ABSTRACT
Accurately estimating time to contact (TTC) is crucial for successful interactions with moving objects, yet it is challenging under conditions of sensory and contextual uncertainty, such as occlusion. In this study, participants engaged in a prediction motion task, monitoring a target that moved rightward and an occluder. The participants' task was to press a key when they predicted the target would be aligned with the occluder's right edge. We manipulated sensory uncertainty by varying the visible and occluded periods of the target, thereby modulating the time available to integrate sensory information and the duration over which motion must be extrapolated. Additionally, contextual uncertainty was manipulated by having a predictable and unpredictable condition, meaning the occluder either reliably indicated where the moving target would disappear or provided no such indication. Results showed differences in accuracy between the predictable and unpredictable occluder conditions, with different eye movement patterns in each case. Importantly, the ratio of the time the target was visible, which allows for the integration of sensory information, to the occlusion time, which determines perceptual uncertainty, was a key factor in determining performance. This ratio is central to our proposed model, which provides a robust framework for understanding and predicting human performance in dynamic environments with varying degrees of uncertainty.
Subject(s)
Motion Perception , Humans , Motion Perception/physiology , Uncertainty , Male , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Photic Stimulation/methods , Eye Movements/physiology , Reaction Time/physiology , Time Perception/physiology , Psychomotor Performance/physiologyABSTRACT
Background: Neuro-cranio-vertebral syndrome (NCVS) includes a set of idiopathic diseases: Arnold-Chiari syndrome type 0,1 and 1.5, idiopathic scoliosis, and idiopathic syringomyelia. It is caused by the pathological traction transmitted by the filum terminale on the neuraxis. Considering that the filum terminale is inserted at sacrococcygeal level, it is logical to think that an alteration of this segment's anatomy, such as an anterior coccyx dislocation, can increase the tension exerted by the filum terminale on the neuraxis, which in turn triggers NCVS. Methods: We collected data from 372 patients with NCVS and 15 patients with coccygeal dislocation and NCVS from our database. We analyzed the relationship between the sacrococcygeal and intercoccygeal angles with signs, symptoms and associated diagnoses. T-tests for independent samples and linear regression were used for analysis (p <0.05). We describe the MRI findings and clinical features of NCVS caused by coccygeal dislocation and compare its prevalence with that of a sample without coccygeal dislocation. Results: 65% of the signs, symptoms, and imaging features were present in similar proportions in both samples. There was a similar prevalence of cerebellar tonsillar descent and scoliosis in both groups, whereas the incidence of syringomyelia differed. A sacrococcygeal angle between 89-110° prevails in cases of syringomyelia while an intercoccygeal angle between 90-140° prevails in cases with cerebellar tonsillar descent. Conclusions: The high clinical and radiological prevalence of coccygeal dislocation in patients with Neuro-cranio-vertebral syndrome suggests an association between them. The mechanism involved in coccygeal dislocation can directly influence the development of Neuro-cranio-vertebral syndrome.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the effects that psychological and physiological stressors have on indoor rock climbers, as well as to identify sex differences. METHODS: 14 intermediate rock climbers participated in the study, 10 males and 4 females. Mean age was 31 ± 8 years for males and 21 ± 2 years for females. Day 1 consisted of test familiarization and baseline measurements. Day 2 included two test conditions, startle and fatigue, separated by 20 min. In the startle condition, participants had to lead climb a route, and a loud audio stimulus was presented near the top of the climb. In the fatigue condition, participants were required to climb as fast as they could until muscular failure. The competitive state anxiety inventory second review (CSAI-2R) questionnaire was used to assess somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety, and self-confidence. The four-square step test (FSST) was used to assess motor control, and cortisol levels were acquired via passive drool (PD). RESULTS: Cortisol concentrations were highest in the pre-startle condition (1.72 µg/dL ± 0.66), and values decreased post-startle (1.67 µg/dL ± 0.74) and post-fatigue (1.42 µg/dL ± 0.72). However, cortisol concentrations increased post-startle in females (1.57 µg/dL ± 0.96). Somatic anxiety in males was significantly higher post-startle (16.36 ± 5.54) than pre-startle (14.23 ± 5.09). Females had significantly higher somatic anxiety post-startle (18.00 ± 8.76), and they had lower self-confidence levels (30.00 ± 5.89) than males. CONCLUSIONS: There are differences in the way that males and females prepare and respond to stressful situations. Furthermore, time of day may have had a significant impact on cortisol concentrations.
ABSTRACT
En ortodoncia es de relevante importancia crear una oclusión estéticamente agradable y funcional, además de lograr y preservar el óptimo atractivo facial; es mandatorio realizar un examen facial minucioso porque el equilibrio y la armonía de las diferentes partes de la cara está determinada por los tejidos du-ros y blandos. El objetivo del presente artículo es exponer la importancia de un diagnóstico integral al momento de la plani-ficación del tratamiento. El presente caso, relata el manejo ortodóntico con filosofía Roth de una paciente de 13 años de edad, raza latina, diagnosticada con relación esquelética clase II, proinclinación excesiva de los incisivos en ambos arcos, perfil convexo e hi-pertonicidad del mentón. El plan de tratamiento se planificó para corregir la y la clase II esquelética mediante extracciones de los 4 primeros premolares. Como resultado se eliminó la hipertonicidad muscular, obteniendo una competencia labial adecuada y se mejoró el perfil facial en un tiempo de 18 meses. El mane-jo de este caso resulta exitoso gracias a un diagnóstico correcto y la planifi-ca-ción del caso, permite demostrar que no solo son objetivos ortodónticos las es-tructuras óseas y dentales, sino también aquellos que ayudan a mejorar el per-fil facial del paciente. Fue necesario evaluar la relación de los labios y la barbi-lla ya que estos pueden alterarse con el tratamiento de ortodoncia.
In orthodontics It's of relevant importance to create an aesthetically pleasing and functional occlusion, in addi-tion to achieving and preserving the optimal facial attractiveness; It is mandatory to perform a thorough facial exam because the balance and harmony of the different parts of the face is determined by soft and soft tissues. The objective of this article is to expose the importance of a comprehensive diagnosis at the time of treatment planning. The present case relates the orthodontic management with Roth philosophy of a 13-year-old Latina patient, diagnosed with a class II skeletal relationship, excessive incision of the incisors in both arches, convex profile and chin-hypertonicity. The treatment plan was planned to correct the skeletal class II by extractions of the first 4 premolars. As a result, muscular hypertonicity was eliminated, obtaining adequate lip competence and the facial profile was improved in a period of 18 months. The management of this case is successful thanks to a correct diagnosis and the planning of the case, allows to demonstrate that not only are the bone and dental structures orthodontic objectives, but also those that help improve the patient's facial profile. It was necessary to evaluate the relationship of the lips and chin since these can be altered with orthodontic treatment.
A mordida aberta anterior é uma má oclusão na qual um ou mais dentes não atingem o plano oclusal e não é feito contato com seus antagonistas. Seu tratamento é difícil e há controvérsia na necessidade de uma abord-agem cirúrgica. O presente caso refere-se ao tratamento de uma paciente de 61 anos de idade, atendida na clínica do Instituto Mexicano de Ortodontia, que veio pela "separação dos seus dentes". A avaliação clínica e radiográfica apresentou classe esquelética biprotrusiva I, com sobremordida de -30% com sorriso baixo e não consoante, deglutição atípica como fator etiológico que permitiu o diagnóstico de mordida aberta anterior. O tratamento consistiu na colocação de suportes de prescrição Roth .022 com tubos até os terceiros molares superiores e inferiores, colocando os suportes mais voltados para a gengiva em relação ao centro da coroa anatômica de ambos os arcos para obter extrusão e fechamento da mordida e arco aberto de sorriso; nas centrais a 1,5 mm, laterais a 1 mm e caninos a 0,5 mm. O uso de topes oclusais posteriores e também de elásticos anteriores curtos e leves desde o primeiro dia de tratamento foi essencial. A correção da posição dos dentes foi realizada em um período de 18 meses, o que também induziu uma alteração no padrão da deglutição. Através do plano de tratamento proposto, demonstrou-se que a estabilidade da oclusão pode ser dada e que nem todo paciente com mordida aberta é candidato ao tratamento cirúrgico para correção dessa má oclusão.