morphological and dimensional changes of the magnetic resonance imaging in the carpal tunnel (pre- and postoperatively)

Resumen: Introducción: El síndrome del túnel de carpo es la neuropatía por compresión más frecuente de la extremidad superior y la liberación del nervio mediano es el tratamiento quirúrgico que se aplica. Existen diversas técnicas quirúrgicas que se utilizan para tratar este padecimiento; sin embargo, esa cavidad virtual a la que llamamos túnel del carpo sufre diversos cambios morfológicos y dimensionales previo y posterior a la cirugía con el uso de diversas técnicas que el cirujano elige. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, prospectivo y longitudinal realizado en el período comprendido de Marzo a Noviembre de 2009. Se estudiaron pacientes de ambos sexos con diagnóstico de síndrome del túnel del carpo, a los cuales se les realizaron estudios de resonancia magnética antes y después de la cirugía para obtener mediciones y análisis. Resultados: Se evaluaron 25 pacientes con una media de 40 años, 14 pacientes femeninos y 11 masculinos, encontrándose un desplazamiento palmar del nervio posterior a la cirugía con un diámetro de 6.2 mm manteniendo cambios de la forma oval a una circular. Discusión: Existen cambios morfológicos y dimensionales evaluados por resonancia magnética después de la liberación, por lo cual se relaciona la respuesta clínica favorable posterior a la cirugía; sin embargo, encontramos un diámetro mayor del nervio, esto debido a que se les realizó neurólisis.

Abstract: Introduction: Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common compression neuropathy of the upper limb, and the release of the median nerve is the surgical treatment that is carried out. There are several surgical techniques used to treat this condition; However, this virtual cavity, which we call the carpal tunnel, undergoes several morphological and dimensional changes, prior to surgery and after surgery using the various techniques that the surgeon has a predilection for. Material and methods: Observational, prospective and longitudinal study conducted in the period from March to November 2009. We studied patients of both sex, with a diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome, who underwent MRI pre and post-surgery studies, to which measurements and analysis of it were made. Results: We evaluated 25 patients with an average of 40 years, 14 female patients and 11 male, finding a palmar displacement of the nerve after surgery with a diameter of 6.2 mm, maintaining changes from the oval to a circular shape. Discussion: There are morphological and dimensional changes, evaluated by magnetic resonance after the release, for which the favorable clinical response after surgery is related; however, we found a larger diameter of the nerve due to the fact that they underwent neurolysis.

[Four corner fusion in patients with wrist arthritis]. / Artrodesis de cuatro esquinas en pacientes con artrosis de muñeca.

Scapholunate advance collapse (SLAC) and Scaphoid nonunion advance collapse (SNAC), are the two most common patterns of postraumatic wrist arthritis. SLAC wrist develops after attenuation, either traumatically or atraumatically, of the scapholunate ligament. Atraumatic causes of SLAC wrist include calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate deposition disease, reumathoid arthritis, neuropathic diseases, and b2-microglobulin asociated amyloid deposition diseases. On the other hand, SNAC wrist develops following a scahpoid fracture that has progressed to a nonunion. Both of these processes lead to abnormal joint kinematics, since the lunate is unrestrained by the distal scaphoid and, therefore, assumes an extended posture. Over time, this may result in Dorsal intercalated segment instability (DISI) deformity, which invariably progresses to degenerative arthritis of the radioescaphoid articulation, followed by carpal collapse and midcarpal arthritis. The purpose of this retrospective study is to evaluate the functional outcome and pain relief in SLAC/SNAC wrist, after four corner fusion. This study was made in 52 patients of the Hospital de Traumatología y Ortopedia Lomas Verdes, these patients undergone four corner fusion surgery, in a period january 2007 to december 2014. We used Quick Dash Questionary to evaluate functional outcome and pain relief in these patients.

El colapso avanzado de la muñeca secundario a pseudoartrosis del escafoides (scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse, SNAC) y el colapso avanzado escafosemilunar (scapholunate advanced collapse, SLAC) son dos de los patrones comunes de muñecas artrósicas postraumáticas. La muñeca SLAC se desarrolla después de una alteración, traumática o atraumática, del ligamento escafosemilunar. Entre las causas atraumáticas de muñeca SLAC se incluyen: enfermedad por depósito de pirofosfato de calcio, artritis reumatoide y enfermedad neuropática. Por otra parte, la muñeca SNAC se desarrolla por fractura del escafoides que ha progresado a no unión. Ambos procesos conllevan cinemática anormal de la articulación, desde que el semilunar no es contenido por el escafoides y, por lo tanto, asume una posición en extensión. Además, esto resulta en deformidad por inestabilidad dorsal del carpo (DISI), la cual invariablemente progresará a artritis degenerativa de la articulación radioescafoidal, seguida de colapso del carpo y artritis del medio-carpo. Este es un estudio retrospectivo, longitudinal, observacional realizado en 52 pacientes derechohabientes del IMSS, operados de artrodesis de cuatro esquinas del carpo en el Hospital de Traumatología y Ortopedia Lomas Verdes, de enero 2007 a diciembre 2014, evaluando resultados funcionales mediante cuestionario Quick Dash en los pacientes operados de artrodesis de cuatro esquinas en padecimientos de muñeca SLAC/SNAC.

[Principal causes for recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome]. / Principales causas de recidivas en el túnel del carpo.

The frequent causes of relapsing carpal tunnel syndrome were analyzed. Nine patients were followed-up from January 1st to December 31st, 2011. They underwent a physical exam and imaging tests. Pain was measured in all of them with the VAS, and the Brigham and Womens Hospital questionnaire was used to assess disability. Patients included seven females and two males; mean age was 52 years. Major causes for relapse included postoperative fibrosis with incomplete release in seven patients and incomplete release in two patients in whom minimally invasive approaches were used. Three of the nine patients had retractile scars. The main cause of relapse was postoperative fibrosis associated with the minima-lly invasive approach.

Se analizaron las causas frecuentes del síndrome del túnel del carpo recidivante. Seguimiento de una serie de casos del 1 de Enero al 31 Diciembre 2011; se estudiaron nueve pacientes mediante examen físico y de gabinete. A todos se les evaluó el dolor con escala visual análoga, cuestionario de Brigham and Womens Hospital para conocer la discapacidad. Siete pacientes correspondieron al género femenino y dos al masculino, con un promedio de edad de 52 años. Entre las principales causas de recidiva se encontró la fibrosis postquirúrgica acompañada de una liberación incompleta en siete pacientes; en dos pacientes se observó una liberación incompleta y se les realizó abordajes mínimos invasivos. Tres pacientes de los nueve presentaron cicatrices retráctiles. La principal causa de recidiva es la fibrosis postquirúrgica asociada al abordaje mínimamente invasivo.

Principales causas de recidivas en el túnel del carpo / Principal causes for recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome

Resumen: Se analizaron las causas frecuentes del síndrome del túnel del carpo recidivante. Seguimiento de una serie de casos del 1 de Enero al 31 Diciembre 2011; se estudiaron nueve pacientes mediante examen físico y de gabinete. A todos se les evaluó el dolor con escala visual análoga, cuestionario de Brigham and Women's Hospital para conocer la discapacidad. Siete pacientes correspondieron al género femenino y dos al masculino, con un promedio de edad de 52 años. Entre las principales causas de recidiva se encontró la fibrosis postquirúrgica acompañada de una liberación incompleta en siete pacientes; en dos pacientes se observó una liberación incompleta y se les realizó abordajes mínimos invasivos. Tres pacientes de los nueve presentaron cicatrices retráctiles. La principal causa de recidiva es la fibrosis postquirúrgica asociada al abordaje mínimamente invasivo.

Abstract: The frequent causes of relapsing carpal tunnel syndrome were analyzed. Nine patients were followed-up from January 1st to December 31st, 2011. They underwent a physical exam and imaging tests. Pain was measured in all of them with the VAS, and the Brigham and Women's Hospital questionnaire was used to assess disability. Patients included seven females and two males; mean age was 52 years. Major causes for relapse included postoperative fibrosis with incomplete release in seven patients and incomplete release in two patients in whom minimally invasive approaches were used. Three of the nine patients had retractile scars. The main cause of relapse was postoperative fibrosis associated with the minima­lly invasive approach.

[Trapeziometacarpal arthrodesis. Overall functional hand assessment]. / Artrodesis trapeciometacarpiana: evaluación funcional global de la mano.

Trapeziometacarpal arthrosis is a degenerative condition described by Fostier in 1937. Osteoarthrosis of the trapeziometacarpal joint is a common condition among postmenopausal women; mean age of individuals affected by this disease is 64 years. The male:female ratio is 1:10; 33% of patients have a bilateral component. This study was conducted at Lomas Verdes Traumatology and Orthopedics UMAE hospital, hand surgery module, between March and December 2006. Descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study including a total of 18 patients, 12 females (66.6%) and 6 males (33.3%). Mean age is 49.3 years. Patients were clinically and radiographically diagnosed and classified by stages according to the Eaton classification. Surgery was performed more frequently in right hands, which were a total of 10 (55.6%), than left hands, which were 8 (44.4%). Surgery of the dominant hand was performed in 8 patients, 7 of them right handed, and one left handed. Arthrodesis with nails was performed in 12 patients (66.7%) and with a 2.0 condylar plate in 6 (33.3%). Mean operative time was 52.8 minutes. Eleven patients were found to have primary arthrosis, and 7 had posttraumatic arthrosis: 2 due to untreated Benett fractures, one due to a healed trapezius fracture and 4 patients had recurrent dislocation. As regards their occupation, 12 were employees, 5 were housewives and one was unemployed. The concomitant conditions found included: 9 without disease, 7 with hypertension, 7 diabetes mellitus, and one had rheumatoid arthritis. Two patients were reoperated (11.1%) due to pseudoarthrosis. In one of them a new arthrodesis was performed 18 months later, which failed and 8 months later triscaphoid arthrodesis was performed with a 10-week healing time. Trapeziometacarpal arthrodesis is a procedure involving a certain difficulty due to the anatomic conformation of the joint, which results in the various complications that have already been described. It provides pain relief; it is a good option for people who need to resume a type of work requiring the use of force; a longer follow-up is required to determine the course of these patients.

[Bilateral open carpal tunnel release. Satisfaction assessment]. / La cirugía abierta bilateral simult inea para el síndrome del túnel del carpo. Grado de satisfacción.

INTRODUCTION: The transverse ligament is released, in carpal tunnel syndrome, when satisfactory response with conservative treatment is not achieved. STUDY TYPE: Transversal, retrolective, and descriptive. OBJECTIVE: To assess the grade of satisfaction and global function when bilateral release of the carpal tunnel through a conventional approach is performed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted this study in 21 patients who were bilaterally operated on carpal tunnel release. We obtained data from November 2003 to November 2005. Inclusion criteria were: both genders, 27 to 73 years. Subjective assessment was performed with the Brigham and Women's Hospital questionnaire. Objectives of this assessment are satisfaction with the results, activities of daily living, and time to incorporation to work. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age was 50 years (range 27-73), 90% were female. Satisfaction of this procedure was reported in 71% as excellent, 10% good, 5% regular, 5% poor; time to reincorporation to wor was a mean of 40.3 days; and 90% of the patients admitted they would be operated on again if necessary. DISCUSSION: Simultaneous open release of the carpal tunnel is an adequate intervention, we obtained high satisfaction level, reduced time at hospital, total disability time.

[Ureterocutaneous fistula after nephrectomy: two cases]. / Fístula ureterocutánea tras nefrectomía: aportación de dos casos y revisión de la literatura.

The ureteral fistulas are related to the gynecological surgery, digestive surgery and reconstructive urologic surgery of the upper urinary tract. Fistulas are described ureterovaginal, ureteroduodenal, ureterocolonic, ureteropleural, ureterovascular, etc. However, the ureterocutaneous fistulas of the ureteral stump after nephrectomy are a very unusual entity. We report two cases as well as their resolution by means of surgery.